APSET Paper 2 Mock Test - 5 (Geography) - AP TET MCQ

The correct answer is Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Key Points

Nearest Neighbor Analysis

• An example of the search for order in settlement or other patterns in the landscape is the use of a technique known as nearest neighbour analysis.
• This attempts to measure the distributions according to whether they are clustered, random or regular. Nearest neighbour analysis may be used in sand dune vegetation succession studies to test the hypothesis that 'the stone pine woodland forms the climax community'.

Assertion (A) :Nearest Neighbor Analysis measures the spread or distribution of something over geographical space

• Nearest Neighbor Analysis measures the spread or distribution of something over geographical space.
• It provides a numerical value that describes the extent to which a set of points are clustered or uniformly spaced.
• This command uses the Clark and Evans (1954) aggregation index R as the basis for a crude test of clustering or order of a point pattern with the help of point, line, and area.

Hence, the assertion is correct.

Reason (R) : The Rn value determines the randomness of the given settlements.

• The Rn value determines the randomness of the given settlements.
• For this two things are requires, Area (a) and the length between settlements.
• The formula is,
• Where, a = total area, n = number of settlement, D = mean distance

Hence, the reason is also correct.
Additional Information

The correct answer is Chhattisgarh.

Key Points

• Chhattisgarh has the longest extension in the north-south direction.
  • The northern and southern parts of the state are hilly, while the central part is a fertile plain.
  • The highest point in the state is the Gaurlata near Samri, Balrampur - Ramanujganj district.
• Chhattisgarh is the tenth largest state of India with an area of 135,194 square kilometers.
  • The native language of the people of Chhattisgarh is Chhattisgarhi.
  • Present Chhattisgarh came into existence on 1st November 2000 by separating from Madhya Pradesh state.

The computation of composite index is a composite phenomenon like development, vulnerabilities, exclusion etc. Composite indicators also compare country performances which are increasingly being recognized as useful in policy analysis and public communication. It is easy to interpret and can summarize multi-dimensional realities with a view to support decision making.

• Ash or Cinder cones are formed when the volcanic material thrown out of the volcano cools and form small solid pieces known as cinders. The solid particles that are rained down create a circular cone around the crater and a cinder cone is formed. These are also termed as central type of volcanoes. The cones of Krakatoa, Mt. Pele, Mt. Fuji are certain examples.
• The Acid Lava cone is formed by viscous lava and which has a presence of silica. This lava deposits itself near the neck of the crater just after an explosion and later forms a dome by solidification. Lessen Peak of California and Pary-de-dome of France are perfect examples.
• Basic lava cone or shield volcanoes are different from the acid lava cones in terms of material compositions and shape formation. The basaltic lava having low silica content flows out quietly and gives rise to the formation of a shield. A shield shaped volcano forms with a wide base and low slope in course of time. Best example is the Mauna Loa od Hawaiian Island.
• The composite are probably the largest and highest volcanic cones. They are formed by the deposition of lava and ash, layer after layer in a parallel format. Fujiyama, Mayen are the best examples of such cones.

The correct answer is Aluminium.
Key Points

Aluminium

• It is the third most abundant element, and the most abundant metal, in the Earth's crust.
• The global production of aluminium in 2016 was 58.8 million metric tons. 
• It is abundant because it is never found free in nature.

Additional Information

• Barium
  • Barium is a soft, silvery alkaline earth metal.
  • Because of its high chemical reactivity, barium is never found in nature as a free element.
  • The most common minerals of barium are baryte and witherite.
• Titanium
  • Found in nature only as an oxide. 
  • It can be reduced to produce a lustrous transition metal with a silver colour, low density, and high strength, resistant to corrosion in seawater, aqua regia, and chlorine.
• Manganese
  • It is a hard, brittle, silvery metal, often found in minerals in combination with iron. 

The correct answer is 3 and 4 only.

Key Points

​Additional Information

• The Seshachalam Hills are hilly ranges part of the Eastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh.
  • In 2010 it was designated as a Biosphere Reserve.
  • It has large reserves of red sandalwood which is used in medicines, soaps, spiritual rituals.
• The Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve is a biosphere reserve in the Satpura Range in Madhya Pradesh.
  • The conservation area was created in 1999 by the Indian government.
  • UNESCO designated it a biosphere reserve in 2009.
• Nokrek Biosphere Reserve is a national park located in the West Garo Hills district of Meghalaya.
  • UNESCO added this National park to its list of Biosphere Reserves in May 2009.
• Dibru-Saikhowa is a national park in Assam, India.
  • It is located in Dibrugarh and Tinsukia districts and was designated a Biosphere Reserve in July 1997.

