PS TET Paper 2: English Language Test - 8 (Social Science) - PS TET MCQ

In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response.

There are many strategies or processes of reading in a fashion which makes reading an interesting and productive activity and 'Bottom-up approach' is one of them.

The investigations which are conducted to check what the student learns while in school are called achievement and performance test. Through this investigation, attention is also paid to the activities going on in the school and the study work so that they can be improved.

Standardised assessment means summative assessment. Summative assessment (or summative evaluation) refers to the assessment of participants where the focus is on the outcome of a programme. This contrasts with formative assessment, which summarises the participants' development at a particular time.

Piaget was born in Switzerland. He was a student of biology and also had a keen interest in psychology and philosophy. His interest in the study of cognition evolved while working in a laboratory.

There are many ways to teach language to children. Some of the ways are as follows:

• Teaching through various activities, summarizing the lesson after explaining it, getting children to formulate answers to various types of questions, problem-solving techniques, making them undertake surveys, and the like.
• Each technique belongs to a specific language teaching method that has a specific set of principles. Some teachers teach in ways that do not belong to any specific language teaching method.
• In natural settings, children automatically acquire the rules of his/her language because there is considerable exposure, and because (s)he receives all the care and affection that makes language learning possible. Yet, without an innate faculty for language, it would be impossible to acquire structures as complex as those of language. We need to activate this language faculty optimally in school.
• The teacher should pay attention to selecting and communicating study material. Analysis of study material should be minimum and children should be motivated to find and search for things independently.
• The teacher must synchronize the mental level of children, their curiosity, their participation, her own intervention levels, challenging activities, and conceptual clarity.

From the above, we can it is clear that we can teach language to children in a classroom through activities and by telling the summary of the lesson after explaining it.

"She is so weak and so she cannot walk."
It will be the correct answer because a complex sentence is a sentence that combines one independent clause with at least one dependent clause. Here, 'she is so weak' is the independent clause and 'so she cannot walk' is the dependent clause.

Active participation of the students in any kind of activity conducted by the teachers is really necessary as it imparts not just knowledge in the students, but also enhances their zeal towards completing the job efficiently. It also gives them the opportunity to take interest in learning as well as representing themselves on a platform other than that provided by the curriculum.

• Active participation means indulging in activity in such a way that the individual not only performs with full dedication but also takes complete responsibility for the actions.
• A teacher in the third-grade classroom decided to give some tasks to the students after teaching them a poem. 

The given passage is about Artificial Intelligence.
Let us refer to the line from the passage, "Thus, when a machine mimics a human-like behaviour e.g. learning, planning, reasoning, problem-solving, the perception of the environment, natural language processing etc., then it falls under the category of Artificial Intelligence".
From the given passage we get to know that artificial intelligence is when machines behave and perform tasks the same as that of a human. 
So, 'It mimics a human-like behaviour' is the correct option.

Students can improve their comprehension of written material if they use a strategy called SQ4R, which is survey, query, read, review, recite, and revision.

Writing skills consist of various sub-skills that help individuals to communicate their ideas effectively in writing.
​Following are some sub-skills of writing: 

• Write neatly and legibly - use spacing, capitalization, and basic marks of punctuation like the full stop, question mark, and comma
• Spelling out words correctly
• Writing letters of the alphabet at a reasonable speed
• Use basic grammatical structures and appropriate vocabulary 
• Use basic reference words like pronouns and linkers 
• Organize a text coherently
• Write short messages, notices, slogans, or captions for a picture
• Write shore narrative and descriptive paragraphs

Thus, it is clear that A and B are are the subskills of writing skills.

Language Proficiency Test is the measurement of how well an individual has mastered a language. It is the ability of a person that transfers meaning in production and comprehension to use language with a level of accuracy. It is used to check the ability to speak, read and write the language.
Salient Features of a Good Language Proficiency Test:

• Tests should have a positive effect on learning and teaching.
• Tests should aim at specifying areas of difficulties experienced by the class or the individual.
• Questions in the test should be of many types like objective Type, Short Answer Type, and Essay Type questions.
• Tests should determine the level of accuracy in a specific language.
• The test should enable the teachers to find out which parts of the language program cause difficulty for the class.

So, from the mentioned features of the language proficiency test, it becomes clear that questions in the test should be the combination of Objective Type, Short Answer Type, and Essay Type questions.

The appropriate word group of "fit as a fiddle" is an adjective phrase and indicates being in very good health.

