APSET Paper 2 Mock Test - 7 (History) - AP TET MCQ

The answer is (b), (c), and (d) only.

Key Points

(b) Strong Center in Federal System: The Indian Constitution adopts a federal system with a strong central government. While states have some autonomy, the central government holds significant power, especially in times of emergencies or national security concerns. This was seen as necessary to maintain national unity and address issues like defense or economic planning effectively.

(c) Opposition to Ambedkar's Ideas: Though the Chairman of the Drafting Committee, Ambedkar's ideas faced opposition from various sections of the Constituent Assembly. This included debates on the nature of the Indian state, the role of religion, and the extent of social and economic rights.

(d) Justiciable Fundamental Rights: The Constitution enshrines Fundamental Rights as justiciable rights, meaning individuals can approach the courts to enforce these rights if they are violated. This was a crucial aspect of protecting individual liberties and ensuring a check on the power of the state.

Additional Information

• Socialist Economy: While Ambedkar advocated for social justice and economic equality, the Constitution did not adopt a specific economic model like socialism. It left the framework for economic policy flexible to be determined by future governments.
• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, a scholar and activist, was a champion for equality in India.
• Born into an "untouchable" caste, he faced discrimination throughout his life.
• Despite this, he achieved great academic success and fought against the caste system.
• As the chairman of the drafting committee, Ambedkar played a pivotal role in shaping India's Constitution, enshrining fundamental rights and safeguards for minorities.
• He is remembered as a fighter for social justice and the "Father of the Indian Constitution."

The correct answer is Chaksu.

• Chaksu is also known as 'Champavatii' in ancient sources.
  • Chaksu is a city and a tehsil in Jaipur district in Rajasthan.
  • Its ancient name was Champa/Chatsu.

Additional Information

• Archaeological sites
  • Bagore
    • On the banks of Kothari river in Bhilwara.
    • The earliest evidence of animal husbandry has been found here.
    • A wealth of stone tools have been found here.
    • Excavator- Virendranath Mishra.
  • Jahajpur is an ancient town in Rajasthan near Bundi and Shahpura, located in Bhilwara district and Deoli in Tonk district, 96 miles (approximately) from Udaipur.
  • Bairat:
    • In 1837, Captain Burt discovered the Bhabru inscription of Ashoka from the Bijak hill.
    • In this, allegiance to Buddhism, Sangha, Dhamma has been expressed by Ashoka.
    • The Bhabru inscription of Ashoka is currently kept in the museum in Calcutta.
  • Ganeshwar -
    • On the banks of Kantali river in Sikar district.
    • The oldest copper tools have been found in Ganeshwar civilization, hence this civilization is called the mother of copper age civilizations.
    • The reason for getting more copper tools in this civilization is to be located near Khetri (Jhunjhunu) copper deposits.

Hegemonic discourse refers to the dominant way of thinking or speaking within a society that reflects the power structures. Postmodernism argues that historical narratives often reflect the hegemonic discourse of the powerful, silencing marginalized voices.

Key PointsHegemonic discourse plays an important role in postmodern critiques of historical representation:

• Power and Control: Postmodernists argue that historical narratives are not neutral representations of the past. They are constructed by historians who hold certain positions of power within society. These historians, consciously or unconsciously, may use their position to select and interpret evidence in a way that reinforces the existing power structures.
• Marginalization of "Others": The dominant group's perspective becomes the "norm" in the historical narrative, marginalizing the experiences and perspectives of those who don't fit the dominant narrative. For example, a traditional historical narrative of a war might focus on the victors' strategy and achievements, neglecting the experiences of the losers or the civilians caught in the crossfire.
• Silencing Alternative Voices: By privileging the hegemonic discourse, historical narratives may silence or downplay the voices and experiences of those who were marginalized or oppressed in the past. This includes groups like women, minorities, indigenous peoples, or colonized populations.