Western Ghats lie near the western coast of India. They occur as a hindrance for the winds of South-west monsoon winds and lead to orographic rain in the area. First occurrence of rain in an area is called as monsoon burst. During the Monsoon season, there are periods when there are sharp decrease in rainfall over most parts of the country, this is called monsoon break. The El Nino is a warm current and hence it leads to increase in temperatures by 3-4 degree Celsius.

Richard Hartshorne was two persistent in noting a distinction within the fields between what he termed “systematic geography” and “regional geography”. Regional geography of Hartshorne is the study of all the feature of a given region, any two-dimensional area of interest.

Thus, the Correct answer is A.

The correct answer is A and B.

Key Points

• Spatial organization is the study of geography expressed in the pattern and process of phenomena. It is to understand the form or nature and cause of the areal differentiation or variation on the surface of the earth.
• American Science Congress 1965 defined geography as the study of ‘Patterns and Processes’. This definition is an attempt to reinstate the past glory of time and space perspective in the study of the subject.
• The concept of spatial organization talks about the spatial dimensions and manifestations of phenomena. The process is the temporal aspect of the result of a certain explicit expression.
• The face of the earth is divided into various units/ regions/areas/ natural landscapes at times cultural and social landscapes based on areal differentiation, present a spatial synthesis. Spatial synthesis here concerns the ‘complex whole made up of several parts unified.
• To study the spatial organization of the phenomena, geography sought to frame generalized laws through a nomothetic or law-formulating approach. The chorological science approach translated into regional geography while the spatial science approach through the methods of systematic science prelude the initiation of a systematic approach in geography.
• Spatial integration expresses the opportunities for and level of (economic, cultural) interaction within and between areas and may reflect the willingness to cooperate.
• It also indicates, for example, the level of connectivity between transport systems of different geographical scales.
• Spatial integration is positively influenced by the presence of efficient administrative bodies, physical and functional complementarity between areas, and the absence of cultural and political controversies.

The correct answer is Villages and town localities.
Important Points

Large scale maps show a relatively small area with a great amount of detail. They are typically used in topographic, cadastral, city planning, and detailed engineering surveys. Therefore, among the options provided:

1. Villages and town localities are typically shown in large scale maps, as these maps can display detailed features of a small area.

The other options:

2. States and countries
3. Continents and oceans
4. Climatic regions of the world

are typically shown in small scale maps, which cover a large area with less detail.

So, the correct answer is:

1. Villages and town localitie

Answer: 3) Orogeny.

Key Points

• Orogeny is a geological process that involves the formation and uplift of large, elevated landforms, known as mountains.
• These landforms are typically characterized by steep slopes, high elevations, and rugged terrain. Orogeny occurs when two or more tectonic plates collide, causing one plate to be forced beneath the other in a process called subduction.
• As the subducting plate descends into the mantle, it melts and rises to the surface as magma. This magma can erupt onto the surface, forming volcanoes, or it can solidify beneath the surface, forming plutons.
• The collision of the plates also causes the crust to fold and fault, which can create mountains.

Additional Information

Rejuvenation: 

• Rejuvenation is the process by which a river's erosional power is renewed, typically by a change in base level.
• The base level is the height or altitude to which the river flows before it either joins another river or reaches the sea.
• If base level falls, a step or 'kink' called a knick point is formed in the river's long profile.
• Rejuvenation can lead to a number of changes in landscape, including the formation of waterfalls and rapids, knick points, river terraces, and incised meanders
• Rejuvenated terrains usually have complex landscapes because remnants of older landforms are locally preserved.

Convergence

• Convergence is the process by which two or more tectonic plates move towards each other.
• When two plates converge, one plate is typically forced beneath the other in a process called subduction.
• Subduction can cause a number of geological phenomena, including earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building.

Sedimentation

• Sedimentation is the process by which sediment is deposited and accumulates.
• Sediment is any material that is transported and deposited by wind, water, or ice.
• Sedimentation can occur in a variety of environments, including rivers, lakes, oceans, and deserts.

