PS TET Paper 2: Child Development and Pedagogy Test - 5 (Science and Mathematics) - PS TET MCQ

Less restricted environment increases compassion and acceptance in students. Thus, it sensitises other children not to bully or to put the disadvantaged children down.

Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation, commonly know as 'CCE' has been introduced as a school-based system of evaluation by the CBSE in 2009 with the enactment of the Right to Education Act.

Adequate classroom environment exhibits a basic level of order, but the teacher still struggles to maintain it.
There are four categories of classroom environment including dysfunctional, adequate, orderly restrictive and orderly enabling/flexible environment, in which adequate classroom environment exhibits the basic level of order for meaningful learning, but the teacher still struggles to maintain it.

Social development is a result of the environment in which the child moves. The moral, physical and cognitive developments are the functions of heredity and environment both and not the functions of maturation. Cognitive development of the child depends upon the interaction between heredity and environment. Intelligence is a part of the cognitive domain of the child. Due to heredity, a child's nurturance is held in the environment in which he moves. According to the question, in the last few decades, a child's performance is consistently increasing in IQ.

Social deviance, broadly defined, applies to any behavior, belief, or appearance that violates prevailing social norms.

'Lev Vygotsky', a Soviet psychologist, has propounded the "Socio-cultural Theory". This theory implies the idea that social interaction plays a crucial role in the development of learners' cognitive ability. 
In Vygotsky's view, the above-mentioned kind of support is called 'scaffolding' as it refers to a process through which:

• required assistance is given to children according to their individual needs.
• temporary support is imparted to the children to enhance their learning skills.
• individualized support is provided to children to increase their learning boundaries.

So, it could be concluded that in Vygotsky's view, the above-mentioned kind of support is called 'scaffolding'.

• Abstract thinking is the ability to think about objects, principles, and ideas that are not physically present. It is a great way to generate new ideas and gain new insights during any problem-solving process.
• Peer tutoring refers to the learning process where fellow students teach each other. In this strategy, a higher-performing student is paired with a lower-performing student to teach specific skills.
• Generalization refers to the tendency to have conditioned responses caused by related stimuli.

Wood, Bruner, and Ross's (1976) idea of scaffolding parallels the work of Vygotsky. They described scaffolding as the support given to a learner who is younger by an older, more experienced adult.
Vygotsky observed that adults and older peers' instructions to children become less directive across time; a process he called "scaffolding." When working with very young children, adults and older peers are naturally prone to provide a lot of structure and direction, telling children exactly what to do and how to do it. As time goes by, however, and children gain experience with problem solving on their own, adults/peers will naturally decrease the amount of prompting and direction they provide to children.

A student with the locus of control believes that success or failure is due to his or her efforts or disabilities.

• The locus of control can be either internal or external to the individual.

During classroom discussions, the teacher pay attention to boys only rather than girls. This is an example of Gender bias.
Gender Bias is behavior that shows favoritism toward one gender over another. Gender bias occurs when we make assumptions regarding the behaviors, abilities, or preferences of students based upon their gender. Therefore, During classroom discussions, when the teacher pays attention to boys only rather than girls. This shows the scenario of gender biaseness.

Teacher should overlook this fact and treat such a child at par with other children.

Lev Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist and a contemporary of Jean Piaget proposed a theory of cognitive development known as 'Socio Cultural Theory'. Developmental Processes Society and culture of the children plays a vital role in the development of their cognition. Sign system or the language of the society works as a tool in gaining knowledge. Inputs from others and especially from more knowledgeable people and adults have the capacity to affect the development of cognition.

Development: It is a broad term that includes a series of qualitative and progressive changes. These qualitative changes lead to the enhancement of various abilities and enable one to function effectively.

• Emotions: These are the feelings generated as an effect of experiences, or relationships of an individual with others. They are instinctive reactions that come naturally to all and contribute to personal and social adjustments of an individual.

According to Cole and Bruce, childhood is a unique stage of emotional development.

• Emotional development relies heavily on the process of socialization and proceeds in a stepwise manner.
• Basic emotions such as fear, disgust, happiness, sadness, surprise, anger, and interest, are present since birth.
• During childhood, mood tantrums are pretty common.
• Toddlers have a tendency to have fast temper swings. While their emotions may be very intense, these emotions additionally have a tendency to be pretty short-lived.
• One might be stunned at how an infant can go from screaming hysterically about a toy at one second to sitting in the front of the TV quietly looking at a favorite show simply moments later.
• Children at this age are very possessive and have difficulty in sharing.

