APSET Paper 2 Mock Test - 3 (History) - AP TET MCQ

• Abu Rayhan al-Biruni was a scholar from Iran.
• He was a polymath well versed in physics, mathematics, astronomy, and natural sciences, and also distinguished himself as a historian, chronologist, and linguist.
• Al-Beruni came to India during the period of Sultan Muhammad of Ghazni. He was exiled and ordered to spend ten years in India.
• He accompanied the Afghan ruler Mahmud on his invasion of India in the early eleventh century, and remained there for thirteen years, making a detailed study of Indian life and culture, and in particular studying the Hindu religion.
• He authored a study of Indian culture Tārīkh al-Hind (History of India) after exploring the Hindu faith practised in India in which he portrays the social, political, religious, and economic condition of the then India.
• The untouchability in India was found by Al Beruni in the early 11th century.
• According to him, “The Brahmins teach the Veda to the Kshatriyas. The latter learn it but are not allowed to teach it, not even to a Brahmin, the Vaisya and Sudra are not allowed to hear it, much less to pronounce and recite it. If such a thing can be proved against one of them, the Brahmins drag him before the magistrate, and he is punished by having his tongue cut off.”

• He then goes to talk about the untouchables.

• He says: “The people called Hadi, Doma (Domba), Candala, and Badhatau (sic) are not reckoned amongst any caste or guild. They are occupied with dirty work, like the cleaning of the villages and other services. They are considered as one sole class, and distinguished only by their occupations.”

• As a foreign scholar, he faced several problems in studying the caste system because his communication was only with persons who could speak Sanskrit. They were basically Brahmins. The untouchables were living far away from villages and towns because their presence in the main village/town was considered to be spiritually deadly. Even then he managed to mention some caste names that were untouchable, with a little description of their living conditions.
• According to him, the Hindus think that there is no country like theirs and no religion like theirs.
• "The Hindus believe that there is no country but theirs, no nation like theirs, no kings like theirs, no religion like theirs, no science like theirs. They are haughty, foolishly vain, self-conceited, and stolid. They are by nature niggardly in communicating that which they know, and they take the greatest possible care to withhold it from men of another caste among their own people, still much more, of course, from any foreigner ... Their haughtiness is such that, if you tell them of any science or scholar in Khorasan and Persis, they will think you to be both an ignoramus and a liar. If they travelled and mixed with other nations, they would soon change their mind, for their ancestors were not as narrow-minded as the present generation is."

Mahajanapadas

• Mahajanapadas were kingdoms that arose around 6th century BCE.
• The 16 Mahajanapadas were Kasi, Kosala, Anga, Magadha, Vajji, Malla, Chedi, Vatsa, Kuru, Panchala, Matsya, Surasena, Assmaka, Avanti, Gandhara, and Kamboja.
• This period is referred to as the second urbanisation, the first being the Harappan civilization. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• During this period, the centre of political activity shifted from the western to the lower part of the Gangetic plain. Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh make up the eastern half of the Gangetic plain. The fertile soils, better climate, and terrain conditions gifted with rainfall and rivers were the key reasons for this shift. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• The Mahajanapadas find reference in Buddhist scriptures (Angutara Nikaya), Jaina scriptures, and Later Vedic texts. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
• Among the mahajanapadas, rajyas were monarchies such as Avanti, Magadha,etc. and ganas were republics, such as Vajji, Mallas and Assaka. Hence, statement 4 is correct.

Accordingly, A is correct.

Mahajanpadas

Source: IGNOU

The correct answer is Rajvalli Katha.

• Ravalli Katha is a Jaina text in which Bindusara is called Seemseri.
• Bindusara was the son of Chandragupta Maurya.
• Born in 320 BC, he ruled from 298 BC to 272 BC.
• Syrian King Antiochus-I sent Deimachus as his ambassador in the court of Bindusara.
• Jain literature is contained in the Agam(Sacred book of Jainism)..

In 1873, ‘Satya Sodhak Samaj’ was founded by Jyotiba Phule. It made special contribution to the upliftment of the dalits.

Satara was first state that was annexed by Lord Dalhousie under the Doctrine of Lapse in 1848. Jhansi and Nagpur were annexed in 1854. As a result of these annexations, a large part of the central provinces came under the British rule.

