APSET Paper 2 Mock Test - 1 (English) - AP TET MCQ

The correct answer is "Disgust".

Key Points

• The speaker's reaction to being touched by someone he deems 'lower-caste' is one of intense aversion, indicating deep-seated prejudices and a belief in caste purity.
• The language used to insult the individual ("low-caste vermin," "cokeyed son of a bow-legged scorpion") communicates not just anger but a visceral disgust.
• The idea that physical contact requires purification through bathing further emphasizes the depth of the speaker's repulsion.
• The concern over the defilement of new clothes by this contact underlines how pervasive and strong these caste-based disgust reactions are.
• The overall tone suggests that the speaker views the touch from the lower-caste individual as contaminating or polluting, which is a common theme in caste-based discrimination.

“Waiting for Godot” is an absurd play by Samuel Beckett, which revolves around the two characters, Vladimir and Estragon, who are waiting for the arrival of someone named Godot who never arrives, Vladimir is one of the two main characters and seems to be the more responsible and mature of the two.

He is called Didi by Estragon. Another one is Estragon seems weak and helpless, always looking for Vladimir’s protection called Gogo by Vladimir.

The correct answer is ‘Psychological Turmoil and Obsession.’

 Key Points

• Psychological Turmoil and Obsession: The poem revolves around the psychological state of the narrator, depicting his intense obsession with Porphyria and the subsequent turmoil that leads to a drastic action.
• "Porphyria's Lover" is a poem by Robert Browning, originally published as "Porphyria" in the January 1836 edition of Monthly Repository. Browning later released it as "Madhouse Cells" in Dramatic Lyrics (1842), alongside "Johannes Agricola in Meditation".
• The poem explores the theme of obsessive love and the speaker's desire for complete control over Porphyria.
• Porphyria's lover seeks to preserve a moment of perceived bliss by taking extreme measures to possess her, leading to the ultimate act of violence.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 2.'

 Additional Information

• Option 1 (Incorrect): This option is incorrect. While the poem begins with a romantic encounter, it quickly evolves into a narrative of psychological disturbance and obsession, overshadowing any initial romantic elation.
• Option 3 (Incorrect): This option is incorrect. While set in the Victorian era, the poem is more focused on individual psychology than serving as a direct social critique.
• Option 4 (Incorrect): This option is incorrect. "Porphyria's Lover" does not contain elements of tragic irony and redemption. Instead, it explores the darker aspects of the narrator's mind.

The correct answer is 'Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.'

 Key Points

• Affective Fallacy:  A term used in literary criticism to describe the error of interpreting a literary work based solely on the emotional responses it elicits in the reader.
• New Criticism's Focus on Formal Elements: They argue that a proper analysis of a literary work should focus on its formal elements, such as its language, structure, imagery, and symbolism, rather than on subjective emotional reactions. 
• They believe that the text's intrinsic qualities are the primary source of its meaning.
• New Critics believe that the Affective Fallacy occurs when a reader's emotional response to a literary work is used as the sole basis for interpreting its meaning. 
• They argue that such an approach is subjective and unreliable, as different readers may have different emotional reactions to the same text. 
• Instead, they advocate for a close reading of the text's formal elements, which they believe can provide a more objective and comprehensive understanding of its meaning.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1.'

 Additional Information

• Option 2: Both the Assertion and Reason are true, and the Reason explains the Assertion.
• Option 3: The Assertion is true, and the Reason is also true, providing a valid explanation.
• Option 4: The Assertion is false, as the Affective Fallacy, according to New Criticism, is a recognized error in literary interpretation.

The correct answer is 'Nihilism.'

