APSET Paper 2 Mock Test - 2 (History) - AP TET MCQ

The correct answer is "The Imperialist writers believed that India was in the process of becoming a nation".Key Points

• The imperialist approach to writing history was mainly pioneered by a group of Cambridge University scholars, hence this school of historiography is also called the Cambridge School.
• The theorists of the Cambridge school essentially argue that Indian nationalism was a byproduct of the imperialist designs as leaders of the national movement came from different caste and community groups and their internal factionalism could not have led to any powerful nationalist feeling to emerge and gain momentum and hence even if that emerged, it was made possible because the British imperial government allowed representation, hence this school takes away all agency of the Indian National Movement and discredits Indian nationalism as a mere concoction of vested interests.
• Hence Statement 4 is the correct answer because the imperialists never thought of India as becoming a nation, as they saw the leaders of the Indian national movement as separate entities, vying for attention from the imperial government, to further their interests.
• Bruce T Mc Cully in his article “The Origins of Indian Nationalism According to Native Writers” published in September 1935, Journal of Modern History, states that the emergence of Indian nationalism was a product of its association with Great Britain.
• A work titled “Locality, Province and Nation: Essays on Indian Politics,1870 to 1940” is a collection of essays which was put together by John Gallagher, and Gordon Johnson and published by the Cambridge University Press in the year 1973 is a classic example of the works ascribed to the theorists of this school.
• Indian Unrest is a book by Valentine Chirol, a journalist with The Times, he writes about the national movement as an “unrest”, originally meant to be newspaper reports these were later collated together as a book, the introduction of the book is written by Sir A. Lyall, who lauds Chirol for his work and throughout the introduction echoes the basic ideas of the book, he is of the view, that the kind of work that Chirol has produced is comprehensive, he justifies imperialistic control as something which is embedded in the history of nations and the British were not the reasons for this unrest and were ruling India to civilize it, he sees India as regressive and backward unlike Europe and says that the Europeans brought to India ideas, knowledge and opened newer avenues of thought.

It was Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan who called the partition as ‘an act of treachery on the part of Congress’. All the four Muslim leaders were opposed to the partition of India, but Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, better known as Frontier Gandhi, who had actively supported the Civil Disobedience Movement, was sidelined on the partition issue. He remained opposed to it till the end and even boycotted the plebiscite held in the N.W.F.P. under the Mountbatten Plan.

The correct answer is option 2, They offer clues about ritual practices and societal hierarchy, but interpretations remain open to debate.

Key Points

• The passage emphasizes the ambiguity of the iconography and script, supporting option 2
• The Harappan seals and religious iconography discovered from the sites of the Indus Valley Civilization provide significant insights into the religious beliefs, ritual practices, and social structures of this ancient society. However, due to the lack of a complete understanding of the Harappan script and the absence of historical texts from this period, these interpretations are mostly pieced together from archaeological evidence and comparative studies, and as a result, remain open to debate and speculation.
• Religious Practices and Beliefs: The most prominent seal is the so-called "Pashupati" or "Proto-Shiva" seal depicting a seated figure surrounded by animals, which is seen by many scholars as a proto-type of the Hindu god Shiva. Some argue that this suggests a form of nature worship or a precursor to later Hindu practices. However, without contextual textual evidence, this interpretation is not universally accepted.
• Societal Hierarchy: Some seals depict figures in postures of authority or reverence, which suggest the existence of certain higher-ranking individuals or deities. This could point towards a structured societal or religious hierarchy. However, these scenes are subject to multiple interpretations, and it's uncertain if these depicted figures represent deities, rulers, or other cultural hero figures.
• Economic and Trade Practices: Many seals have been discovered in Mesopotamia, suggesting the seals might have been used in trade as identity markers or indications of ownership or origin. The standardization of their design also suggests some level of centralized control.
• Writing System: The signs and symbols inscribed on the seals are viewed as a form of script, but scholars have yet to decipher it conclusively. Various interpretations have been proposed, including the possibility that the script is a Dravidian language, but these are still theories with inconclusive evidence.
• Symbolic Animals: Various animals - such as the unicorn, elephant, rhino, buffalo - are commonly seen on these seals. These could be totemic symbols, religious symbols indicating characteristics to be worshipped or emulated, or perhaps representations of the local fauna indicating the ecosystem of the time.