All of the above sentences are correct. Talus and scree are like the by-products of granular disintegration which occur because of the insolation process and these are created because of insolation as well as the different mineral composition of rocks. Erosion, as the term indicates is the removal or transportation of weathered rock material from one place to another. Hence it is a dynamic process unlike weathering. However, Mechanical weathering involves the disintegration and breaking of rocks by frost action, freeze and thaw and pressure release.

The correct answer is Ultraviolet radiation

Key Points

• The ozone layer is one of the layers in the earth’s atmosphere inside the stratosphere layer.
• It absorbs ultraviolet radiation and protects people, animals, plants, and marine life from the sun’s harmful rays.
• It was discovered by Charles Fabry and Henri Buisson in 1913.
• It can absorb 98% of the sun’s ultraviolet rays and almost 90% of ozone is located in the stratosphere layer at a distance of 15 to 30 km from the surface of Earth.
• In 1989, the Montreal protocol came to protect the ozone layer by cutting the substances that deplete the ozone layer.

Additional Information

• Ozone, or trioxygen, is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula O ₃.
• It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell. It is an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than the diatomic allotrope O ₂, breaking down in the lower atmosphere to O ₂.
• Ozone is a particularly effective absorber of UV radiation.
• The ozone layer in the stratosphere absorbs a portion of the radiation from the sun, preventing it from reaching the planet's surface. Most importantly, it absorbs the portion of UV light called UVB.
• UVB is a kind of ultraviolet light from the sun (and sun lamps) that has several harmful effects.

​Access to post-operative care and follow-up appointments after returning home

While medical tourism provides numerous advantages such as cost savings, access to specialized treatments, and reduced waiting times, it also comes with its set of challenges and potential downsides. These downsides can affect the quality of care and the overall patient experience, making it essential for individuals considering medical tourism to weigh these factors carefully.

Key Points

1. Access to post-operative care and follow-up appointments after returning home:

• This option highlights a significant downside of medical tourism.
• After undergoing medical procedures abroad, patients might face challenges in accessing necessary post-operative care and follow-up appointments upon returning to their home country.
• Coordination between the healthcare provider abroad and local healthcare providers can be complex, leading to potential gaps in care.
• Additionally, complications or questions that arise post-surgery might be harder to address without direct access to the medical team that performed the procedure.
• This can impact the overall success of the treatment and patient recovery.

Additional Information

2. Lack of familiarity with cultural norms and language barriers at the destination:

• While navigating cultural norms and language barriers can be challenging for medical tourists, this factor is not inherently a downside of medical tourism itself but rather a consideration that individuals must prepare for when choosing a destination.
• Many medical tourism providers offer translation services and cultural orientation to minimize these issues.

3. Increased economic benefits for the hosting country:

• This option describes a positive outcome of medical tourism rather than a downside.
• Medical tourism can significantly contribute to the economy of the hosting country by generating revenue, creating jobs, and stimulating local development.
• This aspect is beneficial for the destination country and does not represent a disadvantage for medical tourists.

4. Improved access to preventative healthcare in developing nations:

• This option also outlines a positive impact of medical tourism, particularly for the hosting countries.
• The influx of medical tourists can lead to improvements in healthcare infrastructure and services, including preventative care, benefiting both tourists and the local population.
• This is not a downside for individuals seeking medical treatment abroad.

Important Points

• Potential patients contemplating medical tourism should conduct thorough research and planning, including understanding the risks and challenges associated with post-operative care and follow-up.
• Establishing a plan with healthcare providers both at home and abroad for ongoing care, and considering the purchase of medical tourism insurance, can help mitigate some of these downsides.

Answer: 4) ​Growing preference for virtual experiences over physical travel.

• While there has been an increase in the availability and quality of virtual experiences, particularly accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, this trend is not commonly cited as a significant challenge to the traditional tourism industry.
• Virtual experiences offer supplementary options for exploration and can even stimulate interest in physical travel by providing a taste of what real-world destinations have to offer.
• They can also serve as an accessible means for those unable to travel due to financial, health, or other constraints.
• Virtual tourism might complement rather than compete directly with physical travel experiences.

• This is a real challenge as new and previously less-known destinations become more accessible and market themselves more effectively.
• Competition requires established travel destinations to innovate and improve their offerings to retain and attract tourists.
• It pushes the industry to focus on differentiation and enhancing visitor experiences to stay competitive.

