Read the information given below carefully and answer the following question. Technological progress continues to accelerate and at some point, the technology of “mind uploading” becomes possible. Some human individuals upload and make many copies of themselves. Meanwhile, there is gradual progress in neuroscience and artificial intelligence, and eventually it becomes possible to isolate individual cognitive modules and connect them up to modules from other uploaded minds. Possibly, modules would need to be trained before they can communicate with each other effectively. Modules that conform to a common standard would be better able to communicate and cooperate with other modules and would therefore be economically more productive, creating a pressure for standardization. There might be multiple standards; some modules might specialize in translating between incompatible standards. Competitive uploads begin outsourcing increasing portions of their functionality: “Why do I need to know arithmetic when I can buy time on Arithmetic-Modules Inc. whenever I need to do my accounts? Why do I need to be good with language when I can hire a professional language module to articulate my thoughts? Why do I need to bother with making decisions about my personal life when there are certified executive-modules that can scan my goal structure and manage my assets so as best to fulfill my goals?” Some uploads might prefer to retain most of their functionality and handle tasks themselves that could be more efficiently done by others. They would be like hobbyists who enjoy growing their own vegetables or knitting their own cardigans; but they would be less efficient than some other uploads, and they would consequently be outcompeted over time. Q. Which of the following is important for making copies of humans?

Module must be good at arithmetic.

Module must be hobbyist who enjoys his work.

Module must be more efficient than the human whose mind is to be copied

It must be possible to isolate individual cognitive modules and connect them up to modules from other uploaded minds.

Biodiversity is the living fabric of our planet. It underpins human well-being in the present and in the future, and its rapid decline threatens nature and people alike. According to reports released in 2018 by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), the main global drivers of biodiversity loss are climate change, invasive species, over-exploitation of natural resources, pollution and urbanization .Biodiversity loss implies the reduction and disappearance of species and genetic diversity and the degradation of ecosystems. It jeopardizes nature‘s vital contributions to humanity, endangering economies, livelihoods, food security, cultural diversity and quality of life, and constitutes a major threat to global peace and security. Biodiversity loss also disproportionally affects the most vulnerable exacerbating inequality .To halt or reverse this decline it is vital to transform people‘s roles, actions and relationships with biodiversity. This transformation has already begun with the commitment of the international community to the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of Agenda 2030. This global and holistic framework highlights the complex interconnections and interdependencies between society, biodiversity and sustainable development. It recognizes that human behaviour, values and choices shape people‘s interactions with biodiversity, all of which have a direct impact on our collective future on the planet. Awareness and appreciation of the diverse values of biodiversity need to be further amplified and mainstreamed within this global framework in order to transform human behaviour in favour of biodiversity conservation and its sustainable use. Many solutions exist for stopping and reversing the decline in biodiversity. UNESCO‘s diverse networks, programmes and partners have observed positive and inspiring seeds of change around the world. UNESCO also accompanies Member States and their people in their efforts to halt biodiversity loss by understanding, appreciating, safeguarding and using biodiversity sustainably. This publication highlights some of UNESCO‘s biodiversity-related actions and solutions, based on the Organization‘s unique mandate and its diverse normative instruments, networks, programmes and partners. These actions have reduced biodiversity loss and improved the lives of many people around the planet. For each thematic challenge, the publication highlights current actions and solutions that have been successfully implemented, as well as suggestions for improvement and innovation. Q. Which of the following statements is incorrect?

Programmes and activities undertaken by UNESCO have brought about changes which reduced biodiversity losses and improved lives worldwide.

One of the key steps in reducing biodiversity loss is to change human behaviour, values and choices.

Biodiversity loss is the major driving cause for climate change.

Read the information given below carefully and answer the following question. Cybercrime is an evolving form of transnational crime. The complex nature of the crime as one that takes place in the border-less realm of cyberspace is compounded by the increasing involvement of organized crime groups. Perpetrators of cybercrime and their victims can be located in different regions, and its effects can ripple through societies around the world, highlighting the need to mount an urgent, dynamic and international response. Q. Which among the following is the most logical and rational inference that can be made from the above passage?

There is an urgent need of a vigorous global response to the complex challenges posed by rising cybercrime.

With the involvement of scattered organized crime groups, controlling cybercrime is has become impossible.

International policing networks should be formed in order to track cyber criminals in various locations.

The sensitive information of governments should be removed from cyberspace to protect it from cybercrimes.

Read the information given below carefully and answer the following question. Collective bargaining is a key means through which employers and their organizations and trade unions can establish fair wages and working conditions. It also provides the basis for sound labour relations. Typical issues on the bargaining agenda include wages, working time, training, occupational health and safety and equal treatment. The objective of these negotiations is to arrive at a collective agreement that regulates terms and conditions of employment. Collective agreements may also address the rights and responsibilities of the parties thus ensuring harmonious and productive industries and workplaces. Q. Which among the following is the most logical and rational inference that can be made from the above passage?

All problems of industrial harmony and productivity can be solved by collective bargaining.

Collective bargaining helps in ensuring sufficient output and coordination of industries

Sufficient wages for labour cannot be assured without doing collective bargaining.

Use of collective bargaining is irrelevant for the future existence of industries.