Additional Information

• Epistemological relativism: While related, this is a broader concept suggesting knowledge is relative to specific contexts. Postmodern critiques in history focus more on how power structures shape representation.
• Dialectical materialism: This is a Marxist concept focused on class struggle and wouldn't be used in a postmodern critique.
• Thematic coherence: This refers to a unified theme within a historical narrative, which contradicts the postmodern critique that challenges a single, dominant narrative.

Chhath is an extraordinary festival of Bihar. It is the only Vedic festival which is dedicated to the Sun God of the Hindus and to Chhathi maiya (ancient Vedic Goddess Usha).

In their planning, construction and management, the economic and political development of India and her people was not kept in the forefront. On the contrary, the primary consideration was to serve the economic and political-military interests of British imperialism in India.

1) The railway lines were laid primarily with a view to linking India’s raw material producing areas the interiors with the ports of export.

2) Several railway lines in Burma and North-Western India were built at a high cost to serve British imperial interests.

Regency of Bairam Khan (1556-1560 AD)

• At Humayun's death, Akbar was only thirteen years old. It was his tutor and Humayun's confidant, Bairam Khan. who served as the regent from 1556-1560.
• In the first phase of the reign, the second battle of Panipat (1556) was fought between Akbar’s forces and Afghan forces under Hem Chandra Vikramaditya (Hemu). Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• The nobles wanted to share power and influence with Bairam Khan. Bairam Khan, on the other hand, was determined to exercise power rigidly. He began the process of eliminating all those nobles who would challenge him. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• Accordingly, option (a) is correct.

Parakesari and Yuddhamalla were the titles of Rajendra 1

 Rajadhiraja Chola assumed the title of Rajakesari

Sarojini Naidu was first Indian woman to become President of INC; first woman was Annie Besant. Thus, first statement is incorrect. Second is correct. Third is incorrect because she was awarded by British “Kaiser-i-Hind medal” for her work during the plague epidemic in India.

The correct answer is option 2.Key PointsThe attack of the Mongols:

• The first Mongol invasion of India took place in the reign of Sultan Shams-ud-din lltutmish in 1220-21, under the leadership of Chengez Khan. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Mongols attacks on the Delhi Sultanate increased during the reign of Alauddin Khalji and in the early years of Muhammad Tughluq’s rule-forced the two rulers to mobilise a large standing army in Delhi which posed a huge administrative challenge.

During Khalij Dynasty:

• In 1299, against advice, Delhi sultan Alauddin Khilji attacked the Mongols.
• The advance guard of the Indian army was led by Zafar Khan himself. He defeated the Mongols and pursued them as they withdrew.
• The Mongols took a long time to rally from this setback. Then they attacked at the worst time possible for Alauddin Khilji – when he was busy laying siege to Chittor.
• The Mongols plundered Punjab and burnt everything along the way.
• Alauddin Khilji sent a strong army led by two of his toughest generals: Ghazi Malik and the famous Malik Kafur to engage the invaders. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• They surprised the Mongols on their way back to Central Asia with their plunder.
• Kubak and other Mongol generals were captured and brought back to Siri, along with other prisoners.

During Tughlaq Dynasty:

• The next major Mongol invasion took place after the Khiljis had been replaced by the Tughlaq dynasty in the Sultanate.
• In 1327 the Chagatai Mongols under Tarmashirin, who had sent envoys to Delhi to negotiate peace the previous year, sacked the frontier towns of Lamghan and Multan and besieged Delhi. The Tughlaq ruler paid a large ransom to spare his Sultanate from further ravages.
• Muhammad bin Tughluq asked the Ilkhan Abu Sa'id to form an alliance against Tarmashirin, who had invaded Khorasan, but an attack didn't materialize. Tarmashirin was a Buddhist who later converted to Islam.
• Religious tensions in the Chagatai Khanate were a divisive factor among the Mongols. No more large-scale invasions or even raids took place in India; by this time the Mongol attempt to conquer India had finally ended in failure.
• The raising of taxes and famine in the Ganga-Yamuna belt led to widespread rebellion during Muhammad Tughluq. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.