​

• Geopolitical conflicts and tensions can significantly impact the tourism industry by making certain destinations less safe or entirely inaccessible.
• This challenge forces the industry to be adaptable and responsive to changing global dynamics, impacting everything from travel advisories to insurance costs and overall tourist preferences.

• The growing awareness and concern over environmental issues and local community impacts have led to a demand for more responsible and sustainable travel practices.
• This challenge requires the industry to innovate and implement practices that minimize negative impacts while maximizing positive contributions to conservation efforts and local economies.
• It signifies a shift in how travel experiences are designed, marketed, and delivered.

• While the tourism industry faces these and other challenges, addressing them effectively is crucial for long-term sustainability and success.
• The ability to adapt and respond to changing consumer preferences, global situations, and calls for responsible practices will distinguish industry leaders.
• Embracing innovation and sustainability can transform challenges into opportunities for growth and positive impact.

Answer: ​2) Growing affordability and accessibility of travel options.

In recent years, the demographics of global tourism have undergone significant shifts, with more diverse groups of people traveling than ever before. Various factors have contributed to this transformation, but one of the most impactful has been the growing affordability and accessibility of travel options. This trend has democratized travel, breaking down barriers that previously limited the ability of numerous populations to explore new destinations.

• The rise of budget airlines, the proliferation of online travel agencies, and the increasing availability of affordable accommodation options, such as hostels and vacation rentals, have made travel more accessible to a broader range of income levels.
• Additionally, the digital revolution has simplified the process of researching and booking travel, making it easier for individuals to customize their trips to fit their budgets and preferences.
• This democratization of travel has enabled a more diverse demographic, including younger travelers, families, and people from emerging economies, to participate in global tourism.

• While increased travel restrictions can influence patterns of tourism, they are more likely to deter or redirect travel rather than fundamentally shift demographics.
• Geopolitical tensions and associated travel restrictions tend to have a temporary and region-specific impact, rather than driving a broad and lasting change in tourist demographics.

• The popularity of all-inclusive resorts and traditional sight-seeing tours reflects the preferences of certain tourist segments but does not represent a primary driver of the shift in demographics.
• While these options remain attractive for travelers seeking convenience and predictability, they do not inherently diversify the tourist population or expand access to travel on a large scale.

• Contrary to a decline, there has been a growing interest in adventure travel and cultural immersion experiences among tourists seeking authentic and memorable experiences.
• This trend reflects a shift in consumer preferences toward more personalized and unique travel experiences but does not directly influence the broadening demographics of travelers.
• The increase in diverse travel experiences actually complements the democratization of travel, catering to the varied interests of the expanding tourist population.

• The growing affordability and accessibility of travel have profound implications for the tourism industry and destinations worldwide.
• It encourages not only a larger volume of travelers but also a richer diversity of tourist experiences, as destinations seek to cater to the varied interests and needs of a broader audience.
• This trend underscores the importance of sustainable and inclusive tourism practices to ensure that the benefits of increased travel are widely shared and that destinations can manage the environmental and social impacts of tourism.

The correct answer is B and D are true, A and B are false.

Key Points

• Air is a mixture of various gases.
• Green plants release oxygen.
• Hence statement B is correct.
• 21% of the air comprises of oxygen gas which is essential for human survival.
• Plants cannot themselves take oxygen directly from the air but rely mainly on the supply of combined nitrogen in the form of ammonia, or nitrates, resulting from nitrogen fixation by free-living bacteria in the soil.
• Hence statement A is false.
• Helium, Argon and Ozone gases are present in small quantities in the air.
• Tiny dust particles are present in the air.
• Hence statement D is correct.

Thus, we can say that Green plants release oxygen gas and tiny dust particles are present in the air.

The slum is defined as a run-down area of the city characterized by substandard housing and squalor and lacking in tenure security by the UN-Habitat. Slums have high rates of criminal activities, high poverty, lack of infrastructure, lack of basic health care facilities, etc. Population though is generally high in slums; one billion people worldwide live in slums.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

Some countries only support self-sufficiency on food supplies, which means that there is little surplus for exports and hence can afford only a few imports. Whereas, on the other hand, countries which have a large international trade, can import a large amount of goods. This means that a wide range of products and manufactured goods are available as surplus. Thus, the volume of international trade is taken as a country's guide to economic well-being. As the economic well-being of a country increases, the number of employments, living standards, and others increase.