The correct answer is honouring the king.

Key Points

• Ashoka was the great Mauryan ruler and grandson of the dynasty's founder Chandragupta Maurya.
• Ashoka became a Buddhist in the 9^th year of his reign i.e., a year after the conquest of Kalinga.
• Dhamma is Prakrit form of the Sanskrit word 'Dharma'.
• Ashoka’s dhamma was neither a new religion nor a new political philosophy, it was a way of life.
• Ashoka denounced all useless ceremonies and sacrifices held under the influ­ence of superstition.
• One of the striking features of Asoka’s edicts is that he regards himself as a father figure for the people. Hence honoring the king was not dhamma.

Additional Information

• Ashoka's major dhamma is inscribed in 14 rock edicts. Some of the important dhamma are:
  • Prohibition of animal sacrifices in festive and public gatherings.
  • It pleads for toleration amongst all religions.
  • Respect for others and regard even for slaves and servants and donations to sramanas and Brahmans.
  • Emphatic plea for toleration amongst the various religions.
  • Plantation of medicinal herbs and trees and digging of wells along the roads, which describes the promotion of welfare of the people.

The correct answer is ​Shah Commission.

• The Emergency declared in 1975 (internal emergency) proved to be the most controversial.
• There was widespread criticism of the misuse of Emergency powers.
• In the elections held to the Lok Sabha in 1977 after the Emergency, the Congress Party led by Indira Gandhi lost and the Janta Party came to power.
• This government-appointed the Shah Commission to investigate the circumstances that warranted the declaration of an Emergency in 1975.
• The commission did not justify the declaration of the Emergency.
• Hence, the 44th Amendment Act was enacted in 1978 to introduce a number of safeguards against the misuse of Emergency provisions.

The correct answer is 3 and 4 only.

Key Points

• Malwa School of Painting
  • It flourished between 1600 and 1700 CE and is most representative of the Hindu Rajput courts. Hence, Statement 1 is not correct.
  • Its two-dimensional simplistic language appears as a consummation of stylistic progression from the Jain manuscripts to the Chaurpanchashika manuscript paintings. Hence, Statement 2 is not correct.
  • Unlike the specificity of Rajasthani schools that emerged and flourished in precise territorial kingdoms and courts of their respective kings, Malwa School defies a precise centre for its origin and instead suggests a vast territory of Central India, where it got articulated with a sporadic mention of few places, such as Mandu, Nusratgarh and Narsyang Sahar. Hence, Statement 4 is correct.
  • Among the few early dated sets are an illustrated poetic text of Amaru Shataka dated 1652 CE and a Ragamala painting by Madho Das in 1680 CE.
  • A large number of Malwa paintings discovered from the Datia Palace collection support a claim for Bundelkhand as the region of painting. Hence, Statement 3 is correct.
  • But the mural paintings in the Datia Palace of Bundelkhand defy an obvious Mughal influence, which is contrary to the works on paper that are stylistically inclined towards indigenous two-dimensional austerity. A complete absence of the mention of patron kings and also portraits in this school supports a view that these paintings were bought by the Datia rulers from travelling artists, who carried paintings on popular themes, such as the Ramayana, Bhagavata Purana, Amaru Shataka, Rasikapriya, Ragamala and Baramasa, among others.

The correct answer is 1 only.

Key Points

The Badami Cave paintings:

• Badami is located in the Bagalkot district of Karnataka.
• In ancient times, it was the capital of the Chalukya dynasty (543-753 AD).
• The Chalukya king Manglesha patronised the excavation & paintings of the Badami caves.
• Paintings in this cave are based on the royal court and palace scenes.
• These paintings are influenced by the mural painting from Ajanta caves.
  • The gracious depiction of faces of royals like large eye sockets, half-closed eyes, protruding lips etc. gives a sight of painting in Ajanta caves. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• These caves are carved out of soft Badami sandstone on the cliff of a hill.
• There are four caves & each cave comprises:
  • an entrance with a verandah supported by stone pillars and brackets, leading to a columned mandapa there is the main hall, and then to the small, square shrine cut deep inside the cave.
• The paintings in these caves are devoted to Vaishnava Traditions.
• The inscriptions in Cave 4 describe the beauty of the image of Vishnu.
  • It is also known as the Vishnu cave. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
  • 

Additional InformationBadami Chalukya dynasty:​

• Some rulers of Badami Chalukyas are the following:
  • Pulakesin I (543 – 566 AD): Founded the empire and established the capital at Vatapi (Badami).
  • Pulakesin II (609 – 642 AD): The Aihole inscription mentioned his valour.
    • This poetic inscription was written by his court poet Ravikirti in Sanskrit language using the Kannada script.

