APSET Paper 2 Mock Test - 1 (History) - AP TET MCQ

Correct answer is option 3, The Split weakened the Congress, while the Pact strengthened its unifying power.

Key Points

• The passage points out that the Surat Split resulted in a temporary fracture, while the Lucknow Pact, despite underlying tensions, demonstrated the Congress's ability to forge strategic alliances for a common goal.

• The Surat Split in 1907 and the Lucknow Pact in 1916 were indeed two crucial events in the early history of the Indian National Congress that had markedly different impacts on the organization. While the former led to division within the Congress, the latter played a significant role in unifying divergent forces within and outside Congress.

Additional Information

• The Surat Split (1907): The Surat Split was a significant event that resulted from ideological differences between the 'Moderates' and the 'Extremists' within the Congress. The Moderates favored constitutional and incremental changes towards achieving independence. In contrast, the Extremists, led by leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, pressed for more radical measures, including mass agitation and boycotts. The Congress split into two factions at their Surat meeting in 1907 due to these differences.
  As a result of the Surat Split, the Congress was weakened. The division caused a decline in political activity and led to a period of political vacuum, which ultimately hampered the progress of the freedom struggle. The unity of the Congress, which had hitherto been a broad church encompassing varying viewpoints, was significantly compromised.

  The Lucknow Pact (1916): The Lucknow Pact was a significant unifying event, not just within the Congress, but for Indian nationalists in general. The pact was an agreement between the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League. The major objective was to pressure the British government to introduce constitutional reforms.
  The Congress's agreement to separate electorates for Muslims in provinces where they were a minority (a key demand of the Muslim League) was a crucial part of the pact. At the same time, Congress reunited the two factions, the Moderates and the Extremists, under its umbrella. Leaders like Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak played crucial roles in this reunification.

  This rapprochement between the Congress and the Muslim League and the reunion of the Extremists and Moderates turned out to be a milestone in the nationalist movement. It strengthened the unity and bargaining power of Indian nationalists and placed increased pressure on the British rulers. The Pact signified a higher degree of unity and consensus among disparate Indian political groups against British rule.

  Hence. while the Surat Split showcased ideological differences that weakened the Congress, the Lucknow Pact reasserted its power to consolidate diverse groups, thereby strengthening its unifying power.

The correct answer is option 4, Ability to reconcile internal ideological differences through compromise.

Key Points

• The passage emphasizes the Congress's long-term evolution and capacity to accommodate diverse viewpoints, rather than attributing its success to any single tactic or alliance.

• It can be argued that the Indian National Congress's success in achieving independence rested significantly on its ability to reconcile internal ideological differences through compromise. The Indian National Congress was a diverse entity, consisting of various factions with differing beliefs, ideologies, and principles. These included the Moderates and the Extremists, as well as regional, caste, and religious factions.

• These differences at times led to disunity, such as with the Surat Split of 1907. However, the Congress was generally successful in reconciling these differences, typically through patient dialogue, compromise, and the mutual recognition of the larger goal of national independence. This ability to maintain unity in diversity was an essential factor in the Congress's endurance and eventual success.

• The Congress's emphasis on consensus and compromise is evident in events like the Lucknow Pact of 1916, which brought the Moderates and Extremists together after the rift caused by the Surat Split. This approach also helped the Congress coordinate with other political entities like the Muslim League, which led to increased cohesion and unity within the larger Indian independence movement.

• Additionally, influential Congress leaders like Mahatma Gandhi played a crucial role in mediating internal differences. Gandhi's philosophy of satyagraha (holding on to truth) and ahimsa (non-violence) provided a unifying moral and strategic platform around which various factions could rally. His inclusive vision and leadership was central to unifying diverse groups within the Congress and maintaining a broad-based mass movement.

• Understanding and respecting the multiple ideologies at play and working towards an acceptable middle ground was key. It can be said that this mutual compromise among different groups certainly played a significant role in shaping the Congress as a potent unified entity and was instrumental in its success in leading India towards independence.