People in primary sector do most of their jobs in the outdoors. This is the reason that they are called red collar workers. Secondary and tertiary sectors workers are called as blue collar and white-collar workers respectively.

Chatham Saw Mill is the saw mill situated in Chatham Island of Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India. It was set up in 1883 with the primary objective to meet the local requirements of saw and timber for the constructional works.

The coral reefs are the marine counterparts of Tropical rainforests.

Important Points

• Coral reefs are often called the "tropical rainforests of the sea" for their astounding richness of life.
• Due to their structural complexity, corals are one of the most productive ecosystems on Earth, providing important services to mankind including fisheries, coastal protection, medicines, recreation, and tourism.
• Corals are tiny animals that live in colonies and derive nourishment and energy from a symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae algae.
• Coral reefs are formed over the course of thousands of years as limestone skeletons constructed by corals accumulate and form a structural base for living corals.
• Scientists estimate reefs provide a home for millions of species  from brightly colored tropical fish to sea cucumbers which produce anti-cancer compounds.
• Like tropical rainforests, coral reefs are imperilled by human influences.
• Coral reefs are particularly fragile ecosystems, partly due to their sensitivity to water temperature.
• When corals are physiologically stressed - as is the case when water temperatures are elevated - they may lose much of their symbiotic algae, an event known as "bleaching."

• Corals can recover from short-term bleaching, but prolonged bleaching can cause irreversible damage.

Thus, we can conclude that the coral reefs are the marine counterparts of Tropical rainforests.

The correct answer is E. Kant.
Key PointsExceptionalism

Exceptionalism refers to the belief that geography and history are methodologically distinct from other systematic sciences because they are peculiarly concerned with the study of the unique and the particular. This idea is closely associated with Kantianis

Immanuel Kant:

• Born in 1724 at Konigsberg in East Prussia (Russia) and passed away in 1804.
• Kant was more of an ‘armchair geographer’
• His contribution in the fields of astronomy, geology, and geography.
• He was regarded as the ‘father of exceptionalism'.

Additional Information

• Exceptionalism is the perception or belief that a species, country, society, institution, movement, individual, or time period is "exceptional" (i.e., unusual or extraordinary). The term carries the implication, whether or not specified, that the referent is superior in some way.
• But when viewed through the lens of exceptionalism, even the worst atrocities can become tolerable to the historically challenged.
• In other words, the louder insistence on exceptionalism may actually herald a greater acceptance of foreign ideas.
• The time has come to debunk the myth of human exceptionalism once and for all.

The correct answer is Rural depopulation.

Key Points

• Rural depopulation processes affect regions where the rural exodus surpasses natural growth, reducing the total number of inhabitants to a critical level and causing aging of demographic compositions.
• Nevertheless, depopulation may also be caused by displacement because of large infrastructure investments.

• Industrialization occurs when an industry is introduced on a large scale to a region or country — for example, when an economy goes from being based on agriculture to being based on production and other industries.
• This period hence referred to the Industrial Revolution.
• Urbanization relates to the increasing number of people that live in urban areas.
  • Urbanization is not solely a modern phenomenon, but a rapid and historic transformation of human social roots on a global scale, whereby predominantly rural culture is being quickly replaced by predominantly urban culture.

La Niña is a climate pattern that describes the cooling of surface ocean waters along the tropical west coast of South America. La Nina is considered to be the counterpart to El Nino, which is characterized by unusually warm ocean temperatures in the equatorial region of the Pacific Ocean.

The correct answer is Relocative
Key Points

Relocative:

• It is the geographical transfer of culture traits by movements of people across space.
• As the location continuously changes, this type of diffusion is coined relocation diffusion.
• An example is the movement of a bush fire, which has burned out at the origin but continues to spread at the periphery.
• Immigration from country to country, city to city, etc.
• As they relocate to a new location, they bring their ideas, cultural tradition such as food, music, and more.

Additional InformationCulture diffusion

• Culture diffusion, also often called cultural diffusion or transcultural diffusion, is a term from anthropology, specifically cultural anthropology, a subfield that focuses on how cultures vary among the human population. Cultural diffusion describes the spread of one culture’s practices, beliefs, and/or items, like food, music, or tools.
• Hierarchical Diffusion

1. It is when an idea spreads by passing first among the most connected individuals, then spreading to other individuals.
2. Think of the chain of command in businesses, and the government.
3. There’s somewhat of a hierarchy in terms of position of authority.