The Chinese pilgrim Fa-Hien came during Chandra- gupta-ll reign not during Kanishka reign. Though Harsha was a Hindu he was not antagonistic to Buddhism when Hiuen-Tsang met him.

The correct answer is option 2 i.e. The Battle of Koppam - Between the Rajadhiraja-I and Kulasekara Pandyan

• The Battle of Koppam (1052-53) - It was fought between the Rajadhiraja-I and Rajendra Chola-II with the Chalukya king Someshvara.
• The Battle of Pundur (1046 AD) - Between Rajadhiraja-I and Chalukya
• Battle of Velur (910 AD) - Parantaka I defeated the Pandya's king Rajasimha II and captured Madurai.
• The campaign of Ganga valley - Between Rajendra-I and Mahipal
• The Battle of Takkolam (948-49 AD) - The Battle of Takkolam was fought between the Cholas and Rashtrakuta.

The peasants had to pay one sixth of their produce.

Taxes were collected directly by royal agents, and generally there were no intermediate landlord between the peasant and the State. But some villages were granted to brahmanas and big merchants for their enjoyment. We also hear of large plots of land worked with the help of slaves and agricultural laborers. Rich peasants were called gahapatis (Pali term), who were almost the same as the section of the vaishyas.

• 1888 – George Yule
• 1889,1910 – William Wedderburn
• 1894 – Alfred Webb
• 1904 – Henry Cotton
• 1917 – Annie Besant

The correct answer is 1 and 2 only.

Key Points

• The broad features of administration were laid down by Akbar and were elaborately discussed by Abul Fazl in his book the Akbar Nama, in particular in its last volume, the Ain-i Akbari.
• Abul Fazl explained that the empire was divided into provinces called subas, governed by a subadar who carried out both political and military functions. Each province also had a financial officer or diwan. For the maintenance of peace and order in his province, the subadar was supported by other officers such as Mir Bakhshi, the minister in charge of religious and charitable patronage (Sadr-us sudur), military commanders (faujdars), and the town police commander (kotwal).
  • Hence, pair 2 is correctly matched.
• Mir Bakshi is the head of the military department. It was the mir Bakshi and not the diwan who was considered the head of the nobility. Therefore, only the leading grandees were appointed to this post. The Mir Bakhshi was also the head of the intelligence and information agencies of the empire.
  • Hence, pair 1 is correctly matched.
• Intelligence officers (barids) and news reporters (waqia-navis) were posted to all parts of the empire. Their reports were presented to the emperor at the court through Mir Bakhshi.
  • Hence, pair 4 is not correctly matched.
• Mir Saman was in charge of the imperial household, including the supply of all the provisions and articles for the use of the inmates of the haram or the female apartments.
  • Hence, pair 3 is not correctly matched.

• Option (c) is correct. The administration in the rural areas during the reign of Satavahans was placed in the hands of Gaulmikas, who was the head of a military regiment consisting of nine chariots, nine elephants, 25 horses and 45-foot soldiers. The head of the army platoon was therefore posted in the countryside to maintain peace and order. Hence, option (3) is correct.

The correct answer is Nalanda Learning Centre.

Key Points

Nalanda Learning Centre:

• Nalanda was a renowned mahavihara (Buddhist monastic university) in ancient Magadha (modern-day Bihar), India.
• Nalanda was established during the Gupta Empire era.
• It was sacked and destroyed by the troops of Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji, partly restored thereafter, and continued to exist till about 1400 CE.
• Today, it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
• It has been listed as an "Institute of National Importance" by the Government of India.
• A great library at Nalanda named Dharmaganja (Piety Mart) comprised three large multi-storeyed buildings,
  • The Ratnasagara (Ocean of Jewels),
  • The Ratnodadhi (Sea of Jewels), and
  • The Ratnaranjaka (Jewel-adorned).

The correct answer is the Peasants Movement of Shekhavati.