The correct answer is option 3, A dynamic entity shaped by internal debates

Key Points

• The Indian National Congress (INC) can indeed be characterized as a dynamic entity shaped by its internal debates and evolving strategies. From its inception in 1885 until India's independence in 1947, and beyond, the INC has repeatedly demonstrated this dynamism
• 1.Internal Debates: The INC was perhaps the most diverse political organization of its time, with members representing a wide spectrum of Indian society, covering various religious, cultural, linguistic, and regional identities. This diversity naturally led to a range of viewpoints on how to best achieve the INC’s goals, stimulating vigorous internal debates. Key among these were the differences between the 'Moderates' and 'Extremists' in the early 20th century, leading eventually to the Surat Split. These debates were not just disagreements, but also reflected the dynamic nature of the INC, showing its willingness to confront and recognize differing viewpoints.
• 2.Evolving Strategies: The INC also showed its dynamism by continually evolving its strategies in response to the changing political climate. Initially, its focus was largely on modest reforms and it sought political rights through constitutional means. However, with the rise of more radical elements, it adopted a more assertive stance, employing methods like mass agitation, non-cooperation, and civil disobedience. We can see evidence of this evolution in events like the launching of the Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, and the Quit India Movement. The strategies also changed depending on the response and attitude of British rulers
• .Hence, the INC's progress was far from a straightforward or static path. It was marked by constant ideological, strategic, and organizational shifts. Its strength lay in its ability to dynamically respond to its internal debates and to evolve its strategies according to the time and need, enabling it to lead a successful campaign against British rule and guide India towards independence. This adaptability and dynamism have continued to shape the INC in the post-independence era as well.

option 3 is not correct.

Key Points

The first phase of the revolutionary movement

• The early phase of the revolutionary movement was predominantly operated in Bengal, Maharashtra, and Punjab. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• The entry of Gandhi Ji into Indian politics brought a revolution in the form of satyagraha, which lead to the decline of revolutionary and terrorist activities. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• The movement focused on individual heroism and was not able to mobilize the masses. Hence statement 3 is incorrect.
• The era of revolutionary terrorism began with the formation of secret societies of the revolutionaries who came up all over the country.
• The Anusilan Samiti was the most famous and long-lasting secret society. Hence statement 4 is correct.

Anushilan Samiti

• The Anushilan Samiti was founded by Promotha Mitter and included Jatindranath Banerjee, Barindra Kumar Ghosh, and others in 1902.
• It was headquartered in Calcutta but has centres all over India.
• The Samiti has two main branches:
  • Dhaka Anushilan Samiti (centred in Dhaka)
  • Jugantar group (centred at Calcutta)

The correct answer is Ramacharita.

Key Points The Ramacharitam is a Sanskrit epic poem written in Arya meter by Sandhyakar Nandi during Pala Empire.

• This work simultaneously narrates the story of the Ramayana and the Pala king Ramapala.
• Sandhyakar Nandi was patronaged by Madanapala and his biographical details are retrieved from the Kaviprashasti (of 20 couplets) appended at the end.
• Nandi hailed from Brihadbatu, a village close to Pundravardhana, and was the son of Prajapati Nandi, who was the Sandhi-Vigrahika (minister of peace and war) of Ramapala.

Additional Information

• Kumarapalacharita was written by Hemchandra.
  • He was an Indian Jain scholar, poet, mathematician, and polymath who wrote on grammar, philosophy, prosody, mathematics, and contemporary history.
  • The book was about Chalukya King Kumarapala.
  • Kumarapala was an Indian king from the Chaulukya (Solanki) dynasty of Gujarat. He ruled present-day Gujarat and surrounding areas, from his capital Anahilapataka (modern Patan).
• Jain Literature in the form of manuscripts and publications during the 8th century A.D. is very rich.
  • For the social and cultural history of Rajasthan, the Jain sources literary as well as Archeology are important and immensely valuable.
  • Uddyotana Suri’s work on Kuvalayamala Kaha is very exhaustive work on the social and cultural history of the people during the period under study.
  • The Kuvalayamala mentioned the social, cultural, political and economic condition of the people.
• The Gaudavaho ( 'slaying of the king of Gauda' ) is known to be a Prakrit Epic composed by Vākpatirāja, a poet living in the court of Yasovarman, king of Kanauj.

The correct answer is ​Neither 1 nor 2.