Expansion Diffusion

1. Expansion diffusion is the spread of a factor or an innovation from a centre with the concentration of things being diffused throughout the society.

Contagious Diffusion

1. It is the expansion which affects all the individuals and areas uniformly from a source region.
2. The introduction of a new fashion trend which spreads like a wildfire through various social media sites can be cited as an example.

The correct answer is Peru Current.Key Points

• The Peru Current, also known as the Humboldt Current, is a cold ocean current that flows along the western coast of South America.
• It is named after the German geography and explorer Alexander von Humboldt, who was one of the first scientists to study and describe the current and its effects on the marine ecosystem and the climate of the region.
• During his expeditions to South America in the late 18th and early 19th centuries,
• Humboldt observed the cold and nutrient-rich waters of the current and the unique marine life it supported,
• Humboldt studied the relationship between the current and weather patterns in the region, including the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon.
• Humboldt current (speeds to 20 cm per sec) is a stream carrying the relatively cold (15°-20°C) waters of the temperate latitudes from the West Wind Drift to the equator.

Additional InformationEl Nino

• El Nino is a warm ocean current that flows along the coast of South America.
• It is associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, which is a climate pattern characterized by the warming of the surface waters of the tropical Pacific Ocean.

California Current

• The California Current is a cold ocean current that flows along the coast of North America,
• specifically, the west coast of the United States and Canada, starting from southern British Columbia to the southern tip of Baja California.

Alaskan Current

• The Alaskan Current is a cold ocean current that flows along the coast of Alaska, from the Gulf of Alaska to the Bering Sea.
• The Alaskan Current is a part of the North Pacific Current, which flows from the Gulf of Alaska to the Bering Sea.
• It is driven by the prevailing westerly winds and the outflow of cold, low-salinity water from the Arctic Ocean.

The purpose of Weber's least cost theory is to look at the costs of each item in the processing chain, from acquiring raw materials to putting a completed product on a shop shelf.

Important Points

• This hypothesis is based on the 'least-cost principle,' which is used to determine where a manufacturing industry should be located.
• The idea is founded on the assumption of a single, isolated nation with uniform conditions.
• Some of the natural resources in this environment may be found anywhere, while others are restricted to certain areas.
• The labor is stationed in a certain area.
• In this case, transportation expenses are determined by cargo weight and distance.
• Demand for all items is the same across the board, the price for all products is consistent across all locations.
• The location P with the lowest transport cost is where the overall cost of conveying raw materials and finished goods is the lowest.
• The type of raw materials and the Material Index of each raw material has a significant impact on the placement of an industry in a triangle region.​

Additional Information

• W.Isard- is a well-known American economist who is credited with founding the field of regional science as well as one of the disciplines of peace studies and peace economics.
• M.K. Bandman- was an economic geographer from the Soviet school of geography and was responsible for the theory of rationalisation.
• D.M. Smith- introduced the Welfare element in his approach to human geography.

The closed folds are formed due to intense compressive actions. Joints are fractures where no rock displacement takes place. The limbs of an asymmetrical fold are inclined at different angles and are irregular. The isoclinal folds have limbs parallel to each other, and they are formed when a compressive force is equally strong on both sides.

Thus, the Correct answer is D.

• The Atlantic Ocean has several great canyons. Among them, the Fosse de Cape Breton canyon is one that is found along the western continental shelves of the European continent. It lies on the floor of the Bay of Biscay, near the coast of south-western France. The canyon is in front of an old river, Adour.
• The Pacific Ocean has about 32 deeps, among which most of them are trenches. The Tonga Kermadec trench is a trough like depression extending from north east to south west along the Tonga and Kermadec islands. They are measured to be 8000m deep.
• The Mediterranean Sea has deep elongated basins which extend from east to west. Because of a ridge the sea is divided into western and eastern parts. The Algiers-Provencal basin lies in the western part of the western Mediterranean. This basin is bound by 2700m contour showing deepest areas not crossing 2900m.
• The Indian Ocean is also divided by the central ridge into several basins. Among them the Cocos-Keeling basin is the most extensive basin found on the eastern side of the central ridge, extending from 10-degree N to 50-degree S. The average depth ranges from 2000-4000m. This basin is also known as the Indo-Australian Basin.