Key Points

• Peasants Movement of Shekhavati was the movement of the Gurjars against the reign of Bundi.
  • Peasant struggles in Shekhawati in the first half of the twentieth century brought an end to the shackles of the Jagirdari system.
  • Jagirdari Abolition brought about a fundamental change in the structure of control over land in Shekhawati with tenants-at-will getting ownership rights over land.
  • In the late 1920s, leaders of All India Jat Mahasabha formed Ahir Jat Gujjar and Rajput Sabha in order to bring all peasant castes together.
  • However, Jats of Shekhawati left this organization in 1929 to organize their movement separately.

Additional Information

• Peasants Movement of Bijolia
  • Bijolia was ‘‘A” class Jagir of the Udaipur State with a population of about 1200 in 1891.
  • The majority of peasants in Bijolia belonged to Dakan Gotra of the Jats.
  • In 1897, All the farmers gathered in Bhijolia’s Girirdhpura village on the occasion of the feast of the father of Ganga Ram Dhakar. Then collectively it was decided to send Nanaji Patel and Thakri Patel to Mewar Maharana to complain of Krishna Singh. Later Krishan Singh expelled both of them from Bijolia.
  • In 1906, Thakur Prithvi Singh became a new zamindar, which in 1906 introduced the new tax called “Talwar Bandhai” (a kind successor tax, and was also called insulting tax) on the people of Bijolia in 1906.
• Bengu Kisan movement – (started in 1921)
  • The main center of the peasant movement of Bengu was Raita.
  • Earlier, this place was in Bhilwara, but it is currently in Chittorgarh district.
  • This movement ran at the time of Bangngu’s Zamidar Anoop Singh.
  • Maharana of Mewar was Fateh Singh.
  • Reason – Excessive levy and unfair means.
  • This movement was run by the farmers of Dhakar caste.
  • The initial leadership of this movement was done by Vijay Singh Pathik from Ajmer because there was a ban upon him on arrival in Mewar state. Later, on the insistence of Vijay Singh Pathik, Ram Narayan Chaudhary led the movement.
• Peasants Movement of Dabra
  • Dabda or Dabrais a village in Didwana tehsil of Nagaur district in Rajasthan.
    • The village is known for The Dabra farmers movement-1947 for the abolition of Jagirs in Rajasthan.
  • The peasant movement which was being organized by the Marwar Kisan Sabha and the Marwar Lok Parishad jointly was a parallel movement to that of the national movement going on in British India whose aims were common i.e. to free the country from foreign rule.
  • To mobilize the peasants, meetings under the joint auspices of Marwar Lok Parishad and Marwar Kisan Sabha were held at various places in the Jat belt and such meeting was fixed at village Dabra in Nagaur district for 13th March 1947.
  • The Jagirdars got together in a bid to crush the political awakening among the Kisan and the black deed at Dabra was planned.
  • In this, the Jagirdars had the blessings and active support of the Maharaja.

The correct answer is Shahab Nahr.

• Shahab Nahr was constructed by restoring the Rajabwah of Firuz Shah.

Key Points

• The canal from the Yamuna was called Rajabwah.
• It carried the waters of Yamuna from Mundi and Sarmorah hills to Hansi with seven other tributary canals.
• It was a 150-mile long canal from river Satluj to Jhajjar.

Additional Information

• Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351 AD-1388 AD):
  • Firoz also repaired a number of canals and imposed Haque-i-Sharb or Hasil-i-Sharb (water tax).
  • It was during the time of Firoz that Jizya became a separate tax.
  • Four kinds of taxes sanctioned by the Quran were imposed.
    • These taxes were Kharaj, Zakat, Jizya and Khams.
  • He established a hospital in Delhi. He was known as Darul-Shifa.
  • He wrote Tarikh-i-Feroshahi and Fatwa-i-Jahangiri.

According to Barani, the correct descending order of military cavalry composition is - iv, iii, ii, i

Key Points

• Ziauddin Barani was a Muslim political thinker of the Delhi Sultanate.
• He was best known for composing the Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi and the Fatwa-i-Jahandari .
• In his works, he mentioned about the military administration of the Delhi Sultanate.
• The diwan-i arz or military department was headed by the ariz-i mumalik.
• He was responsible for the administration of military affairs.
• Cavalry was the key to the success of Delhi Sultanate.
• Given below are the officials (in the descending order) of the military cavalry under Delhi Sultanate:
  • ​Khan - A khan's force contained at least ten maliks.
  • Malik - A malik had authority over ten amirs.
  • Amir - An amir commanded ten sipahsalars.
  • Sipahsalar - A sipahsalar directed ten sar khels.
  • Sarkhel - A sar khel had ten horsemen under him.