So, it could be concluded that 'Childhood' is called as 'A unique stage of emotional development' by Cole and Bruce.

If some students cannot understand a topic because of the wide gap in their previous knowledge, the best approach to help the students is to arrange extra classes, as by only this approach can the wide gaps in their previous knowledge be filled.

Family is one of the most important social institutions. Most of the world’s population lives in family units. The specific form and behavior patterns found within a family have shown variations through time across countries of the world and even within a country.

In a class individual learners differ from each other in terms of rate of development.
The rate of development of an individual child is different from that of another child. This principle is known as the ‘principle of individual differences’. For instance, some children may learn to walk in 8 months, while some may take more than a year to start walking. 
It is important for teachers to know variables such as physical characteristics, intelligence, perception, gender, ability, learning styles, which are individual differences of learners. An effective and productive learning-teaching process can be planned by considering these individual differences of students.

Humans seek to reduce anxiety through defence mechanisms. Defence mechanisms can be psychologically healthy or maladaptive, but tension reduction is the overall goal.

A congenial classroom is one where all pupils are accepted, where they are all acknowledged as important, and where they are recognized. The instructors try to consider their students as more than just academic tools. A congenial classroom atmosphere promotes a positive learning experience for students.

A review of a book on government schemes is not appropriate to take knowledge of primary sources.
Primary Sources: A source will be considered as a primary source in case it carries newly generated information, original work of research, or a new interpretation of already known facts. The document is the first and often the only published record of original research. The information contained in primary sources is generally scattered and unorganized.

The opaque projector, epidioscope, epidiascope or episcope is a device which displays opaque materials by shining a bright lamp onto the object from above. A system of mirrors, prisms and/or imaging lenses is used to focus an image of the material onto a viewing screen. Because they must project the reflected light, opaque projectors require brighter bulbs and larger lenses than overhead projector.

Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation are the two types of motivation. Students that are intrinsically driven have a natural drive to complete their assignments. Students who are driven by external rewards are extrinsically motivated.

Learning is a comprehensive process that refers to a change in behavior, knowledge, and skills as a result of practice and experience. It is difficult to give a precise definition of learning so every psychologist has different beliefs about the derivation of the word 'learning' and they have defined it in different ways.
Some well-known definitions of learning are as follows:

So, it could be concluded that the above-mentioned definition of learning is given by J.P. Guilford.

Educational diagnostic testing is a form of assessment that occurs before instruction begins. The purpose of administering diagnostic tests is to try to determine what students already know about the concepts and skills to be covered by instruction. So, it is to know the general area of weakness in class performance.

Learning disability refers to a neurological disorder that causes cognitive impairment. Dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia, etc. are the most common learning disability.

A student with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) is likely to have the tendency to get distracted easily. Developmental disorder refers to the severe, chronic disability of an individual which is likely to continue indefinitely. There are different kinds of developmental disorders and ADHD is one of them.

A classroom teacher would like to know the opinion of class X students on a certain issue. The appropriate method to know the opinion is an attitude. Attitude means a settled way of thinking or feeling about something.

Inclusive Education means education for all children in school as It refers to the inclusion of all children in the education system, regardless of their differences and disabilities.

• It values the diversity, each child brings to the classroom and facilitates all with equal opportunities to learn and grow.
• Inclusive education improves the quality and making provisions of education for all.
• It includes all the categories of learners like disadvantaged students, general categories students, excluded students, Minority students, learning disabled students, etc.
• Inclusive education welcomes and celebrates diversity.
• It provides a provision to include disabled children along with normal children in a regular classroom environment.
• It refers to an education system that accommodates all children regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic, or other conditions.

The socialization of a child is determind by sociometry techniques. Sociometric techniques are methods that qualitatively measure aspects of social interactions, such as social acceptance (i.e., how well a person is liked by peers) and social status (i.e., a child's social status compared to peers). 

Social development is a result of the environment in which the child moves. The moral, physical and cognitive developments are the functions of heredity and environment both and not the functions of maturation. Cognitive development of the child depends upon the interaction between heredity and environment. Intelligence is a part of the cognitive domain of the child. Due to heredity, a child's nurturance is held in the environment in which he moves. According to the question, in the last few decades, a child's performance is consistently increasing in IQ.

Social deviance, broadly defined, applies to any behavior, belief, or appearance that violates prevailing social norms.

School and media are secondary socializing agencies. 
Socialization is the process where the child learns to associate and relate with others. It refers to the process which transforms a quite helpless human infant into a self-aware, knowledgeable person who is skilled in the ways of their society’s culture.