MH SET Paper 2 Mock Test - 3 (Political Science) - MAHA TET MCQ

Stephen Walt argued that 'realism is likely to remain the single most useful instrument in our intellectual toolbox'. 

Subject to legislation by Parliament, the power to declare any area as a 'Scheduled area' is given to the President and The Executive power of the Union shall extend to giving directions to the respective States regarding the administration of the Scheduled Areas. These provisions of the Constitution relating to the administration of the Scheduled Areas and Tribes may be altered by Parliament or by ordinary legislation. both are true. 

Chester Barnard advocated 'effective communication' as a basic prerequisite for the attainment of organizational goals. 

The Allahabad High Court or the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad is a high court based in Prayagraj (Allahabad) that has jurisdiction over the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It was established on 17 march 1866, making it the fourth high court to be established in India.
It is located in Mumbai, Maharashtra. Its jurisdiction covers the states of Maharashtra and Goa, and the Union Territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. The High Court has regional branches at Nagpur and Aurangabad in Maharashtra and Panaji, the capital of Goa.
The Jabalpur High Court is a high court having jurisdiction over the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh since 1936. It was established on 1 November 1956.

The role and nature of the State have been interpreted differently.

• Modern western liberal thinking, arose with the commercial (Mercantile) Revolution in Western Europe in the sixteenth century and became prominent with the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth century.
• These Revolutions brought into focus a new economic system called capitalism.
• The liberals emphasized that the consent of the people is the true basis of the state.
• Early liberal thinkers also considered the state as a ‘necessary evil’ 
• In Gandhian view, the State would justify its existence, by acting as a “trustee” of the people.

Thus from the above discussion, we can say that Laski has considered the state as an organization which helps the public to achieve social interest at a large scale.

• The United States Constitution is the world's longest surviving written charter of government.
• United States Constitution was adopted in 1789. 
• The Constitution of Switzerland was adopted in 1999 which established the Swiss Confederation as a 26-cantonal federal republic.
• The Constitution of India was adopted in 1949 and has been revised 105 times.
• The Canadian constitution was patriated in 1982 when the British parliament approved the Canada Act 1982.

Thus, the Constitution of America⇒ Constitution of India⇒ Constitution of Canada⇒ Constitution of Switzerland⇒ is in correct chronological order in order of their year of framing.

The Correct Answer is the Interest of the people of India.

• India's Foreign Policy is being put to the test in terms of options and partners in the international system.
• In recent decades, India has adopted a more expansive foreign policy that includes the SAARC-embodied neighborhood first strategy as well as the Look East policy to create more wide economic and strategic partnerships with other East Asian countries.
• Determinants of Indian Foreign Policy
  • National interests 
  • In general, every country attempts to improve its economic and social growth in order to secure the well-being of its citizens. Because each country is at a distinct stage of development, policies must be tailored to fit.
  • Every country conducts foreign policy to advance its national interests.
  • Some national interests have not altered over time, while others have.
  • Foreign policy is also affected by the level of development of a country.
  • To achieve its development ambitions, India relies largely on domestic consumption and overseas investment.
  • India's foreign policy is also consistent with these development aspirations

• Austrian philosopher Karl Popper identified key attributes of totalitarian regimes in his seminal work 'The Open Society and Its Enemies'.
• These included reliance on elaborate official ideology, single mass governing party, and pervasive terroristic policing, all of which distinguish totalitarianism from authoritarian systems.
• Popper's political philosophy was deeply influenced by his experiences of the rise of fascism and communism in the 1920s and 30s.
• He advocated for open, democratic and pluralistic societies based on rationalism, freedom and humanism. Popper strongly opposed totalitarian regimes that suppressed free critical reasoning and dissent.
• His seminal work 'The Open Society and Its Enemies' developed a philosophical critique of thinkers like Plato, Hegel and Marx who provided the intellectual basis for modern totalitarianism.
• Popper argued that democracy allows gradual reform through piecemeal social engineering rather than utopian revolutionary blueprints.
• Popper rejected historicism and defended liberal values of individual freedom, reason and ethical universalism.
• He advocated limited government to allow free thinking and open debate in an open society.
• His critiques of totalitarianism and defense of democracy had a major influence on political philosophy in the post-war Western world.
• So in summary, Karl Popper was a staunch defender of pluralistic liberal democracy based on reason and a foremost critic of closed totalitarian ideologies in 20th century political thought.

A presidential system is a democratic and republican system of government in which a head of government leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch.

Rawls is undoubtedly a supporter of the capitalist system, whatever some right-wing critics might claim (answer a). Although individual liberty is a key concern for Rawls, it is arguably even more important for the 'libertarian' Nozick (answer b). Contrary to answer d, Nozick is an advocate of the 'minimal state'

The other three answers are common criticisms of Rawls's theory.

The correct answer is A and R both are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

Liberalism:

• ​A political and moral ideology known as liberalism is based on individual liberties, freedoms, the consent of the governed, and equality before the law. 
• It believes that all individuals are rational creatures and hence, placed better to decide well for themselves. 
• Features of liberalism: 
  • Individual Freedom
  • Capitalist Economy with a free market without State's control
  • Limited or no interference of the State in an individual's life
  • Democracy
  • Ideals of modernity and discarding traditions.