Additional Information Administrative challenges during Alauddin Khalij and Muhammad Tughlaq:

The correct answer is S → P → R → Q.

Key Points

• Poona Pact: (1932)
  • Poona Pact signed in the year 1932.
  • The reason for the Poona Pact was the Communal Award of August 1932 which provided a separate electorate for depressed classes.
  • Poona pact signed between Dr. B R Ambedkar and Gandhiji.
  • Poona pact signed on September 24, 1932, at Yerwada Jail in Pune.
  • Madan Mohan Malaviya signed it on behalf of upper-caste Hindus and Gandhi.
  • Ambedkar signed on behalf of depressed classes.
  • The final outcome of Poona pact was 147 electoral seats.
• August Offer: (1940)
  • On 8th August 1940, Lord Linlithgow suggested some measures to get the support of the INC and Muslim League for World War II that is known as August Offer or Linlithgow's offer.
  • Some of the provisions were:
    • Immediate expansion of the Viceroy Executive Council by including more number of Indians.
    • A war advisory council
    • Constitution-making body after the war.
    • All the constitutional agreements in India must take the consensus of the minority community (veto power to the Muslim League).
  • Congress rejected the August Offer as it demanded complete freedom from colonial rule.
• Cripps Mission: (1942)
  • ​The Cripps Mission was constituted by the British government to secure full Indian cooperation and support for their efforts in World War II.
  • The mission was headed by a senior minister Sir Stafford Cripps.
  • It was a failed attempt in late March 1942.
  • Its proposal includes Indian Union with dominion status.
  • India would be free to decide its relations with the Commonwealth.
  • The Hindu Mahasabha rejected the proposal and the Muslim League also rejected it.
• Wavell Plan: (1945)
  • ​Lord Wavell set this plan for resolving the deadlock in Indian politics.
  • It proposed the following provisions:
    • A national executive council of Indian members except for Viceroy and Commander in Chief.
    • Congress and the Muslim League were equally represented.
    • It would act as an interim government.
    • Shimla Conference was held in June 1945 which ended in failure.

Magadha was a region and one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas, 'Great Kingdoms' of the Second Urbanization (600–200 BCE) in what is now south Bihar (before expansion) at the eastern Ganges Plain.

• Magadha played an important role in the development of Jainism and Buddhism.

Important Points

1. Magadha became the most important mahajanapada in about two hundred years. Many rivers such as the Ganga and Son flowed through Magadha.
2. This was important for transport, and water supplies making the land fertile.
3. Parts of Magadha were forested. Elephants, which lived in the forest, could be captured and trained for the army. Forests also provided wood for building houses, carts, and chariots.
4. Besides, there were iron ore mines in the region that could be tapped to make strong tools and weapons.

Hence, Magadha becomes the most powerful mahajanpada in 200 years because it has Various rivers and forest areas. It has also the Iron ore mines.

First statement is incorrect because the Tebhaga movement was an independence campaign initiated in Bengal by the Kisan Sabha in 1946-47. Second statement is again incorrect because the demand of the movement was to reduce the share given to landlords from one-half of the crop to one-third.

The correct answer is option 3 i.e. Only 1 and 3.

• Krishna Deva Raya was the greatest ruler of the "Tuluva dynasty" of the entire Vijayanagara empire.
• The Immadi Narasimha Raya (1491-1505 AD) was the third and last ruler of the Saluva dynasty
• "Saluva dynasty" was the second of the four dynasties to rule the Vijayanagara Empire.
• Vira Narasimha had entered into an agreement to buy all the horses brought by the Portuguese Governor Almeida.
• Vira Narsimha started a liberal policy by removing the marriage tax.
• After the death of Vira Narsimha, his younger brother Krishna Deva Raya became a ruler in 1509 AD.

The correct answer is (i),(ii),(iii),(iv).