In summary, while the Harappan seals and religious iconography offer crucial clues about the civilization's economic, religious, and social aspects, the exact meanings remain uncertain and continue to intrigue archaeologists, historians, and linguists. Further research is needed, particularly a breakthrough in deciphering the Indus script, to bring more definitive interpretations.

The correct answer is option 3, Propose a multi-faceted model considering environmental, social, and political factors, offering a more holistic understanding.

Key Points

• The Indus Valley Civilization, or Harappan Civilization, was a Bronze Age Society that existed from around 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE. Despite its significant achievements, the civilization eventually declined, and various theories have been proposed to explain this fall. Here are a couple of prevailing theories along with their strengths and weaknesses:

1.Aryan Invasion Theory: This was once a popular idea suggesting that the decline of the Harappan Civilization was caused by an invasion by a group called the Aryans.

• Strength: This could explain the cultural shift around this time, with a transition to the Vedic culture.
• Weakness: There is little archaeological evidence of large-scale conflict or an invasion. This theory has declined in favor in recent decades.

2.Environmental and Climate Change Theory: The theory suggests shifts in monsoon patterns, overuse of the landscape leading to decreased agricultural yields, or a major natural disaster like an earthquake or flood led to the decline.

• Strength: There's geological evidence supporting shifts in climate and river courses around this time, which could have significantly affected a civilization primarily based on agriculture.
• Weakness: While climate change could have played a role, it might not be the sole reason for the decline as civilizations frequently adapt to shifting environmental conditions.

Proposing a combined, multi-faceted approach to this decline might offer a more holistic understanding. The Harappan Civilization, like any complex society, would have been influenced by a multitude of both internal and external factors. Here's how it could look:

A. Environmental Factors: Climate change and shifts in the course of rivers could have caused a significant strain on agricultural production, placing pressure on the societal structure and economy.

B. Sociopolitical Factors: Over time, the complex urban society could have experienced issues related to governance and control, possibly leading to internal social conflicts, economic instability, and the decentralization of political power. The lack of centrally coordinated response to environmental threats could have compounded these difficulties.

C. Cultural Interchange or Migration: Simultaneously, the arrival of new people (like the speculated Aryans) in the region could have led to cultural shifts and changes in societal organization, art, and religion over extended periods, adding an additional layer of complexity to the process of decline.

This multi-faceted approach considers that societal collapse often results from a combination of factors rather than a singular cause. It acknowledges that both internal dynamics (social, political) and external forces (environmental change, cultural contact) likely played significant roles in the decline of the Harappan Civilization. Such a holistic perspective helps avoid simplifications and is more in line with contemporary archaeological understandings of societal change and collapse.

The correct answer is option 1, i.e, 2 and 3.

• Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj (1627-1680):
  • Born at Shivner ( Father- Shahji Bhosale, Mother- Jija Bai).
  • Inherited Jagir of Poona from his father in 1637.
  • Shaista Khan captured Poona but Shivaji reclaimed it.
  • Aurangzeb sent Raja jai singh of Amber who besieged Purander fort, in 1665.
  • Treaty of Purander- Shivaji surrendered 23/35 forts to Mughals and said to be loyal to Mughal empire.
  • In 1674, Shivaji recaptured all his lost territory and crowned himself at Raigarh assuming the title of Chhatrapati.
  • King was pivot at the centre led by Com's called "Astapradhan".
  1. Peshwa-Finance and General administrator
  2. Amatya-Accountant General
  3. Sar-i-Naubat-Military commander
  4. Waqnavis-Intelligence and Household affairs
  5. Sachiv-Correspondence
  6. Sumanta-Master of ceremonies
  7. Nyayadhish-Justice Chief
  8. Pandit Rao-Charities and Religious admin

Key Points

• (a) Border Negotiations: The Panchsheel principles were first codified in the 1954 Agreement on Trade and Intercourse between the People's Republic of China and India. This agreement aimed to resolve border issues between India and China's Tibet region.
• (b) Non-Interventionism for New States: The Panchsheel principles, which include mutual respect for sovereignty and non-interference in internal affairs, resonated with newly independent states seeking space to consolidate their independence and chart their own course in international relations, moving away from dominant power structures.