Constitutional Government:

• The presence of a constitution, which may be a written document or just a set of fixed standards or principles commonly acknowledged as the fundamental law of the land, that effectively controls the exercise of political power defines a constitutional government.
• ​The core element of constitutional government is the existence of a Rule-of-Law or set of basic laws that bind both public office-holders and all members of a society within a given territory.
• It prevents arbitrary decision-making.
• Unlike the UK, India has a limited government.

While both "governance" and "governability" are central themes in public administration, they cater to different dimensions of state functions and the broader administrative environment:

Governance:

• ​ This concept relates to the processes, mechanisms, relations, and institutions through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, mediate their differences, and exercise their legal rights and obligations.
• Governance goes beyond just the activities of the government. It involves a set of processes (both formal and informal) through which decisions are made, stakeholders are engaged, and policies are implemented. It encapsulates the broader system by which societies are managed.

Governability:

• Governability, on the other hand, concerns the state's capacity and ability to implement policies, establish order, and maintain legitimacy. It's about the conditions that make governance possible and effective.
• Factors influencing governability can include the state's bureaucratic capacity, the coherence of its political institutions, societal trust, and external influences or pressures.

In Gandhian philosophy, the concept of Swadeshi refers to local self-reliance and the application of local knowledge and abilities.

• Gandhi's concept of swadeshi emphasizes the value of indigenous abilities and their productivity.
• Swadeshi is most commonly associated with Gandhi's employment of a protectionist strategy against the British mercantile practices.
• Swadeshi signifies relying on one's own resources. 
• It was a means of achieving self-reliance and self-governance (swaraj).
• His spiritual politics not only internalize the core of material production and labour, but also demonstrates his ability to think pragmatically.
• He was an ardent champion of village life and the economy took precedence over city life and modernism.
• Swadeshi is also influenced by Ruskin's book, 'Unto This Last'. 

Thus, Gandhi's concept of Swadeshi was impacted by his deep ethical-spiritual conviction, his understanding of the economic condition of the people, especially at the grassroots and the influence of Ruskin's book, 'Unto This Last'.

USA country has a very rigid constitution,
The USA constitution is rigid and that is why it has been amended only 33 times so far. Rigidity in constitution comes only in picture when the proposed amendment makes changes into the federal structure of the constitution. Wherever the interests of states are involved, the constitution becomes rigid.

The correct answer is Elimination of social divisions

• Ambedkar's ideas focused on eradicating social discrimination, and caste-based oppression, and ensuring equal rights and opportunities for all individuals, particularly marginalized communities in India.
• Ambedkar advocated for the eradication of social hierarchies and the establishment of a society where every individual is treated equally and with respect.
• He championed the principles of justice, liberty, and fraternity.
• His vision encompassed the establishment of a society where every person would be treated with dignity and respect, regardless of their caste, religion, gender, or socioeconomic background.
• While compassion and empathy can be regarded as important values in creating a just society, it would be more accurate to attribute the idea of a compassionate society to other thinkers or philosophers who have emphasized the significance of compassion in social interactions and the pursuit of justice.

Therefore we conclude that according to B.R. Ambedkar, the key characteristic of a just society free from Elimination of social divisions

• The Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC) has its headquarters in Ebene, Mauritius.
• Established in 1995 as the Indian Ocean Rim Initiative (IORI) and later renamed, the organization serves as a platform for regional cooperation among the 23 states that border the Indian Ocean.
• Mauritius, a small island nation located in the Indian Ocean, was chosen as the headquarters of IOR-ARC due to its strategic location and its commitment to fostering regional collaboration and development.
• The headquarters in Ebene, Mauritius serves as the central administrative and coordination hub for the association's activities, including organizing meetings, conferences, and initiatives aimed at promoting dialogue, cooperation, and sustainable development in the Indian Ocean region.

The correct option is B.R. Ambedkar.

American engineer and inventor Robert Fulton is best known for developing the first successful commercial steamboat, the North River Steamboat (later known as the Clermont) which carried passengers between New York City and Albany, New York. Fulton also designed the world's first steam warship.

Derived from the Latin superanus through the French souveraineté, the term was originally understood to mean the equivalent of supreme power.

It is also known as the theory of divine right of Kings. The exponents of this theory believe that the state did not come into being by any effort of man. It is created by God.The King derives his authority from God and for all his actions he is responsible to God alone.

Justice Prasad was on the HC Bench from 1987 to 1991. He served the National Commission for Backward Classes as its chairman from 1993 to 1996. As the chairman of the Union government's Expert Committee on Creamy Layer, Justice Prasad had given a report on the concept of creamy layer in backward classes.

The Historical Theory of Rights emphasizes that rights are the product of history. They have their origin in customs which once possessed practical social utility and passed on from one generation to another, ultimately having been recognised as inherent claims or rights.

The correct answer is The rights and liberties of the individual also culminate from the sovereign and do not restrict the operation of the individuals’ sovereignty. 