Key Points

• In "Crime and Punishment," Raskolnikov's internal struggle revolves around the philosophical concept of nihilism, the belief that life has no intrinsic meaning or value.
• Raskolnikov believes that moral norms are meaningless, which leads him to commit murder in the belief that he is beyond conventional morality.
• His subsequent guilt and suffering, however, suggest a deep-seated acknowledgment of moral truth, thereby undermining his nihilistic beliefs.
• Dostoevsky's exploration of nihilism in "Crime and Punishment" is reflective of his larger engagement with existential themes and his critique of the moral and spiritual crises of his time.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Originally published as Jane Eyre: An Autobiography is a novel by English writer Charlotte Brontë, published under the pen name "Currer Bell", on 16 October 1847, by Smith, Elder & Co. of London. The first American edition was published the following year by Harper & Brothers of New York. Arguably a Bildungsroman, Jane Eyre follows the experiences of its eponymous heroine, including her growth to adulthood and her love for Mr. Rochester, the brooding master of Thornfield Hall.
The novel revolutionised prose fiction in that the focus on Jane's moral and spiritual development is told through an intimate, first-person narrative, where actions and events are coloured by a psychological intensity. Charlotte Brontë has been called the "first historian of the private consciousness" and the literary ancestor of writers like Proust and Joyce. The book contains elements of social criticism, with a strong sense of Christian morality at its core and is considered by many to be ahead of its time because of Jane's individualistic character and how the novel approaches the topics of class, sexuality, religion and feminism

The correct answer is ‘Modernist Desolation and Fragmentation.’

 Key Points

• Option 1 Modernist Desolation and Fragmentation: "The Waste Land" is a seminal work of modernist literature, reflecting the disillusionment and fragmentation of the post-World War I era.
• The poem explores the spiritual and emotional desolation of a world that has lost its traditional values and cohesion.
•  "The Waste Land" is known for its complexity, multiple voices, and rich allusions, making it a challenging work that reflects the shattered landscape of the modern world.
• Eliot uses a variety of modernist techniques in The Waste Land, such as stream-of-consciousness, multiple perspectives, and abrupt shifts in tone and style. These techniques help to create a sense of fragmentation and disorientation.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1.'

 Additional Information

• Option 2 (Incorrect): This option is incorrect. While Eliot engages with nature, it is not in a romantic or celebratory manner. Instead, nature is often depicted as desolate and devoid of the vitality found in Romantic poetry.
• Option 3 (Incorrect): This option is incorrect. "The Waste Land" is marked by a lack of explicit religious redemption or hope. It rather presents a world in spiritual crisis and disarray.
• Option 4 (Incorrect): This option is incorrect. The poem does not advocate political utopianism or present a vision of social harmony. It focuses more on the disintegration and decay of societal structures.

The correct answer is 'Option 1'.

Key Points

• Walt Whitman was born on May 31, 1819. He is often considered one of the pioneers of free verse and is best known for his work "Leaves of Grass."
• Emily Dickinson was born on December 10, 1830. Known for her unique style and seclusion from society, Dickinson's poetry has had a significant impact on American literature.
• Robert Frost was born on March 26, 1874. Frost is renowned for his depictions of rural New England life and his use of American colloquial speech in poetry.
• T.S. Eliot was born on September 26, 1888. A leading figure of modernist poetry, Eliot's notable works include "The Waste Land" and "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock."
• Sylvia Plath was born on October 27, 1932. Plath is known for her confessional style of poetry and her novel "The Bell Jar." Her works explore themes of identity, depression, and the female experience.
• The chronological order of their births starts with Walt Whitman, followed by Emily Dickinson, Robert Frost, T.S. Eliot, and finally Sylvia Plath. This demonstrates the development of American poetry from the 19th into the mid-20th century, showing transitions in style, themes, and literary movements.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

The correct answer is 'The horrors of war and its impact on humanity.'

Key Points

• Deaths and Entrances is a collection by Dylan Thomas, which reflects extensively on the impact of World War II on individuals and society as a whole.
• Thomas delves into the gruesome realities and the aftermath of war, not just on the battlefield but also on the human spirit and community life.
• The poet employs vivid imagery and emotional depth to portray the scars left by war, highlighting a grim yet honest picture of destruction and its long-term consequences.
• Through this collection, Thomas invites the reader to reflect on the senseless violence and loss that war brings, fostering a deep sense of empathy and understanding for those who suffer.
• The emphasis on "Deaths and Entrances" showcases the transition from life to death and the openings (or entrances) to new realities that war forces on people, symbolizing both an end and a beginning marred by conflict.
• The collection serves as a poignant reminder of the cost of war, urging a contemplation on peace, reconciliation, and the value of human life beyond the battleground.

Therefore, the correct answer is ‘Option 3’.