Additional Information

• (c) Not Strictly Adhered To: While initially promoting peaceful coexistence, the Sino-Indian relationship later deteriorated, culminating in a border war in 1962. This highlights the limitations of Panchsheel in addressing complex geopolitical realities.
• (d) Not Solely Chinese: The principles of Panchsheel drew on existing ideas of peaceful coexistence in Asian traditions and were championed by both India (particularly Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru) and China (Premier Zhou Enlai).

Important PointsPanchsheel: Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence​

The Panchsheel, meaning "five principles" in Hindi, is a set of five principles that emerged as a cornerstone of Sino-Indian relations in the mid-20th century. Here's a breakdown of the concept:

Origin and Significance:

• The Panchsheel principles were first codified in the 1954 Agreement on Trade and Intercourse between the People's Republic of China and India. This agreement aimed to address the border dispute between India and China's Tibet region.
• Beyond resolving a specific border issue, the Panchsheel principles resonated with newly independent states in Asia and Africa seeking a framework for peaceful coexistence in the international arena.

The Five Principles:

• Mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty: This principle emphasizes respecting each other's borders and internal affairs.
• Mutual non-aggression: This principle prohibits using force or the threat of force against each other.
• Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs: This principle discourages meddling in each other's political systems or domestic policies.
• Equality and mutual benefit: This principle promotes cooperation based on mutual respect and benefit for both countries.
• Peaceful coexistence: This principle emphasizes resolving disputes peacefully through dialogue and negotiation.

• Important sites are: Regions of Narmada & its tributaries, Navadatoli, Eran, Nagada.
• It was one of the largest Chalcolithic settlements.
• Small round huts used for storing grain were in use.
• The special feature was thick buff surface ware with red or black design over it.
• Daimabad, Inamgaon, Kayatha, Nagda, Vidisha, Eran, Mandsaur, and Navdatoli (near Maheshwar) are the major sites of Malwa Culture.
• A massive fortification wall and a moat have been discovered at Eran.

Subhas Chandra Bose's strategy for achieving Indian independence distinctly differed from Mahatma Gandhi's through his pursuit of armed struggle and the formation of alliances with foreign powers such as Germany and Japan. While Gandhi emphasized non-violent resistance and civil disobedience, Bose believed that armed struggle was a necessary measure to secure India’s freedom.
Key Points

• Subhas Chandra Bose's strategy for Indian independence is notably distinguished by his pursuit of armed struggle and seeking foreign alliances, which starkly contrasts with Mahatma Gandhi's methods.

• Bose's pursuit of armed struggle and foreign alliances:
  Subhas Chandra Bose believed that India's independence could not be achieved without a direct military confrontation against British colonial forces. This belief led him to seek assistance from countries that were adversaries of the British during World War II. His strategy was grounded in the conviction that the enemy of his enemy could be his friend, at least in the context of the struggle for independence.

• Armed Struggle:
  Bose actively organized and led the Indian National Army (INA), a military force composed of Indian soldiers who had been captured by the Japanese in Southeast Asia and other Indian volunteers. The INA fought alongside the Axis powers against the British forces, most notably in Burma (Myanmar) and the northeast frontier of India. Bose's call for an armed rebellion was encapsulated in his famous slogan, "Give me blood, and I will give you freedom," which rallied many to his cause but was a stark departure from Gandhi's philosophy.