Hence, we can conclude that according to to Barani, the correct descending order of military cavalry composition is -

• The Assertive Nationalists, also known as Extremists in the context of the Indian National Movement, were a group of leaders within the Indian National Congress who emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They were labeled as such in contrast to the earlier Moderate faction, which advocated for constitutional reforms and discussions with the British to achieve self-governance gradually.
• Assertive Nationalists such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Aurobindo Ghosh believed that mere petitions or constitutional methods would not be sufficient to secure national interests. They argued for a more aggressive stance against British rule, advocating for the adoption of Swadeshi (use of domestic goods and boycott of British goods), national education, and Swaraj. While they did promote passive resistance and were part of protests and picketing, they also did not completely rule out the use of force if it was deemed necessary in the struggle for independence. This stance distinguished them from the later Gandhian phase, which emphasized non-violence and civil disobedience as core principles.
• Their methods included the boycott of British goods, institutions, and schools, promotion of Swadeshi products, and the establishment of national schools and colleges to foster a sense of national identity and education not influenced by British ideals. The partition of Bengal in 1905 became a significant rallying point for their activities, leading to widespread protests and marked the rise of the Assertive Nationalist movement within the broader Indian freedom struggle.

'Chachnama' is a famous work on the History of Sindh.
Key Points

• The Chachnama is a famous work on the history of Sindh.
• It is a Persian-language text that was written in the 13th century CE.
• The author of the Chachnama is unknown, but it is believed to be based on an earlier Arabic text.
• The Chachnama tells the story of the Chach dynasty, which ruled Sindh from the 7th to the 8th centuries CE.
• The dynasty was founded by Chach, a Brahmin who usurped the throne from the Rai dynasty.
• Chach was a successful ruler and he expanded the Chach empire to include much of present-day Pakistan.
• The Chachnama also tells the story of the Arab conquest of Sindh in the 8th century CE.
• The Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim led the conquest and he defeated the Chach army.
• The Chach dynasty was overthrown and Sindh became part of the Umayyad Caliphate.
• The Chachnama is a valuable historical source for the history of Sindh.
• It is the only surviving text that provides a detailed account of the Chach dynasty and the Arab conquest of Sindh.
• The Chachnama has been translated into several languages, including English, Urdu, and Sindhi.
• The Chachnama has been used by historians, scholars, and writers to learn about the history of Sindh.
• It has also been used by religious groups to promote their own agendas.
• The Chachnama is a complex and controversial text, but it is an important source of information about the history of Sindh.
• Here are some of the key events that are recorded in the Chachnama:
  • ​The founding of the Chach dynasty by Chach
  • The expansion of the Chach empire
  • The Arab conquest of Sindh
  • The overthrow of the Chach dynasty
  • The establishment of Muslim rule in Sindh
• The Chachnama is a valuable historical source, but it is important to remember that it is not an unbiased account of events.
• The text was written centuries after the events it describes, and it is likely that the author was influenced by his own biases.
• Nevertheless, the Chachnama is an important document that provides a glimpse into the history of Sindh.

1) The civil service was brought into existence by Lord Cornwallis.

2) In 1800, Lord Wellesley established the College of Fort William at Calcutta for the education of young recruits to the Civil Services.

In 1893, Sir William Wedderburn entered the British Parliament as a liberal member and sought to voice India’s grievances within the house. In the same year, he formed the “Indian Parliamentary Committee” with Dadabhai Naoroji and other Indian sympathizers.

All of the above is the influence of 'Positivism' on Historiography.