Key Points

• Vijayanagara empire :
  • ​​​Fortifications and roads​
    • ​Abdur Razzaq, an ambassador sent by the ruler of Persia to Calicut (present-day Kozhikode) in the fifteenth century, was greatly impressed by the fortifications and mentioned seven lines of forts.
    • These encircled not only the city but also its agricultural hinterland and forests.
    • What was most significant about this fortification is that it enclosed agricultural tracts. Abdur Razzaq noted that “ between the first, second and the third walls there are cultivated fields, gardens and houses”.
      • Why do you think agricultural tracts were incorporated within the fortified area?
        • Often, the objective of medieval sieges was to starve the defenders into submission. These sieges could last for several months and sometimes even years.
        • Normally rulers tried to be prepared for such situations by building large granaries within fortified areas.
        • The rulers of Vijayanagara adopted a more expensive and elaborate strategy of protecting the agricultural belt itself. Hence, Statement a is correct.
    • The fort was entered through well-guarded gates, which linked the city to the major roads.
    • Gateways were distinctive architectural features that often defined the structures to which they regulated access.
    • The arch on the gateway leading into the fortified settlement as well as the dome over the gate is regarded as typical features of the architecture introduced by the Turkish Sultans. Hence, Statement b is correct.
    • Art historians refer to this style as Indo-Islamic, as it grew continually through interaction with local building practices in different regions.

In 1858 Lord Canning sent forth the royal proclamation in a grand Darbar at Allahabad via which Queen Victoria intimated that she had assumed the direct government of India. This proclamation also set forth the principles on the basis of which India was to be governed in future and the British policy towards people of British-Indian territories and princes. All treaties and engagements of East India Company with princely states would be maintained and honoured. There will be no further extension of the territories of the erstwhile East India Company. No encroachment on British territories in India would be allowed and no encroachment will be done by British on territories of others. The above proclamation was called “Magnacarta of people of India” and was declared in eloquent style to be in consonance with principle of justice and religious toleration as guiding policy of queen’s rule. The document also granted amnesty to all except those who had directly taken part in the murder of British subjects.

Alauddin Hasan Gangu Bahamani founded the Bahmani Empire in the year 1347 A.D.Important Points

• In the year 1347, Hasan Gangu Bahmani founded the Bahmani kingdom. Under Muhammad Bin Tuglaq, he served in Devagiri as a Turkish officer.
• As he extended his empire from the Bay of Bengal in the east to the Arabian Sea in the west and continued to expand and dominate the entire Deccan region of India as well as the Krishna River, the Bahmani kingdom experienced numerous successes throughout his rule.
• Ahsanabad served as the capital of the kingdom under Hasan Gangu Bahmani's tenure.
• The Bahmani Kingdom had a very basic system of management and administration. The five divisions of the Bahmani kingdom are known as Tarafs. The ruler assigned to each Taraf is in charge of it.

Therefore, the fact that Hasan Gangu Bahmani founded the empire in 1437 is not true about him.

Among the given options, Friedrich Hegel is related to the Romantic school of historiography.

Key Points

• The Romantic Age (1770-1850) was a period of immense ideological change in Europe.
• Romanticism emerged towards the end of the Age of Enlightenment (1715-1804), as a response against the rigid and often overly rational ideals of the time.
• Romantic historians perceived history as an art form, applying aesthetic principles relating to beauty and the natural world in their works.
• Romanticism is said to have its philosophical beginnings in Germany, but quickly spread throughout Europe and even across the Atlantic to the United States.

• Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Immanuel Kant, Friedrich von Schiller, and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel are the best-known historians related to the Romantic school of historiography.

Hence, we can conclude that among the given options, Friedrich Hegel is related to the Romantic school of historiography.

The correct answer is C A B D.