Additional Information

• Option 1: While aging and death are recurring themes in Thomas's work, "Deaths and Entrances" is more specifically focused on war.
• Option 2: Love and its intricacies are indeed explored in Thomas's poetry but are not the central theme of this collection.
• Option 4: Nature is a significant theme for Thomas, but in "Deaths and Entrances," the focus is more on human experiences and the interplay with war's ramifications.

The correct answer is 'Of Grammatology'.

Key Points

• Jacques Derrida introduces the concept of "Deconstruction" in "Of Grammatology" (1967), a foundational text in the field of post-structuralism.
• Deconstruction is a critical approach that seeks to uncover and unravel the complexities, contradictions, and assumptions underlying our understanding of language, texts, and meaning.
• Derrida argues that language is inherently unstable and that meaning is always deferred, challenging the notion of fixed, binary opposites (e.g., presence/absence, speech/writing).
• "Of Grammatology" critiques the Western philosophical tradition of logocentrism—the privileging of speech over writing—and introduces the idea of differánce, a key concept in deconstructive theory.
• Through deconstruction, Derrida seeks to expose and dismantle the hierarchies and dualisms that structure Western thought, advocating for a more nuanced, open-ended approach to reading and interpretation.
• This work has had profound implications not only for literary theory but also for philosophy, cultural studies, and critical theory more broadly, influencing numerous disciplines and areas of study.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

Additional Information

• "Writing and Difference" and "The Post Card: From Socrates to Freud and Beyond" are also significant works by Derrida that further explore deconstructive themes, but the concept is introduced in "Of Grammatology."
• "Archive Fever: A Freudian Impression" delves into the concept of the archive and its implications for history, memory, and identity but does not introduce deconstruction.

This critically acclaimed play by Sahitya Akademi award-winning playwright Mahesh Dattani examines the never-ending saga of Hindu-Muslim conflict in India. Which “side” should take the blame for the madness? What does the future hold? The play ponders these difficult questions through the lens of three generations of a middle-class Gujarati family as they harbor two Muslim boys during a communal riot. Through a stylishly choreographed “mob” that represents the collective voice of either community, and a narrative that slickly moves back and forth between today and 1947, Final Solutions makes us rethink our own communal prejudices and perceptions.

The correct answer is 'Option 1.'

 Key Points

• "The Faerie Queene" is an allegorical epic poem where characters and events represent abstract virtues and vices. Una, as the representation of truth, stands in contrast to the various challenges and deceptions faced by the protagonist, Redcrosse Knight.
• Option 1, The Virtuous Church and True Faith - Una represents the virtue of truth and embodies the true faith.
• She symbolizes the pure and unblemished Church, navigating the challenges of the allegorical landscape.
• The poem is divided into six books, each of which tells the story of a different knight's quest. The knights' quests are all connected by the overarching theme of the poem, which is the struggle between good and evil.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1.'

 Additional Information

• Option 2 (Incorrect): This option is incorrect. The deceptive allure of worldly pleasures is often embodied by characters like Duessa in the poem, not Una.
• Option 3 (Incorrect): This option is incorrect. While there are political allegories in "The Faerie Queene," Una specifically represents the virtuous Church, not the political authority of the monarchy.
• Option 4 (Incorrect): This option is incorrect. The cycle of life and death is not a primary allegorical significance associated with Una in the context of "The Faerie Queene.".

The correct answer is '2, 4, 1, 3'.

Key Points

• "Notes from Underground" is an 1864 novella and is considered by many to be the first existentialist novel.
• "Crime and Punishment" is a novel by Fyodor Dostoevsky, first published in 1866.
• "The Idiot" is a novel written by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky and was first published in serial form in the Russian Messenger from 1868 to 1869.
• "The Brothers Karamazov" is the final novel by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky and was first published in serial form in The Russian Messenger from January 1879 to November 1880.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Published on 4 April 1755 and written by Samuel Johnson, A Dictionary of the English Language, sometimes published as Johnson's Dictionary, is among the most influential dictionaries in the history of the English language. ... Johnson produced several revised editions during his life.

The correct answer is 'Option 3'.