Key Points

• By tracing the connection between facts, between events, Comtean positivism proved itself to be a valuable corrective to the Rankean approach to history.
• The Rankeans were so concerned with unique events and exact detail, that at times their work seemed completely shapeless. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
• To the Rankean and the Comtean positivists, each fact of history is a separate entity capable of being ascertained by a separate act of cognition.
• Thus there was to be an infinity of minute facts, each such fact was thought to be independent not only of the rest but of the knower himself so all subjective elements in the historian’s point of view had to be eliminated.
• The historian must pass no judgement on the facts; he must only say what they were. So, Statement 2 is correct.
• The Comtean positivist assertion that human society is amenable to scientific study is of outstanding importance.
• From positivism sprang modern sociology which seeks general laws in at least specific spheres of human activity.
• After Comte and Buckle, the effort to seek general laws in historical development was continued by Marx, Spengler and Toynbee.

• Formulations of such a general nature might be made regarding imperialist conquests, movements of populations, the rise of dictatorships and so on. Thus Statement 3 is also correct.

Therefore, we can conclude that all of the above is the influence of 'Positivism' on Historiography.

The Jain text which describes that Chandragupta embraced Jainism towards the end of his life is Parishisthaparvan.Key Points

• The Jain text which describes that Chandragupta embraced Jainism towards the end of his life is Parishisthaparvan.
• The other Jain texts question mentioned, Ratnamalika, Jayadhavala, and Dravya-sangraha, do not mention this event.
• Parishishtaparvan is a 12th-century Digambara text written by Hemachandra.
• It is the main and earliest Jain source of the complete legend of Chandragupta.
• The text describes how Chandragupta, after conquering the Nanda Empire, became disillusioned with worldly life and eventually renounced his throne to become a Jain monk.
• He is said to have travelled to South India with the Jain monk Bhadrabahu and died there in penance.
• The story of Chandragupta's conversion to Jainism is not mentioned in any other historical sources, but it is a popular legend among Jains.
• It is seen as an example of the power of Jain teachings to transform even the most powerful of rulers.

Tana Bhagat Movement (1914-1919) was a tribal uprising of a section of the Tana Bhagats and Oraons under the leadership of Jatra Oraon occurring during the late colonial period in the Chhotanagpur region of Bihar, India.

Just like Birsa’s religious movement among the Mundas, a similar religious movement emerged among the Oraon. It was known as Tana Bhagat movement. However, in its earlier phase, it was called Kurukh Dharam (literally the Original religion of the Kurukh or Oraons).

Angutara Nikaya, a Buddhist scripture mentions 16 great kingdoms or Mahajanapadas at the beginning of the 6th century BCE in India.

• They emerged during the Vedic Age.
• The Mahajanapadas emerged due to the availability of fertile lands and iron production increased due to the availability of iron ore in large quantities.

Important Points

Magadha was the most powerful state in ancient India.

• It is situated in modern Bihar.
• Following are the reasons for the rise of Magadha:

  • Economic factors

    • Magadha had huge copper and iron deposits.
    • Because of its location, it could easily control trade.
    • Had a large population that could be used for agriculture, mining, building cities and in the army.
    • The general prosperity of the people and the rulers.
    • The mastery over Ganga meant economic hegemony. Ganga was important for trade in North India.

  • Geographical factors

    • Magadha was located in the upper and lower parts of the Gangetic valley.
    • It was located on the mainland route between west and east India.
    • The area had fertile soil. It also received enough rainfall.
    • Magadha was encircled by rivers on three sides, the Ganga, Son and Champa making the region impregnable to enemies.
    • Both Rajgir and Pataliputra were located in strategic positions.

From the above, we can conclude that Magadha had a large deposit of iron ore.

Additional Information

Lets' look at the other Mahajanapadas:

The Santhals had begun to come into Bengal around the 1780s. zamindars hired them to reclaim land and expand cultivation, and British officials invited them to settle in the Janga Mahals. The Paharias refused to cut forest, resisted touching the plough, and continued to be turbulent. The Santhals, by contrast, appeared t be ideal settlers, clearing forests and ploughing the land with vigour.

The Santhals were given land and persuaded to settle in the foothills of Rajmahal by the 18th century. By 1832 a large area of land was demarcated as Damin-i-Koh. This was declared to be the land of the Santhals.

The fifth king of the Adil Shahi dynasty is known as Jagadguru Badshah in Indian history. He tried to create cultural harmony between the Shias and the Sunnis, and between Hindus and Muslims through music.

He loved the art form, played musical instruments, sang and composed praises of Hindu deities Saraswati and Ganapati.