Key Points

• Mahipat Rao Dinkar
  • He was first Subedar of Chhattisgarh.
  • Forrester a European traveller visited Chhattisgarh in 1790, during his period.
  • During his rule, the full control of administration was in hands of Anandi Bai.
• ​​ Vittal Rao Dinkar
  • Captain Blunt, a European traveller come to Chhattisgarh in 1795 AD during his period.
  • The propounder of the Pragana system.
  • He divided 36 Garhs into 27 Parganas.
• Kesav Govind
  • He had been Subedar of Chhattisgarh for the longest period.
  • Colbrook, a European traveller visited Chhattisgarh in 1799 AD.
  • He was protected from the Pindaris attack.
  • Keshav Govind won Sambalpur and expand the Maratha empire.
• ​Bikaji Gopal
  • In Chhattisgarh, turbulence and loot of Pindaris were at their peak during his reign.
  • Interference in Sarguja Zamindaris due to conflict in powers took place during his rule.
  • The death of Bhonsle ruler Vyankoji(1811 A. D) took place in Chhattisgarh during his rule.

• The policy of commercialization of agriculture by the British encouraged market-oriented produc­tion of cash crops such as opium, tea, coffee, sugar, jute and indigo.
• Indian peasants were forced to grow these cash crops that spoiled the fertility of the land and no other crop could be grown on it.
• Trade and money relations existed in the countryside even during the Mughal reign.
• As soon as the EIC desperately began to acquire more and more territories it insisted land tax be paid in cash.
• The British rule introduced cash assessments in the system of land revenue.
• Gradually, the former system of payment of land revenue in kind went out of fashion.
• This compelled the cultivator to sell a part of his produce.
• This was, however, not the whole problem.
• A new merchant class appeared in rural India who took advantage of the abysmal indebtedness of the peasantry.
• Secondly, the effect of monetization could not go far until internal means of transport were improved.
• The railway lines were built by the British rulers.
• The agricultural crops reached the parts of the then Madras, Calcutta, Bombay or Karachi from self-sufficient villages with the expansion of the railway lines
• The basic motive behind the tremendous spurt in the construction of the railway lines was to subserve the interests of the British industrialists in England.
• Colonial commerce brought the industrial revolution there.
• The raw material of the British cotton industry was almost entirely colonial, if not purely Indian.
• With the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, transhipment costs of agricultural crops per cubic ton were reduced by roughly 30 p.c. Indian products, as a result, were sold at cheaper rates in Europe.
• Thus market—mainly for cotton—widened. As transport costs declined with the expansion of the means of transport, other agricultural crops, like rice and wheat, were added to the export list.

The Bhoodan movement (Land Gift movement), also known as the Bloodless Revolution, was a voluntary land reform movement in India.

• It was initiated by Gandhian Vinoba Bhave in 1951 at Pochampally village, Pochampally.

Key Points

• The Bhoodan movement was voluntary and independent from the government.
• The movement had supported the Congress party.

Mistake Points

• The Bhoodan movement was led by Mahatma Gandhi's disciple Vinoba Bhave.

Hence, the Bhoodan movement was voluntary and started to gift lands and was led by Vinoba Bhave. It was supported by the Congress party.

The Nalanda University was founded by Gupta emperor Kumargupta I. He adopted the title of Mahendraditya. It was established in 5th century.

The correct answer is (1), (2), (3) only.

Key Points

• Nineteenth-century Europeans were very interested in the stupa at Sanchi.
• In fact, the French sought Shahjehan Begum’s permission to take away the eastern gateway, which was the best preserved, to be displayed in a museum in France.
• For a while some Englishmen also wanted to do the same, but fortunately both the French and the English were satisfied with carefully prepared plaster-cast copies and the original remained at the site, part of the Bhopal state.
• The rulers of Bhopal, Shahjehan Begum and her successor Sultan Jehan Begum, provided money for the preservation of the ancient site.
• No wonder then that John Marshall dedicated his important volumes on Sanchi to Sultan Jehan.
• She funded the museum that was built there as well as the guesthouse where he lived and wrote the volumes.
• She also funded the publication of the volumes.
• So if the stupa complex has survived, it is in no small measure due to wise decisions, and to good luck in escaping the eyes of railway contractors, builders, and those looking for finds to carry away to the museums of Europe.
• One of the most important Buddhist centres, the discovery of Sanchi has vastly transformed our understanding of early Buddhism.