Student-centric approach, also known as the learner-centered approach, encompasses teaching methods that shift focus from teachers to students.

The first line of the second paragraph states, "She dressed plainly because she had never been able to afford anything better, but she was as unhappy as if she had once been wealthy."

"To leave no stone unturned" is an idiom that means "to do everything possible to find something or to solve a problem".
Thus, 'investigate thoroughly' is the correct option.

Multilingualism refers to speaking more than one language competently. The term multilingualism is derived from two Latin words namely “multi” which means many and “lingua” which means language. Thus multilingualism is referred to as the ability of a speaker to express himself or herself in several languages with equal and native-like proficiency.

Exercise is not a method of remedial teaching in the teaching of Hindi language.
Many deficiencies of the students can be rectified through remedial work. Due to which students' interest in teaching Hindi will develop and students will be able to contribute in maintaining the standard form of Hindi language. Following is the method of remedial teaching in Hindi language teaching.
1) Extra classes
2) Seminars
3) Specific exercises
4) Collective removal of errors after diagnosis
5) Individual rectification of inaccuracies.
6) Removal of difficulties individually or collectively on the basis of individual differences.

Azure is a variation of sky blue colour.

Formative evaluation is an ongoing assessment process that provides feedback to both teachers and learners about the learning progress and helps in making instructional adjustments.

The statement "Children should be asked to do written work" will be the least important to the language teacher.
Language teachers create an environment that is conducive to learning in the following ways:

• Providing different kinds of material so that they can learn concepts with ease and efficiency.
• Using every possible area of the room to create an atmosphere that encourages participation and learning.
• Creating a positive atmosphere conducive to learning is to develop a positive classroom climate and culture. 
• Making children feel free to express themselves as it provides them the opportunities to communicate in context.
• Maintaining a neat and organized environment that is conducive to learning is getting the students to cooperate.
• Respecting learners' mother tongue so that it could promote the cognitive flexibilities to express the thought in multiple ways.

Option 2 is correct as this is a polite and correct way to request someone to not to do something. Option 1 is rude and offensive and options 3 and 4 are grammatically incorrect expressions.

Children seem to pass through a series of more or less fixed ‘stages’, as they acquire language. The age at which different children reach each stage can vary considerably, however, the order of ‘stages’ remains the same.

Remedial Teaching is an integral part of the teaching-learning program, also known as compensatory or corrective teaching.
The following are characteristics of Remedial Teaching:

• It can be used for improving language skills.
• To rectify a particular problem area, it can be used. For example, a student is confused among the pronunciation of 'no' and 'know', he can be taught the concept of silent letters.
• It is carried out after the identification of problems and challenges faced by students.
• A teacher should be well aware of students' strengths and weaknesses to apply this method.
• It is a systematic process as the teacher first diagnoses the problem of students and then applies appropriate remedial methods.

Forty-four sounds are there in the English language.
Part of what makes English difficult to learn is that each letter in the alphabet can represent more than one sound. In addition, the English alphabet only has 26 letters, yet it represents 44 sounds. Many English phonemes are represented by two or three letters working together to represent one sound.

The core vocabulary of the first language is learned quite naturally at home. Neither the child nor his/her family has much to say about the words that must be learnt - those are given by the immediate environment and the culture. 
The vocabulary of a second language can thus be decided by the teacher, the textbook, or the school. The development of vocabulary is very important for the students.

Noam Chomsky, known as the father of modern linguistics, has made a crucial contribution in the field of linguistics.
Let's understand Chomsky's view about language in brief:

• Innate ability: He strongly believes that children are born with an innate knowledge of grammar that serves as the basis for all language acquisition.
• Generative grammar: According to Chomsky it refers to a finite set of rules to generate sentences and can be used to produce more sentences in that language.
• Universal grammar: Chomsky's universal grammar suggests that all children have an innate ability to acquire, understand and develop grammar.
• Language Acquisition Device: Chomsky proposed that humans are equipped with a language acquisition device that enables a child to acquire and produce language.

A brief description of other psychologists:

So, Noam Chomsky is associated with ‘language development'.

Here, erratic means unpredictable.
Right means proper and expected. So, it is the opposite word to 'erratic'.

An inclusive classroom is part of inclusive education that is an approach to educating all children who are at risk for neglect in the education system. It expects that all learners learn together through access to common educational provisions.

The initial lines of the first paragraph state, "The people of the village began to gather in the square, between the post office and the bank, around ten o’clock."