• Austin stated that "Law is a command of the sovereign supported by a sanction" was the definition of law. Putting this definition into its simplest form: - A sovereign's order that, if disobeyed, will result in sanctions.
• John Austin was a writer from England. He elaborated on the doctrine of sovereignty from a legal standpoint in the 19th century. He presented his viewpoint in his "Lectures on Jurisprudence" in 1832.
• He gives the following definition of sovereignty: "If a determinate human superior, not in the habit of obedience to a like superior, receives habitual obedience from the bulk of a given society, that determinate superior is sovereign in that society, and that society (including the superior) is a society political and independent. 
• In a state, sovereignty is unavoidable. According to Austin, a political community or state must have sovereignty in order to function. This sovereignty belongs to a certain person or group of people. The society cannot be referred to as independent and political in the absence of a recognised sovereign. This very sovereign creates the laws and ensures that they are upheld.
• Sovereignty needs to be clear. Austin asserts that sovereignty must belong to a specific person or group of people who can be recognised and demonstrated. Because Austin's type of sovereignty is legal, if sovereignty rests in a group of people, that group must be definite.
• The sovereign has unrestricted power. Austin asserted that the sovereign possesses unrestricted power. On the one hand, all the people and organisations obey his instructions, while on the other hand, he disobeys the orders of anyone who is similar to himself. As a result, the sovereign's will is unrestricted and ultimate.
• Undivided sovereignty exists. According to Austin, sovereignty is a single entity that cannot be separated. It cannot be divided among different associations because doing so would result in its demise. liberation from both internal and external restraint. The sovereign is not required to follow any higher authority's instructions. All citizens and organisations within the state are required to follow his instructions. Since he has absolute power, he is not subject to internal or external restraint.
• The laws have no effect on the sovereign. Law is the sovereign's decree. In actuality, laws demonstrate his will because they express it. As a result, neither the law nor his control

Prime Minister of India as the Chairperson of the Niti Aayog.

• Governing Council comprising the Chief Ministers of all the States and Lt. Governors of Union Territories.
• The full-time organizational framework will comprise
• Vice-Chairperson: To be appointed by the Prime Minister.
• Members: Full-time.
• Part-time members: Maximum of 2 from leading universities research organizations and other relevant institutions in an ex-officio capacity. Part-time members will be on a rotational basis.
• Ex Officio members: Maximum of 4 members of the Union Council of Ministers to be nominated by the Prime Minister.
• Chief Executive Officer: To be appointed by the Prime Minister for a fixed tenure, in the rank of Secretary to the Government of India.

• Traditional autocratic regimes are marked by minimal political participation, reliance on traditional and charismatic authority rather than bureaucratic-legal authority, and absence of organized opposition.
• Most power is concentrated in the ruler and a small elite circle rather than mass political groups and institutions.
• Traditional autocratic regimes are a type of political system characterized by highly concentrated power, reliance on traditional and charismatic authority, and very limited political participation by the general population.
• Leadership in traditional autocracies is provided by hereditary monarchs, military strongmen, or charismatic individuals who wield power through patronage networks, family ties, and loyalty from security forces.
• Unlike modern mass-based totalitarian or authoritarian regimes, traditional dictatorships do not mobilize the masses for nation-building or economic development.
• Political participation and contestation are extremely restricted, with any dissent swiftly suppressed through coercive means.
• Major decisions are monopolized by the ruler and a small elite circle rather than mass party organizations or modern state bureaucracies.
• The exercise of power relies more on arbitrary personal discretion than institutionalized legal-rational processes.
• Some examples of traditional autocratic regimes include monarchical dictatorships in Gulf states like Saudi Arabia and Oman, family-run despotisms like North Korea, and neo-patrimonial regimes in parts of Africa.
• They stand in contrast to bureaucratic-legal authoritarian systems and mass mobilizational totalitarian dictatorships of the modern era.

The correct Answer is 1887 - 1910 

• The term "The Exploratory Period"  is typically referred to as "The Reform Era" or "The Progressive Era" in the context of the evolution of public administration in the United States.
• This period marked a significant transformation in how government and public administration operated.

Machiavelli was a Florentine philosopher active in the 16th century who is most known for his political theories.

• The Prince and the Discourses on Livy, his two most well-known intellectual works, were published after his passing.
• He asserts that the majority of people are not really motivated to live moral or good lives. When seen as individuals, people are helpless and weak. We naturally clash when we try to safeguard what we currently have while also trying to get more.

According to Machiavelli, political leaders must employ both coercion/force and deception/fraud to seize and hold onto their positions of authority.

• He does, however, caution them to always make an effort to appear to be full of kindness, faith, honesty, humility, and religion - especially religion - even if they are not.
• However, Machiavelli makes reference to a specific goal: establishing and upholding law and order, which serves both the interests of the people and the ruler.

Separate communal electorate systems aimed at securing the interest of Religious minorities

The correct answer is Woodrow Wilson

Woodrow Wilson is credited with the politics-administration dichotomy via his theories on public administration in his 1887 essay, "The Study of Administration". Wilson came up with a theory that politics and administration are inherently different and should be approached as such.