• Today it stands testimony to the successful restoration and preservation of a key archaeological site by the Archaeological Survey of India.

Based on the above discussion, we can conclude that only statements (1), (2), (3) are correct.

The correct answer is A - (2), B - (1), C - (4), D - (3)Key Points

• Jaunpur city - Firoz Shah Tughlaq.
• Agra city - Sikandhar Lodhi.
• Atala Masjid - Zarahim Sharqi.
• Lal Darwaja - Hussain Shah Sharqi.

Additional Information

• Sikandar Khan Lodhi(1489-1457 AD)
  • From 1489 to 1517, Sikandar Khan Lodi also referred to as Nizam Khan, ruled the Delhi Sultanate.
  • He ascended the throne after his father, Bahlol Lodhi in 1489.
  • He built the city of Agra and shifted its capital from Delhi to Agra.
  • The biggest achievement of Sikandar Lodhi was an invasion of Bihar.
• Firoz Shah Tughlaq(c. 1351 - 1388 AD)
  • He was a Delhi Sultan from the Tughlaq dynasty, coronated at the age of 46 years at Daulatabad Fort after the death of Mohammad Bin Tughlaq.
  • He attacked Sindh several times and occupied it.
  • He appointed Khan-i-Jahan Maqbal, a Telugu Brahmin convert as wazir also known as Prime Minister.
• Hussain Shah Sharqi(1458-1505 AD)
  • He ascended the throne of Jaunpur Kingdom after his father, Sultan Mahmud Shah Sharqi in 1458 AD and ruled till 1505.
  • Etawah, a town on the bank of the Yamuna River was a source of friction between the Sharqis and the Lodhis, subdued by Hussain Sharqi.
  • He invented a hybrid raga called Zunglah, combining indigenous and Perso-arab scales.

The correct answer is Tall gateway.

Key Points

• A tall gateway visible in front of a Mughal monument is known as a Pishtaq.
• The central towering dome and the tall gateway known as Pishtaq became important aspects of Mughal architecture, first visible in Humayun's tomb.
• In Islamic architecture, a Pishtaq is a rectangular frame around an arched opening, usually associated with an iwan.

• An iwan is a rectangular hall or space, usually vaulted, walled on three sides, with one end entirely open.

Hence, the correct answer is - Tall gateway.

Additional Information

• Mughals brought in Persian style into Indian architecture.
• The Mughals constructed excellent forts, mosques, mausoleums, gardens and cities.
• Some of the main features of Mughal architecture are mentioned below:
  • ​Large halls
  • Very large vaulted gateways
  • Delicate ornamentation
  • Bulbous domes
  • Slender Minarets with cupolas at the four corners

Constitutional autocracy introduced by Government of India Act, 1935 vested the executive authority of provinces in the Governors and of center, in the Governor-General on the behalf of the Crown.

Muhammad Tughlaq separated the posts of Wali and Amir.

Important Points

• Muhammad Tughlaq was the ruler of Delhi Sultanate from 1325 to 1351 AD.
• Before the rule of Muhammad Tughlaq, Iqtas (the provinces) of Delhi Sultanate were initially under the dominion of the nobles.
• Muqtis or Walis or Amir was the name given to the governors of the provinces and were responsible for maintaining law and order and collecting the land revenue.
• The provinces were further divided into Shiqs, which was under the control of the Shiqdar.
• The Shiqs were further divided into Pargana, comprising a number of villages and was headed by the Amil.
• The village remained the basic unit of administration and its headman was called Chaudhri or Muqaddam.
• However during the reign of Muhammad Tughlaq, the posts of Wali and Amir was separated.
• Amir was the name given to the governors of the provinces.

• Wali or Muqtis were responsible for maintaining law and order and collection of taxes in their iqtas.