Key Points

• Hunter commission - 1882
  • It was constituted to look into the status of elementary education of India.
  • Its another objective was to look into the failure in implementation of Wood's Despatch.
  • William Wilson Hunter was the chairman of this commission who was a member of Indian Civil Services.
  • Its another name was Higher Education Commission.
  • It was appointed by Lord Rippon, Viceroy of India.
  • Recommendations-
    1. Encourage primary education
    2. Progress in Secondary education.
    3. Grant-in aid for schools
    4. Moral and Physical education were emphasized.
• Saddler Commission - 1917
  • Dr Michael Sadler was the chairman of this committee.
  • It recommended 10+2+3 pattern of education.
  • Purdah schools were established for Muslim girls.
  • It recommended separate board for secondary and intermediate education.
• Wood's Despatch - 1854
  • ​Charles Wood, who was the president of Board of control of English education in EIC, sent a despatch to Lord Dalhousie.
  • This laid down the foundation of education in India.
  • He emphasized on Art, science, literature and philosophy of Europe, in his recommendations.
• Sargent Plan - 1944
  • ​Sir John Sargeant was asked to prepare a comprehensive plan for education in India in the year 1944.
  • It recommended promotion of pre-primary education.
  • Secondary schools were intended to provide education to those students who were above average and had excellent aptitude for higher education.

The Harappan culture was poor in the artistic works made of stone. We do not come across any massive work of art in stone as we find in the case of sculptures of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. However, we get many figurines made of fire-baked earthen clay, commonly called terracotta. The seals and images were manufactured with great skill, but the terracotta pieces represent unsophisticated artistic works.

Rajabai Tower designed by George Scott is an example of a combination of Venetian and Gothic styles of Architecture.

Key Points

• Rajabai Tower is a prominent landmark in South Mumbai, designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott, an English architect who modeled it on Big Ben in London.
• The tower is an amalgamation of Gothic and Venetian architectural styles and stands at a height of 85 meters.
• It is part of The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai, which was added to the list of World Heritage Sites in 2018.
• The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai comprises a collection of 94 buildings and represents the fusion of Indian and Western architectural styles in the city during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

• Rajabai Tower is one of the most recognizable buildings in the ensemble and has become a symbol of Mumbai's architectural and cultural heritage.

​Hence the correct answer is Venetian and Gothic.

The correct answer is Ibrahim.

Key Points

• In the Battle of Khatoli (1517) Rana Sanga of Mewar defeated the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodhi and imprisoned him and then released him after collecting ransom.
• Ibrahim Lodhi (1517 AD-1526 AD):
  • He was the last king of the Lodhi dynasty and the last sultan of Delhi.
  • He was the son of Sikandar Lodhi.
  • Daulat Khan Lodhi, the Governor of Punjab, invited Babur to overthrow Ibrahim.
  • He captured Gwalior and was defeated by Rana Sanga of Mewar.
  • He was defeated and killed at the hands of Babur in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 AD.

Additional Information

• The Sisodiya ruler of Mewar (1433 AD-1468 AD):
  • Rana Kumbha was a famous ruler of Mewar.
  • He defeated Mohammad Khilji and erected the Tower of Victory (Vijay-Stambha) in Chittor.
  • His successors Rana Sangram Singh (Rana Sanga) and Rana Pratap were also great kings of the Mewar state.

Important Points

• ​Sikandar Lodhi established Agra city in 1504.
• He shifted his capital from Delhi to Agra in 1506.
• Slave Dynasty was established in Northern India by Qutb-ud-Din Aibak, a Turkish Mamluk slave general from Central Asia.
• He became the ruler of an independent kingdom that evolved into the Delhi Sultanate ruled by the Mamluk dynasty.
• He constructed a Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque in Delhi and Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra in Ajmer.
• He initiated the construction of Qutb Minar which was completed by Iltutmish.

The correct answer is option 2.

Key Points

• The Indian Independence Act of 1947 gave princely states an option to accede to the newly born dominions India or Pakistan or continue as an independent sovereign state.
• At that time Around 565 princely states have covered 48 percent of the area of pre Independent India and constituted 28% of its population.
  These kingdoms were not legally part of British India, but in reality, they were completely subordinate to the British Crown.
• For the British these states were the necessary allies, to keep in check the rise of other colonial powers and nationalist tendencies in India.
  Accordingly, the princes were given autonomy over their territories, but the British acquired for themselves the right to appoint ministers and get military support as and when required.
• Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (India’s first deputy prime minister and the home minister) with the assistance of V.P menon (the secretary of the Ministry of the States) was given the formidable task of integrating the princely states.
• By invoking the patriotism of the princes to remind them of the possibility of anarchy on event of their refusal to join, Patel kept trying to convince them to join India.
• He also introduced the concept of “privy purses”- a payment to be made to royal families for their agreement to merge with India.
  Bikaner, Baroda and few other states from Rajasthan were the first ones to join the union.
• There were several other states that were adamant to not join India. Some of them thought this to be the best moment to acquire independent statehood, while there were others who wanted to become a part of Pakistan.