• Foreign Alliances:
  Bose's strategic alliances with Germany, Italy, and particularly Japan were aimed at leveraging their military might against the British in India. He met with leaders of these countries, seeking support for his cause. His collaboration with Imperial Japan was the most significant, resulting in the formation and military engagement of the INA on India's eastern front. Bose's willingness to align with these foreign powers reflects a pragmatic, albeit controversial, aspect of his strategy aimed at exploiting the global conflict (World War II) to India's advantage.

• Contrast with Gandhi's Approach:
  In contrast, Mahatma Gandhi's strategy was steeped in the principles of non-violence and civil disobedience. Gandhi led nationwide campaigns like the Non-Cooperation Movement, which advocated for Indians to withdraw their support for British rule through peaceful means, such as boycotting British goods, institutions, and services. Gandhi's approach sought to morally compel the British to acknowledge the justness of India's demand for independence and relied on mass mobilization of the Indian population to participate in acts of peaceful resistance.

• In summary, Bose's distinctive strategy focused on armed struggle and securing foreign alliances to directly confront British rule, as opposed to Gandhi's emphasis on non-violent resistance and self-reliance. While both leaders shared the ultimate goal of Indian independence, their methodologies reflected their differing ideologies and assessments of the most effective means to achieve that common objective.

Initially influenced by socialist principles, Subhas Chandra Bose’s ideological stance evolved to embrace a more pronounced nationalist perspective, underpinned by the belief in militaristic action as a means to achieve Indian independence. This evolution is evidenced by his leadership of the INA and his efforts to secure foreign support for an armed struggle against the British Raj.
Key Points

• Subhas Chandra Bose's ideological stance underwent significant evolution over the course of his political career, particularly in relation to the Indian freedom struggle.
• This evolution is best characterized by his shift from a purely socialist outlook to one that embraced nationalism and militarism as crucial components of his strategy to achieve Indian independence.
  Early Socialist Leanings:
• In his early political career, Bose was influenced by socialist ideologies, which were gaining prominence globally during the early 20th century. He admired the Soviet Union's model and initially sought to advance India's independence struggle through socialist reforms. Bose believed in the power of economic and social restructuring to emancipate the Indian masses from not just colonial oppression but also from the deeply entrenched socio-economic dispari​Emphasis on Nationalism:
• As Bose's political career progressed, his focus increasingly shifted towards a broader conception of nationalism that sought to unite all Indians against British rule. His experience with the British response to peaceful protests and his observations of international political developments convinced him that achieving independence would require a more assertive stance. His form of nationalism transcended mere political freedom, aiming for a complete socio-economic and cultural revival of India.

  Adoption of Militaristic Approach:

• Bose's ideological evolution reached a pivotal point when he concluded that armed struggle was the most effective means to end British colonialism in India. This realization led him to seek alliances with Axis powers during World War II, as he believed that the geopolitical context presented a unique opportunity to leverage international conflicts against the British. His leadership of the Indian National Army (INA) symbolizes this militaristic approach, where he actively engaged in military planning, recruitment, and operations to challenge British forces directly.

  Contrast with Other Leaders:

• Bose's shift from a purely socialist to a nationalist and militaristic approach marked a significant divergence from other contemporary Indian leaders, most notably Mahatma Gandhi, who remained committed to non-violence and peaceful civil disobedience. Bose's tactical pivot reflected his belief in the necessity of seizing the moment offered by the global conflict (World War II) and the willingness to explore all avenues, including armed resistance, to achieve the overarching goal of Indian independence.

• In summary, Subhas Chandra Bose's political ideology evolved considerably throughout his involvement in the Indian freedom struggle. His transition from socialist ideals to embracing nationalism and militarism underscores a pragmatic adaptation to changing circumstances and a relentless pursuit of independence, employing any means he deemed necessary to free India from colonial rule.

The Dutch East India Company established their first factory in India in Masulipattanam in 1605, followed by Pulicat in 1610, Surat in 1616, Bimilipatam in 1641 and Chinsura in 1653.