Key Points

• "Burger's Daughter" is a novel that revolves around the South African anti-apartheid struggle, examining the complexities of political commitment.
• "July's People" envisions a post-revolutionary South Africa and explores themes of power dynamics and race relations in a deeply divided society.
• "The Conservationist" is a novel that was awarded the Booker Prize in 1974 and is considered one of Gordimer's most significant works, dealing with themes of alienation and displacement in apartheid South Africa.
• Nadine Gordimer was a South African writer, political activist, and Nobel Laureate in Literature in 1991, celebrated for her thought-provoking works that delve into racial and moral issues during and after apartheid.
• Her writing is characterized by nuanced character development, sophisticated narrative structures, and deep engagement with social issues, making her a critical voice in literature and activism.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

Additional Information

• Option 1 incorrectly combines "Burger's Daughter" with "Disgrace," the latter being a novel by J.M. Coetzee.
• Option 2 misses "Burger's Daughter," omitting a key work that showcases Gordimer's exploration of the anti-apartheid struggle.
• Option 4 mistakenly includes "Disgrace," failing to recognize that the novel is not among Gordimer's works.

The correct answer is 'The dynamics of power and control in relationships.'

Key Points

• Abusive Power Dynamic: The relationship between Bill Sikes and Nancy starkly illustrates the abusive power dynamic that often characterizes relationships founded in crime and exploitation.
• Control and Manipulation: Sikes’s manipulation and control over Nancy highlight the destructive impact of power imbalances within personal relationships, reflecting broader societal issues of control and domination.
• Violence and Fear: The fear and violence inherent in their relationship showcase the extreme consequences of power being wielded destructively, further emphasizing the novel’s critique of societal violence.
• Lack of Genuine Affection: While Nancy exhibits feelings for Sikes, the relationship is devoid of mutual respect or genuine affection, illustrating how environments of crime corrupt interpersonal dynamics.
• Tragic Consequences: The tragic outcome of their relationship underscores the inevitable consequences of such power imbalances, serving as a cautionary tale against the destructive nature of abusive relationships.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

Additional Information

• Option 1: While love is explored in "Oliver Twist," the relationship between Bill Sikes and Nancy is more abusive than transformative.
• Option 2: Although crime and violence are central themes, their relationship more directly explores power dynamics rather than the broader consequences of crime.
• Option 4: Nancy does make a significant sacrifice, but the primary focus of their relationship is the abuse of power, rather than redemption.

The correct answer is ‘B, A, C, D, E’.

 Key Points

• Sense and Sensibility (B) was published in 1811.
• Pride and Prejudice (A) was published in 1813.
• Mansfield Park (C) was published in 1814.
• Emma (D) was published in 1815.
• Northanger Abbey (E) was published posthumously in 1818, although it was written around 1798-1799.
• Jane Austen is one of the most beloved and widely read English novelists of all time.
• Her novels are known for their realism, wit, and social commentary.
• Austen's novels have been adapted into numerous films and television series.

The Auden Group or the Auden Generation is a group of British and Irish writers active in the 1930s that included W. H. Auden, Louis MacNeice, Cecil Day-Lewis, Stephen Spender, Christopher Isherwood, and sometimes Edward Upward and Rex Warner. They were sometimes called simply the Thirties poets.

The correct answer is '(a) - (ii), (b) - (iii), (c) - (i), (d) - (iv)'.

Key Points

• "A Doll's House" by Henrik Ibsen is a groundbreaking Norwegian play that challenges the traditional roles of men and women in the 19th-century marriage.
• "Waiting for Godot" by Samuel Beckett, an Irish playwright, is one of the most significant English language plays of the 20th century, famously capturing themes of existentialism and the absurd.
• "Death of a Salesman" by Arthur Miller, an American playwright, is a critical look at the American Dream and its impact on an individual and their family, widely considered one of the greatest plays of the 20th century.
• "Antigone" by Sophocles, an ancient Greek tragedian, is a classic play that explores themes of individual vs. state, familial loyalty, and the consequences of pride.
• Each of these works is iconic within their respective theatrical traditions and has profoundly influenced the development of drama and theater.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

Additional Information

• Option 2 mismatches the plays with their respective authors, incorrectly associating "A Doll's House" with Arthur Miller and others.
• Option 3 also presents incorrect associations, such as linking "Waiting for Godot" to Arthur Miller.
• Option 4 swaps the plays and playwrights, inaccurately pairing "Antigone" with Sophocles as part of this specific combination, despite Sophocles being the true author.