Incorrect Statement: He accepted the views expressed by William Jones and other orientalists on ancient Indian culture.Key Points

• James Mill believed in a moral theory called Utilitarianism—that actions that lead to people's happiness are right and that those that lead to suffering are wrong.
• Apart from Mill Jeremy Bentham regarded as a classical philosopher and the founder of modern utilitarianism.
• Mill considerably modified Bentham's thesis of pleasure versus pain by admitting and emphasizing the qualitative aspect of pleasure.
• Mill made a difference between higher quality of pleasure and lower-quality of pleasure, he preferred more noble pleasure over less noble pleasure.
• He asserted that pleasures also differ in quality.
• Those pleasures which go with the exercise of intellectual capacities are higher and better than sensuous pleasures.
• Mill reformed the Utilitarian concept with his liberal thoughts, but according to criticism made by Wayper In all these alterations that he makes in Benthamism.
• Mill may think that he is defending it, but in fact, he is destroying it.
• Mill never advocated that Indian culture was static and its transformation lay in the infusion of Western ideas.

• Also, he never accepted the views expressed by William Jones and other orientalists on ancient Indian culture.

​So we conclude that 'He accepted the views expressed by William Jones and other orientalists on ancient Indian culture' is an incorrect statement.

Statement 1 is not correct as Dhrupad originates during Vedas period which gains popularity in 16th century which praises Lord Krishna. The earliest source mentioning musical genre is Ain-i-Akbari of Abu Fazl . Statement 2 is correct as Dhrupad is Indian classical music having origin to recite vedic hymns and mantras used for worshipping using sound. Statement 3 is correct as Dhrupad begins with free-time alap that carries two sections: Alap and Bandish where in Alap, the singer uses syllables from Sanskrit Mantras while Bandish is a poem with Pakhawaj. As only two statements 2 and 3 are correct.

Despatch empathized both on higher and primary education. Further Universities in Calcutta, Madras, Bombay were proposed on the model of London university. It also proposed setting up of Vernacular primary schools in the villages followed by Anglo-vernacular high schools and affiliated colleges at district level.

Second statement of correct. In respond to controversy as to use of government fund, Macaulay in his famous minute supported education of and in English rather than Orinetal literature. Thus vernacular languages were to be developed as ancillary to the the teachings in English.

In the 19th century, India witness the emergence of several socio-religious reform movements. One such movement was the Prarthana Samaj which emerged in Bombay and went on to wield a good deal of influence in western India and to a lesser extent, in southern India.

Founded by Atmaram Panduranga, the movement gained momentum and popularity after scholar and reformer, Mahadev Govind Ranade, joined it.

The correct answer is Pandita Ramabai.

Key Points

• Pandita Ramabai (1858-1922)
  • Pandita Ramabai was born in the Canara district of the Madras Presidency (now in Karnataka) on April 23, 1858.
  • In order to better the lives of women, particularly child widows, Ramabai pushed girls' education and founded the Arya Mahila Samaj in Pune in 1881.
  • She founded the Mukti Mission, a refuge for young widows who had been abandoned and mistreated by their families, in Pune in 1889.
  • She also founded Sharda Sadan, which offered shelter, healthcare, education, and vocational training to widows, orphans, and those with visual impairments.
  • Because of her intellectual Sanskrit expertise, she is the first woman to be given the title Pandita.

Additional Information

• She died on 5 April 1922.
• In 1919, she receives the Kaisar-i-hind medal for her volunteer work in the community.
• Ramabai is honoured with a "feast day" on the Episcopal Church's liturgical calendar (USA).
• She also authored a number of books that depicted the difficult lives of women, including child widows and child brides.
• Ramabai had learned 18000 Puranas verses by the time she was 12 years old in addition to Sanskrit.
• She studied Bengali, Hindi, Kanarese, and Marathi.
• Her mother was Lakshmibai, and her father, Anant Shastri, was an educated Brahmin.