Indian Nationa Army was actually founded by Capt. Mohan Singh consisting of 20,000 Indian war prisoners captured by Japan. Bose took over the commandership of INA, and changed its name to ‘Azad Hind Fauj’. The INA founded the first provincial government of free India at Singapore. It entered Burma and destroyed Mandalay Jail. From Burma, it came up to Kohima in Assam. As Japan withdrew its forces in the war front, INA was defeated and its commanders were imprisoned in the Red Fort.

The correct answer is Bhagwanpura.

Key Points

• From Bhagwanpura sites, evidences have been found for the first time regarding co-existence of the people of Late Harappan culture and Painted Grey Ware (PGW) culture.
• Bhagwanpura, also known as Baghpur, is a village in Thanesar sub-district of Kurukshetra district, Haryana, India.
  • It is an archaeological site that lies on the bank of the Hakra Ghaggar channel.
• Painted Grey Ware culture is one of the significant archeological cultures of northern India.
  • Fine grey ware painted with black paintings is known as Painted Grey Ware.
  • It is associated with village and town settlements, domesticated horses, ivory-working, and the advent of iron metallurgy.
  • The most crucial aspect about this culture has been its chronology and its proposed relation to the Mahabharata.
  • The main concentration of PGW is in the area of northern India which covers core area of four Mahajanapadas namely Surasena, Panchala, Kuru and Matsya.
• Late Harappan Phase existed during 1900 BCE and 1300 BCE.
  • The period marks the gradual decline of the civilisation, with a breakdown of urban centres and the establishment of rural networks.
  • Towards the end of the phase, most post-urban sites were abandoned.

The correct answer is All of the above.

• It was the Portuguese who first discovered an instantaneous sea route to India.
  • Portuguese sailor Vasco da Gama received Calicut, a crucial seaport located in South-West India on May 20, 1498 AD.
  • King Zamorin, the local rule, received him and bestowed on him certain privileges. After staying in India for a period of three months Vasco da Gama returned with an upscale cargo which he sold within the European market at an exorbitant price- 60 times the cost of his voyage.
• The last European people to arrive in India were the French.
  • The French East India Company was formed in 1664 AD during the reign of King Louis XIV to trade with India.
  • In 1668 AD the French established their first factory at Surat and in 1669 AD established another French factory at Masaulipatam.
  • In 1673 AD the Mughal Subedar of Bengal allowed the French to line up a township at Chandernagore.
• The arrival of the British and thus the establishment of the British East India Company was the result of the Portuguese traders who earn enormous profit by selling their merchandise in India.
  • After the good successful business stories of the Portuguese a gaggle of English merchants -‘Merchant Adventurers’ formed a company- the Malay Archipelago Company in 1599 AD.
  • The Company received a charter from Queen Elizabeth on New Year's Day Eve, 1600 AD authorizing it to trade the East.
• Queen Elizabeth was a shareholder within the East India Company.
• So, All the above statements given in the Question are correct.​

The correct answer is Mimamsa.

Key Points

• Mimamsa, one of the six systems (darshans) of Indian philosophy.
  • The aim of Mimamsa is to give rules for the interpretation of the Vedas, the earliest scriptures of Hinduism, and to provide a philosophical justification for the observance of Vedic rituals.
• Shramana was an ancient Indian religious movement with origins in the Vedic religion.
• However, it took a divergent path, rejecting Vedic Hindu ritualism and the authority of the Brahmins—the traditional priests of the Hindu religion.
• Shramanas were those who practised an ascetic, or strict and self-denying, lifestyle in pursuit of spiritual liberation. They are commonly known as monks.
• The various Shramana schools include:
  • Jainism
  • Buddhism
  • Ajivikas
  • Ajnanas
  • Charvakas
• Jainism is an ancient Indian religion. It is one of the oldest Indian religions.
  • The three main pillars of Jainism are ahiṃsā (non-violence), anekāntavāda (non-absolutism), and aparigraha (non-attachment).
  • Jainism traces its spiritual ideas and history through a succession of twenty-four leaders or Tirthankaras
• Ajivikas: It was founded by Makkhali Gosala (also called Gosala Makkhaliputta), a friend of Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism. \
  • The Ajivikas' central belief was that absolutely everything is predetermined by fate, or niyati, and hence human action has no consequence one way or the other.
• Charvakas: philosophical Indian school of materialists who rejected the notion of an afterworld, karma, liberation (moksha), the authority of the sacred scriptures, the Vedas, and the immortality of the self.
  • Of the recognized means of knowledge (pramana), the Charvaka recognized only direct perception (anubhava).