The correct answer is '(a) - (ii), (b) - (iii), (c) - (iv), (d) - (i)'.

Key Points

• Gabriel García Márquez, known for magical realism, was a Colombian novelist celebrated for his work "One Hundred Years of Solitude."
• Haruki Murakami, the wildly imaginative and globally celebrated author, hails from Japan and is well known for novels like "Kafka on the Shore."
• James Joyce was an Irish novelist and poet, renowned for his complex narrative techniques and seminal work "Ulysses."
• Virginia Woolf, a pivotal figure in 20th-century literature, was British and known for her modernist classics such as "To the Lighthouse."

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

Additional Information

• While each author has contributed significantly to world literature, they bring unique perspectives rooted in their distinct cultural and national backgrounds.

Jejuri is the name of a series of 31 poems written in 1976 by Arun Kolatkar, an Indian poet who wrote in Marathi and English both. Jejuri won the Commonwealth Prize in 1977.

The poems cover one day pilgrimage of writer to Jejuri, a place associated with Khandoba. Yeshwant Rao, Chaitanya and The Priest are part of the accumulation, but An Old Man is not one of those 31 poems.

Thackeray's previous writings had been published either unsigned or under pseudonyms; Vanity Fair was the first work he published under his own name. The novel takes its title from the place designated as the centre of human corruption in John Bunyan's 17th-century allegory Pilgrim's Progress.

The correct answer is 'Subalternity'.

Key Points

• Subalternity is a concept critical to Subaltern Studies, introduced to highlight and analyze the perspectives and experiences of those marginalized by mainstream historical and political narratives.
• The term "Subaltern" was popularized in postcolonial studies by the Subaltern Studies Group, an interdisciplinary group of scholars interested in the history and societies of South Asia.
• Subaltern Studies aim to recover the viewpoints of people who are outside the social, economic, and political hegemony, including peasants, women, and other minority groups.
• This approach challenges Eurocentric views of history and seeks to give voice to those historically silenced or marginalized.
• By focusing on Subalternity, researchers in Humanities emphasize the significance of diverse narratives, conducting research that inclusively represents different societal layers and cultures.
• It underlines the importance of recognizing and integrating these marginalized voices into academic discourses to create a more comprehensive understanding of history and society.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

Additional Information

• Orientalism, a term popularized by Edward Said, critiques Western portrayals of the Eastern societies but does not specifically focus on the concept of subalternity.
• Structural Functionalism is a sociological theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability, not directly related to Subaltern Studies.
• Hermeneutics involves the theory and methodology of interpretation, especially of scriptural text, rather than focusing on marginalized voices.

The correct answer is ‘Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.’

Key Points

• Theatre of the Absurd rejects the traditional concept of a linear narrative.
• It employs fragmented and disjointed scenes to convey a sense of chaos and meaninglessness.
• The plays of Theatre of the Absurd often explore themes of existentialism, alienation, and the meaninglessness of life.
• Some of the most famous playwrights of Theatre of the Absurd include Samuel Beckett, Eugène Ionesco, and Jean Genet.
• The fragmented and disjointed scenes in Theatre of the Absurd are a reflection of the fragmented and disjointed nature of the modern world.

Therefore, the correct answer is ‘Option 1.’

 Additional Information

• b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A: This option is incorrect because R is the correct explanation of A.
• c) A is true but R is false: This option is incorrect because both A and R are true.
• d) A is false but R is true: This option is incorrect because both A and R are true.

The correct answer is 'It enables a multi-perspective critique of societal norms, through varied letters capturing different characters' views'.

Key Points

• The epistolary form of "Evelina" allows Burney to present a range of voices and perspectives on the society and times, facilitating a nuanced exploration of eighteenth-century life, manners, and the stark gender expectations placed upon women.
• Through the letters of various characters, readers gain access to differing societal viewpoints, insights, and experiences, which collectively critique and satirize the norms and mores of the period.
• The personal nature of letters allows for an intimate glimpse into characters' thoughts and feelings, presenting a more complex and layered understanding of the challenges faced by women like Evelina in navigating public and private spheres.
• This form also reflects the significance of reputation, communication, and miscommunication in eighteenth-century society, engaging with themes of public vs. private identity, the role of women, and the complexities of social mobility.
• Evelina's growth and moral development throughout the novel, as depicted through her correspondence, confront and question the limitations imposed by society on women, offering readers a critical lens on gender roles and expectations.