Guru Nanak founded Sikhism during the reign of Sikander Lodhi. He was the first of the ten Sikh gurus. Guru Gobind Singh is also credited with establishing the Khalsa Panth. It is usually celebrated on 13 or 14 April every year, which commemorates the formation of Khalsa Panth of warriors under Guru Gobind Singh in 1699.

While Guru Arjan Dev is known for compiling the Adi Granth Sahib, Guru Tegh bahadur is known for protecting forced conversion of Sikhs into Islam.

Brahmobandhab Upadhyay was an Indian freedom fighter, journalist, theologian, and mystic. he wrote hundreds of articles in Bengali and English in short-lived journals and magazines of Bengal such as Sophia, Jote, Sandhya, The Twentieth Century, Svaraj, etc.

Kriti was founded by Santosh Singh in 1926. Kranti was founded by S.S. Mirzakar and Joglekar in the 20th century.

Jugantar Patrika was a Bengali revolutionary newspaper founded in 1906 in Calcutta by Barindra Kumar Ghosh, Abhinash Bhattachary and Bhupendranath Dutt. A political weekly, it was founded in March 1906 and served as the propaganda organ for the nascent revolutionary organization Anushilan Samiti that was taking shape in Bengal at the time.

The ratio of the Indian sepoys to the Europeans in the British Indian Army on the eve of the outbreak of the Revolt of 1857 is 6: 1. Key Points

• The Revolt of 1857, also known as the Indian Rebellion or the Sepoy Mutiny, was a significant uprising against British rule in India that took place between 1857 and 1858.
• At the time, the British Indian Army played a crucial role in maintaining British control over the Indian subcontinent.
• To understand the ratio of Indian sepoys to Europeans in the army on the eve of the outbreak of the revolt, we need to examine the composition of the British Indian Army during that period.
• The British Indian Army was primarily composed of native Indian soldiers known as sepoys.
• These sepoys were recruited from various regions of India and were organized into regiments under British command.
• The sepoys served alongside British officers and formed the backbone of the British Indian Army.
• During the mid-19th century, the ratio of Indian sepoys to Europeans in the British Indian Army was approximately 6:1.
• This means that for every European soldier, there were approximately six Indian sepoys.
• The large number of Indian sepoys relative to Europeans was a characteristic feature of the army's composition at that time.
• There were several reasons for this ratio.
• Firstly, the British East India Company, which initially controlled India before the British Crown took over in 1858, relied heavily on local manpower to maintain its control and expand its territories.
• Recruiting Indian sepoys allowed the British to have a larger and more cost-effective military force in India.
• Secondly, India's vast population provided a significant pool of potential recruits.
• The sepoys were drawn from diverse backgrounds, including different castes, religions, and regions of India.
• This diversity was somewhat advantageous to the British, as it prevented a unified front against British rule among the sepoys during the early stages of the revolt.
• Thirdly, the British also believed that Indian soldiers would be more loyal and disciplined if they were led and supervised by European officers.
• European officers held higher ranks and were responsible for the overall command and control of the regiments.
• The British considered themselves to be more reliable and capable leaders, and they relied on their presence to maintain discipline and obedience among the sepoys.
• The ratio of 6:1 on the eve of the Revolt of 1857 indicates the dominance of Indian sepoys in the British Indian Army during that period.
• It highlights the significant role played by Indian soldiers in both upholding British rule and, later, challenging it during the revolt.

• The sepoys' grievances, including issues related to pay, working conditions, cultural insensitivity, and rumours regarding the use of animal fat in ammunition, eventually contributed to the outbreak of the revolt.

Hence we conclude that the ratio of the Indian sepoys to the Europeans in the British Indian Army on the eve of the outbreak of the Revolt of 1857 is 6: 1.