Option 4 is not correct.

Key Points

• We do find inscriptions for the period after 700 AD. An old inscription was found in Kandahar, present-day Afghanistan, dated about 2250 years ago. Hence, option 1 is correct.
• Historians rely on coins, inscriptions, architecture, and textual records for information for the study of the period from 700 to 1750.
• We do find inscriptions for the period after 700 AD. Some examples include:
  • A Sanskrit prashasti describing the achievements of Nagabhatta, a Pratihara king has been found in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh.
  • Copper plates have been recovered describing land grants made by kings to their subjects.
  • A Chola king, Rajaraja I inscribed his military achievements on the walls of the Brihadeswara temple in Thanjavur, which was constructed during his rule.
• Inscriptions have been discovered from Uttaramerur in Chinglepur, Tamil Nadu, they give information about the Chola assemblies.
• The Marathas asserted their political importance during the 700 and 1750 CE periods. Chatrapati Shivaji directly challenged Mughal supremacy.
• Between the eighth and fourteenth centuries, the term was applied more generally to a group of warriors who claimed Kshatriya caste status. The term included not just rulers and chieftains but also soldiers and commanders who served in the armies of different monarchs all over the subcontinent.
• A chivalric code of conduct – extreme valor and a great sense of loyalty – were the qualities attributed to Rajputs by their poets and bards. Other groups of people such as the Marathas, Sikhs, Jats, Ahoms, and Kayasthas (a caste of scribes and secretaries) also used the opportunities of the age to become politically important. Hence, Option 2 is correct.
• Forest-dwellers were sometimes pushed out of their lands with the spread of agricultural settlements. Hence, Option 3 is correct.
• Throughout the period of 600-1750, there was a gradual clearing of forests and the extension of agriculture, a change faster and more complete in some areas than in others. Changes in their habitat forced many forest-dwellers to migrate.
• Delhi Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban (1266-1287) explained that he was the ruler of a vast empire that stretched from Bengal (Gauda) in the east to Ghazni (Gajjana) in Afghanistan in the west and included all of south India (Dravida). People of different regions – Gauda, Andhra, Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Gujarat – apparently fled before his armies. Hence, Option 4 is incorrect.

The correct match is as follows: 

List I

A-Subhash Chandra Bose

B-Vallabhbhai Patel

C-Iqbal

D-Batukeshwar Dutt

List II

2- Haripura convention of Indian National Congress

3- Operation Polo

4- The Muslim League's Allahabad convention of 1930

1- Bombing of Central Government Bombing

Concept:

Kakatiya dynasty:

• Between the 12th and 14th centuries, the Kakatiya dynasty of India ruled over the majority of the eastern Deccan region.
• It includes Telangana and Andhra Pradesh today, as well as portions of eastern Karnataka and southern Odisha.
• Orugallu, now known as Warangal, served as their capital.

Explanation:

Ganapati Deva:

• The first Emperor to unify all of Telugu-speaking India was Ganapathi Deva.
• He changed or shifted the capital from Anmakonda to Warangal, then known as Orugallu.
• He ruled Kakatiya Dynasty from 1199-1262.
• Ganapathideva began building an earthen bund and a rock bund around Orugallu to protect it from any outside enemies.

Thus, the capital was shifted from Anmakonda to Orugallu during the regime of this king Ganapati Deva.