Thus, we can conclude that the posts of Wali and Amir were separated by Muhammad Tughlaq.

Bhagwati sutra is the fifth of the 12 Jain Agamas said to be promulgated by Mahavira. The Bhagwati sutra is said to have been composed by Sudharmaswami by the Śvētāmbara school of Jainism.

The correct answer is option

• Jahandar Shah (1712-1713 AD):
  • He gave the title of 'Mirza Raja' to Jai Singh of Malwa and 'Maharaja' to Ajit Singh of Marwar.
  • Encouraged Ijara System(the revenue farming/contract farming and abolished Jazia).
  • First Mughal ruler who killed by Sayyid Brothers in captivity.
  • Sayyid Brothers: Abdullah Khan and Hussain Ali.
• Muhammad Shah(1719-1748 AD):
  • His name was Roshan Akhtar.
  • Also called Rangila.
  • Maratha under Baji Rao for the first in Mughal history raided in Delhi.
  • Nadir Shah of Persia invaded with the help of Sadat Khan who defeated Mughal army at the Battle of Karnal.

The correct chronological order is ii, iv, i and iii.Key Points

• Sthaviravadins and Mahasanghikas:
  • These are two early Buddhist schools that emerged within the Buddhist community shortly after Buddha's parinirvana.
  • The Sthaviravadins, also known as the Elders or Theravadins, held a conservative stance and emphasized the original teachings of the Buddha.
  • The Mahasanghikas, on the other hand, took a more liberal approach and introduced new doctrines and practices.
  • The Mahasanghikas emerged first, followed by the Sthaviravadins, so the correct order is ii, iv.
• Sarvastivadins:
  • The Sarvastivadins were another important Buddhist school that emerged during the third Buddhist council held in the 3rd century BCE.
  • They were known for their belief in the existence of dharmas (phenomenal entities) and held the doctrine of "sarvastivada," which means "all is real."
  • The Sarvastivadins developed after the Sthaviravadins, so they come after them in chronological order.
• Hinayanists and Mahayanists:
  • This division occurred after the Buddha's death and represents a difference in interpretation and practice within Buddhism.
  • The Hinayana (also known as Theravada) tradition emphasizes personal liberation and individual enlightenment, while the Mahayana tradition focuses on the Bodhisattva ideal and the aspiration to attain enlightenment for the benefit of all beings.
  • The Mahayana tradition emerged later than the Hinayana tradition, so it comes after it in chronological order.
• Vajrayanists:
  • Vajrayana, also known as Tantric or Esoteric Buddhism, is a later development within the Mahayana tradition.
  • It emerged around the 5th to 7th centuries CE and is characterized by its emphasis on esoteric practices, rituals, and the use of mantras and visualizations to attain enlightenment swiftly.

  • Vajrayana Buddhism came after the Hinayana and Mahayana traditions, so it is the last in chronological order.

Hence we conclude that the correct chronological order is ii, iv, i and iii.

Oudh Kisan Sabha, also known as Awadh Kisan sabha, was formed to fight against the landlords and talukdars, who demanded exorbitant taxes and rents.

Important Points

Peasant Movement:

• In Awadh, a peasant’s movement was organized by Baba Ramchandra.
• It was against landlords and talukdars.
• Reduction of rent and the abolition of begar were their main demands.
• In many places ‘nai - dhobi bandhs’ were organized by panchayats to deprive landlords of the services or even barbers and washermen.
• In June 1920, Jawaharlal Nehru began going around the villages in Awadh, talking to the villagers, and trying to understand their grievances.
• By October, the Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and a few others.
• Within a month, over 300 branches had been set up in the villages around the region.

Thus, we can say that Jawahar Lal Nehru and Baba Ramchandra set up the ‘Oudh Kisan Sabha’.