The real name of Sister Nivedita was Margaret Elizabeth Noble. She was a disciple of Swami Vivekananda. She was described as a real lioness by Vivekananda, ‘Lokmata’ (the mother of the people) by Rabindra Nath Tagore and 'Agnishikha' (the flame of fire) by Aurobindo Ghosh. In England, she was known as ‘The Champion for India’. Many of her letters written between 1900-1905 to her friend Miss Macleod reveal her hatred for British rule. In one such letter, she wrote “The British empire is rotten to the core – corrupt in every direction, and tyrannical and mean".

The Correct Answer is Rudrapatna Shamasastry

Explanation: The Arthashastra was discovered by librarian Rudrapatna Shamasastry in 1905 in an uncatalogued group of ancient palm-leaf manuscripts. This discovery took place at the Oriental Research Institute Mysore, and Shamasastry is credited with bringing the Arthashastra to light.

Key Points

• The Arthashastra, a significant ancient Indian treatise on statecraft and governance, was brought to the attention of the modern world through the efforts of librarian Rudrapatna Shamasastry.
• In the year 1905, Shamasastry made a remarkable discovery while working at the Oriental Research Institute in Mysore. The find occurred in an uncatalogued collection of ancient palm-leaf manuscripts, donated by an unknown pandit.
• These palm-leaf manuscripts contained the valuable text of the Arthashastra, and their unearthing marked a pivotal moment in the study of ancient Indian political thought. Rudrapatna Shamasastry, through his diligence and scholarly pursuits, played a crucial role in identifying and bringing this text to light. His contribution in locating the Arthashastra is highly regarded in the field of historical and Indological studies.
• The Oriental Research Institute in Mysore served as the backdrop for this discovery, highlighting the importance of such academic institutions in preserving and unraveling the rich tapestry of ancient knowledge. Shamasastry's work not only involved the identification of the Arthashastra but also the subsequent efforts to translate and make this ancient text accessible to a wider audience.
• It's worth noting that the discovery of the Arthashastra has significantly contributed to our understanding of ancient Indian political and economic thought. The text covers a broad range of topics, including monetary and fiscal policies, welfare, international relations, and strategies of war.
• However, scholars have debated its authorship, with some suggesting that it might be a compilation of earlier texts by various authors, and Chanakya could have been one of them.
• Additional Information
• Rudrapatna Shamasastry's discovery of the Arthashastra in 1905 at the Oriental Research Institute in Mysore played a pivotal role in unveiling an invaluable piece of ancient Indian literature on governance and statecraft, shedding light on the complexities of political thought in ancient India.

• Prathana Samaj- Atmaram Pandurang
• Young India - Mohandas Karamchand
• Lokhitvadi- Gopal Hari Deshmukh
• Satyashodhak Samaj- Jyotiba Phule
• Rehnumai Mazdayasan Sabha - Naoroji Furdonji

Tatwabodhini Patrika was started by Debendranath Tagore to promote studies on Indian Philosophy. The Bengali intellectual Dinabandhu Mitra wrote the popular play Nildarpan, depicting the plight of Indigo cultivators. Raja Ram Mohan Roy has also been called as ‘Father of Modern India’ and ‘Father of Modern Indian Journalism’. He was the founder of the journal ‘The Bengal Gazette’. Swami Dayananda Saraswati wrote the famous Satya Artha Prakash.

1) Under this system, the ruler of the allying Indian state was compelled to accept the permanent stationing of the British defence forces within his territory and to pay a subsidy for its maintenance.

2) The ruler also sometimes ceeded part of his territory instead of paying annual subsidy.

3) The ruler would agree to the posting at his court of a resident of a British Resident, however, he would not employ any European in his service without the approval of the British, and that he would not negotiate with any other Indian ruler without consulting the Governor-General.

Dinabandhu Mitra (1829–1873) the Bengali dramatist, was born in 1829 at village Chouberia in Gopalnagar P.S., North 24 Parganas. He was the son of Kalachand Mitra. His original name was Gandharva Narayan, but he changed it to Dinabandhu Mitra. Dinabandhu is primarily known for his play about the plight of indigo farmers 'Nil Darpan'.

The French East India Company was founded in 1664 by the Louis XIV's Cabinet Minister, Colbert. The trading company of France received privilege and financial resources by the state. Therefore, it was called a government trading company.