Additional InformationPrataprudra/ Rudradeva II:

• Rudradeva II, also known as Pratparudra, was the last emperor of India's Kakatiya dynasty (1289–1323).
• He had Warangal as his seat of government while in charge of the eastern Deccan.

Rudrama Devi:

• From 1263 until the time of her death in 1289, Rudrama Devi ruled the Kakatiya dynasty in the Deccan Plateau.
• She was one of the very few female monarchs in Indian history, and she did so by projecting a masculine image.

According to the terms of a subsidiary alliance, princely rulers were not allowed to have an independent armed force. They were to be protected by the East India Company, but had to pay for the 'subsidiary forces' that the company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of protection of states. If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment, then part of their territory was taken away as penalty.

Option 4th is wrong as princely states were free to conduct internal affairs of the state as they wished, though later they lost significant freedom in this respect also due to intrusive meddling by British resident.

People have lived along the banks of rivers for several hundred thousand years. Some of the earliest people who lived there were skilled gatherers, that is, the people who gathered food.

Important Points

• The earliest people who lived in Narmada Valley were skilled hunters and gatherers. They lived by hunting animals and gathering food. So the correct match for Narmada Valley is "Hunting and Gathering".
• Magadha is the kingdom located to the south of River Ganga. it was a very powerful kingdom with powerful rulers. And hence it was obvious it was the first big kingdom. So the correct match for Magadha is "First big kingdom".
• The areas around Garo hills were the places where early agriculture developed. So the correct match for Garo hills is "Early agriculture".
• About 4700 years ago, some of the earliest cities flourished on the banks of Indus and Its tributaries. So the correct match for Indus and its tributaries is "The first cities'.
• About 2500 years ago, cities developed on the banks of the Ganga and its tributaries, and along the seacoasts. So the correct match for Ganga Valley is "Cities about 2500 years ago".

From the above, we can conclude that the pair 'Garo Hills - The big kingdom' is incorrect.

James Outram was the British resident in Awadh at the time of its annexation into British Dominion. He was appointed resident at Lucknow in 1854 and two years later he carried out the annexation of Oudh and became the first chief commissioner of that province.

• The Second Anglo-Sikh War was fought during 1848 – 1849
• The Second Anglo-Maratha War was fought during 1803 – 1805
• The Third Anglo-Mysore War was fought during 1890 – 1892
• The Anglo-Nepal War was fought during 1814 – 1816.

The correct answer is Dayanand Saraswati.

Key Points

• The term ‘Swaraj’ was first used by Dadabhai Naoroji in the congress session held at Calcutta in 1906.
• Swaraj Means self-governance or self-rule.
• Word "swaraj" was used Synonymously with home - rule by Dayanand Saraswati.
• Dadabhai Naoroji said that he learned the word "swaraj" from the Satyarth Prakash of Dayanand Saraswati.
• Word swaraj is used during the anti-partition movement, for moderates i.e Feroz shah, Gopal Krishna Gokhale means the dominion status i.e self-governing colonies.
• But for extremists i.e Bipan Chandra pal, Anand Mohan bose means complete independence.
• swaraj was the basis for the Indian independence movement.

Additional Information

• M. N. Roy
  • Having begun his political career at an early age, Roy first emerged as a powerful radical voice against the 1905 Partition of Bengal.
  • By 1915, as WW I raged in Europe, he and several others were convinced that the only way of fighting the British in India was with German help.
  • Roy, who left India during this period to raise funds, soon found himself intimately involved in the growing Communist struggle across the world.
• Gopal Krishna Gokhale
  • Gopal Krishna Gokhale CIE was an Indian liberal political leader and a social reformer during the Indian Independence Movement.
  • Gokhale was a senior leader of the Indian National Congress and the founder of the Servants of India Society.
• Swami Vivekanand
  • He was born Narendranath Datta on 12th January 1863.
  • National Youth Day is held every year to observe the birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda.
  • In 1893, upon the request of Maharaja Ajit Singh of the Khetri State, he took the name ‘Vivekananda.’