Additional Information

• Baba Ramchandra
  • In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra, a Sanyasi, who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured labourer.
  • He led a peasant’s movement in Awadh against Talukdars and Landlords.
  • He demanded a reduction of rent, abolition of Begar and the boycott of landlords.
  • In October 1920, he formed Oudh Kisan Sabha with the help of Nehru.
• Shaukat Ali
  • ​He was an Indian Muslim leader of the Khilafat Movement.
  • Shaukat Ali helped his younger brother Mohammad Ali Jouhar publish the Urdu weekly Hamdard and the English weekly Comrade.
  • In 1915 he published an article that said Turks were right to fight the British.
  • These two weekly magazines played a key role in shaping the political policy of Muslim India back then.

King Charles II of England handed over Bombay Island to the company in 1661 on an annual payment of 10 pounds.

Auguste Comte's Law of Three Stages is a central concept in Positivism.
It proposes that human thought progresses through three distinct stages:

1. Theological Stage: In this initial stage, humans explain natural phenomena through supernatural forces or deities.
2. Metaphysical Stage: Here, explanations shift from gods to abstract concepts and underlying essences.
3. Positive Stage: This final stage relies on scientific observation and reason to understand the world. Knowledge is based on verifiable facts and the scientific method.

Additional Information

• Organic, Mechanistic, and Vitalist: These terms are more associated with biological thought and the philosophy of science.
• Mythical, Rational, and Empirical: While these terms touch on aspects of the Three Stages, they are not the specific terms Comte used.
• Authoritarian, Democratic, and Socialist: These describe political systems, not stages of intellectual development.
• Comte believed that society, like the natural world, could be studied scientifically. He is considered a founding figure in Sociology.
• Positivism has been criticized for its overemphasis on the scientific method and its neglect of other ways of knowing, such as religion or philosophy.

The correct answer is 2 and 3 only.

Key Points

The All India Kisan Congress/Sabha:

• It is a peasant front working for the rights of the farmers and the anti-feudal movement in India.
• It was founded in April 1936 at the Indian National Congress (INC) Lucknow Session as the All India Kisan Congress.
• The All India Kisan Sabha was founded by Swami Sahjanand Saraswati as president and N.G. Ranga as general secretary. Hence statement 1 is incorrect.
• After the split of the Communist Party of India in 1964, the front was also divided into two — All India Kisan Sabha (CPI) and All India Kisan Sabha (CPI-M; Akhil Bhartiya Kisan Sabha).
• All India Kisan Sabha is also known as ‘Akhil Bhartiya Kisan Sabha.’ Hence statement 3 is correct.
• The motives of the All India Kisan Sabha were:
  • To abolish the Zamindari system,
  • To reduce land revenue,
  • To institutionalize credit.
• A Kisan manifesto was issued, and a periodical under Indulal Yagnik started.
• The AIKS and the Congress held their sessions in Faizpur in 1936.
• The AIKS agenda strongly influenced the Congress manifesto (especially the agrarian policy) for the 1937 provincial elections. Hence statement 2 is correct.
• The All India Kisan Sabha has been a famous peasant struggle that started in the 20th Century against the Zamindari System.

The correct answer is Both 1 and 2.

• Vaisesika is allied to the Nyaya system of philosophy.

Key Points

• Both systems accept the liberation of the individual self as the end goal; both view ignorance as to the root cause of all pain and misery; and both believe that liberation is attained only through the right knowledge of reality.
• There are, however, two major differences between Nyaya and Vaisesika.
  • First, Nyaya philosophy accepts four independent sources of knowledge — perception, inference, comparison, and testimony — but vaisesika accepts only two — perception and inference Second, Nyaya maintain s that all of reality is comprehended by sixteen categories (padarthas), whereas vaisesika recognizes only seven categories of reality.
• These are dravya (substance), guna (quality), karma (action), samanya (generality), visesa (uniqueness), samavaya (inherence), and abhava (nonexistence).
• The term padartha means “the object denoted by a word,” and according to vaisesika philosophy, all objects denoted by words can be broadly divided into two main classes — that which exists, and that which does not exist.
• Six of the seven padarthas are in the first class, that which exists.
• In the second class, that which does not exist, there is only one padartha, abhava, which stands for all negative facts such as the nonexistence of things.