Therefore, the correct answer is ‘Option 3.’

Additional Information

• Limited to Evelina's point of view (Option 1) contradicts the varied perspectives offered by the epistolary format.
• Enhances the authenticity of historical events (Option 2) overlooks the novel’s primary function as social critique rather than historical documentation.
• Focuses solely on romantic developments (Option 4) understates the depth of societal and gender critique present in the novel.

The correct answer is 'Identification of the problem, Literature Review, Data Collection, Data Analysis, Conclusion'.

Key Points

• Identification of the problem: First and foremost, identifying a clear and concise research problem or question that the study aims to address.
• Literature Review: Conducting a thorough review of existing research and literature to understand the current state of knowledge on the topic and identify gaps.
• Data Collection: Gathering data using appropriate methodologies suited to the research question and humanities discipline.
• Data Analysis: Analyzing the collected data to draw insights, patterns, or themes relevant to the research question.
• Conclusion: Summarizing the findings of the research, discussing their implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 1'.

Additional Information

• The research process in humanities is iterative and may involve going back and forth between steps as new insights emerge.

The correct answer is ‘A - III, B - II, C - I, D - IV'.

 Key Points

• William Wordsworth (A) is known for his poem "Tintern Abbey" (III).
• Samuel Taylor Coleridge (B) is known for his poem "Kubla Khan" (II).
• John Keats (C) is known for his poem "Ode to a Nightingale" (I).
• Percy Bysshe Shelley (D) is known for his poem "Ozymandias" (IV).
• These Romantic poets are considered to be among the most important figures in English literature.
• Their works are characterized by their focus on emotion, imagination, and the natural world.
• The Romantic poets had a profound influence on the development of English literature.

The speaker compares mistress's body to a "marble vault" and this important image occurs in the center of the poem. The speaker's problem is that despite the womanís charms, her vault is closed to him. He deftly uses this refusal as a means to forward his assault on the woman, however, since the word vault points toward her death .

The correct answer is 'Utilizing a portion of the revenue from local bodies and donations'.

Key Points

• Wood's Dispatch recommended utilizing a portion of the revenue from local bodies, along with contributions and donations, to fund the expansion of the education system in British India. This approach was meant to create a sustainable funding model for educational development.
• The Dispatch suggested that education should be partly funded by public funds, understanding that for an education system to be robust and accessible, it required stable financial support.
• By engaging local bodies in the funding process, the Dispatch aimed to foster a sense of community involvement and responsibility towards the educational welfare of the populace.
• The inclusion of donations as a means of funding also opened opportunities for philanthropic contributions to play a significant role in the development of educational infrastructure and resources.
• This funding model was designed to ensure that educational initiatives could be expanded and sustained over time, meeting the needs of a growing population and adapting to changing societal demands.
• By proposing a collaborative approach to funding, Wood's Dispatch laid the groundwork for a more inclusive and community-driven education system, emphasizing the shared responsibility of government, local bodies, and the community in promoting education.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

Additional Information

• Imposing a special education tax on agricultural produce and redirecting all military spending to education were not recommendations made by Wood's Dispatch.
• Mandating that all educational institutions be self-funded overlooks the Dispatch's emphasis on collective responsibility and shared funding mechanisms for educational development.

The correct answer is ‘Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.’

 Key Points

• The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was a group of English artists who rejected the conventional art of their time.
• They believed that art should be based on a close observation of nature and should reflect the beauty of the natural world.
• The Pre-Raphaelites were influenced by the art of the early Italian Renaissance, which they believed was more naturalistic and expressive than the art of their own time.
• Some of the most famous Pre-Raphaelite artists include Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Everett Millais, and William Holman Hunt.
• The Pre-Raphaelites also published a magazine called The Germ, in which they shared their ideas about art and literature.

Therefore, the correct answer is ‘Option 1.’

 Additional Information

• b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A: This option is incorrect because R is the correct explanation of A.
• c) A is true but R is false: This option is incorrect because both A and R are true.
• d) A is false but R is true: This option is incorrect because both A and R are true.