The correct answer is Moderate group of congress wanted complete independence from British rule.

Key Points

• Moderate Phase of Congress(1885-1905)
  • The moderate phase of the Congress (or the national movement) was dominated by the ‘moderates’.
  • They were people who believed in British justice and were loyal to them.
  • Education of the masses and organizing public opinion, make people aware of their rights. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
  • Indian representation in the Executive Council and in the Indian Council in London. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
  • Reform of the legislative councils.
  • Separation of the executive from the judiciary.
  • Increasing spending on education of Indians.
  • They believed in peaceful and constitutional methods to demand and fulfill those demands. Hence, Statement 3 is correct.
  • Used petitions, meetings, resolutions, pamphlets, memoranda, and delegations to voice their demands.
  • Their method has been called 3P – Prayers, Petition, and Protest.
  • Had complete faith in the British justice system.
  • Confined to the educated classes only. Did not try to employ the masses.
  • They aimed only at getting political rights and self-government under British dominion.
  • The extremist group of congress wanted complete independence from British rule. Hence, Statement 4 is not the idea of the Moderate group of Congress.​

Additional Information

• Differences Moderates and Extremists
• 

The correct answer is Allaudin Khilji.

Key Points

• Delhi Sultanate was an Islamic empire based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of South Asia for 320 years.
• Allaudin Khilji was a Turko-Afghan emperor of the Khilji dynasty under the Delhi Sultanate in the Indian subcontinent.
• He strongly opposed the interference of the Ulemas in the affairs of the State.
• The Delhi Sultans were not the head of the religion but only the head of the state.

Thus, we can say that Allaudin Khilji did not allow the Ulemas to interfere in matters of the state.

Additional Information

• Ulema is a body of Muslim scholars who are recognized as having specialist knowledge of Islamic sacred law and theology.

The correct answer is option 2, i.e. Kanishka.

• Qila Mubarak is situated in Bathinda, India.
• The bricks of the fort date back to the Kushana period when emperor Kanishka was the ruler.
• Raja Dab and the emperor, Kanishka are believed to have built the fort.
• Huvishka was the emperor of the Kushan Empire from the death of Kanishka until the succession of Vasudeva I.
• Vima Kadphises was a Kushan emperor from approximately 90–100 CE.
  • According to the Rabatak inscription, he was the son of Vima Takto and the father of Kanishka.

• a) Complex Causation: Historical events are rarely caused by a single factor. Underlying social, economic, political, and cultural forces often contribute in a complex interplay. Historians must consider this complexity when analyzing causes.
• (b) Imagination and Reconstruction: The historical record is often incomplete, with gaps and silences. Historians use their imagination to bridge these gaps by drawing on relevant evidence from various sources and considering the context of the events. This allows them to create a plausible reconstruction of the past.

Additional Information

• (c) Imagination Constrained by Evidence: While imagination plays a role, it is not unfettered. Historians must base their interpretations on evidence from sources like documents, artifacts, archaeology, and even oral traditions when available. Fabricated narratives violate the core principles of historical inquiry.
• (d) Multiple Interpretations: There can be multiple valid interpretations of historical events due to the complexity of causes and the limitations of the historical record. A single narrative may not capture the full picture.

List – I

a. Jatin Das

b. Chandrashekhar Azad

c. Bhagat Singh

d. KalpanaDatt

List - II

1. Hunger strike

2. During encounter

3. Hanged

4. During life imprisonment

The Charter Act of 1833 made Governor-General of Bengal as the Governor-General of India and vested in him all civil and military powers. Lord William Bentick was the first governor-genera of India. The last of the series of Charter Acts passed by the British Parliament was the Charter Act of 1853. It was a significant constitutional landmark. One of such was the introduction of an open competition system of selection and recruitment of civil servants. The recruitment of civil service was thrown open to Indians also. Accordingly, the Macaulay Committee (the Committee of the Indian Civil Service) was appointed in 1833.

J.B. Kripalani was the President of ‘Indian National Congress’ at the time of independence.