Read the information given below carefully and answer the following question. Given the multifaceted contribution of services to national economy and trade, it is critically important for countries to design and implement a servicesdriven development strategy within a coherent and comprehensive policy framework, ensuring linkages with other policy areas and overall national development objectives. However, due to the complexity of the services sector and the broad range of actors involved across ministries, departments and agencies at different levels of government as well as in the private sector, developing and implementing such a strategy remains a challenge for many countries. Hence the slow progress in positively integrating developing countries into the global services economy and increasing their participation in services trade. It is therefore imperative to increase public and private sector advocacy to mobilize policy attention and resources to boost the sector's contribution to growth and development. Q. Which of the following is the most rational inference from the above passage?

Developing countries will not be able to develop services sector due to the complexities involved.

Policymakers must find ways and means to increase their country’s participation in services trade.

The services sector will be the most important driver of sustainable growth in the future.

The complex nature of services has discouraged policy action towards making it a key economic driver.

Read the information given below carefully and answer the following question. Change is over-rated, anyway. Consider the automobiles. It’s an especially valuable example, because the auto industry has spent tens of billions of dollars on research and product development in the last 100 years. Henry ford’s first car had a metal chassis with an internal combustion, gasoline-powered engine. Four wheels with rubber tyres, a foot operated clutch assembly and brake system, a steering wheel, and four seats, and it could safely do 18 miles per hour. A hundred years and tens of thousands of research hours later, we drive cars with a metal chassis with an internal combustion, gasoline powered engine, four wheels with rubber tyres, a foot operated clutch assembly and brake system, a steering wheel, four seats-and the average speed in London in 2001 was 17.5 miles per hour! That’s not a hell of a lot of return for the money. Ford evidently doesn’t have much to teach us about change. The fact that they are still manufacturing cars is not proof that it takes very large companies to make cars in great quantities- making for an almost impregnable entry barrier. Fifty years after the development of the jet engine, planes are also little changed. They’ve grown bigger, wider and carry more people. But those are incremental, largely cosmetic changes. Taken together, this lack of real change has to come to mean that in travel – whether driving or flying – time and technology have not combined to make things much better. The safety and design have of course accompanied the times and the new volume of cars and flights, but nothing of any significance has changed in the basic assumptions of the final product. Q. According to the passage, which of the following statement is true?

Executive of automobile companies are inefficient and ludicrous.

The speed at which an automobile is driven in a city has not changed much in a century.

Anthropology factors have fostered innovation in automobiles by promoting use of new technologies.

Further innovation in jet engines has more than incremental.

Read the information given below carefully and answer the following question. Change is over-rated, anyway. Consider the automobiles. It’s an especially valuable example, because the auto industry has spent tens of billions of dollars on research and product development in the last 100 years. Henry ford’s first car had a metal chassis with an internal combustion, gasoline-powered engine. Four wheels with rubber tyres, a foot operated clutch assembly and brake system, a steering wheel, and four seats, and it could safely do 18 miles per hour. A hundred years and tens of thousands of research hours later, we drive cars with a metal chassis with an internal combustion, gasoline powered engine, four wheels with rubber tyres, a foot operated clutch assembly and brake system, a steering wheel, four seats-and the average speed in London in 2001 was 17.5 miles per hour! That’s not a hell of a lot of return for the money. Ford evidently doesn’t have much to teach us about change. The fact that they are still manufacturing cars is not proof that it takes very large companies to make cars in great quantities- making for an almost impregnable entry barrier. Fifty years after the development of the jet engine, planes are also little changed. They’ve grown bigger, wider and carry more people. But those are incremental, largely cosmetic changes. Taken together, this lack of real change has to come to mean that in travel – whether driving or flying – time and technology have not combined to make things much better. The safety and design have of course accompanied the times and the new volume of cars and flights, but nothing of any significance has changed in the basic assumptions of the final product. Q. Which of the following views does the author fully support in the passage?

Nothing is as permanent as change.

More money spent on innovation leads to more rapid change.

Over decades, structural change has been incremental.

Directions: In each question, a statement is followed by two assumptions I and II. You have to consider the statement and the following assumptions and decide which of the assumption(s) is/are implicit in the statement. Q. Statement: When we think of an equation in physical science, we are stubbornly objected by the fundamental deficiency of mathematics to represent the language of the universe clearly. Assumptions: I. Mathematics is the language of the universe. II. Mathematics can at best be only a helping agent to science. Mark the answer as:

if only assumption I is implicit

if only assumption II is implicit

if both assumption I and II are implicit

if neither assumption I nor II is implicit

Directions: In each question, a statement is followed by two assumptions I and II. You have to consider the statement and the following assumptions and decide which of the assumption(s) is/are implicit in the statement. Q. Statement: The queen had a stepdaughter who ruined her legacy Assumptions: I. The queen was/is married II. The queen ruled wisely Mark the answer as:

if only assumption I is implicit

if only assumption II is implicit

if both assumption I and II are implicit

if neither assumption I nor II is implicit

Read the information given below carefully and answer the following question. At the end of the nineteenth century, a rising interest in Native American customs and an increasing desire to understand Native American culture prompted ethnologists to begin recording the life stories of Native American. Ethnologists had a distinct reason for wanting to hear the stories: they were after linguistic or anthropological data that would supplement their own field observations, and they believed that the personal stories, even of a single individual, could increase their understanding of the cultures that they had been observing from without. In addition, many ethnologists at the turn of the century believed that Native American manners and customs were rapidly disappearing, and that it was important to preserve for posterity as much information as could be adequately recorded before the cultures disappeared forever. There were, however, arguments against this method as a way of acquiring accurate and complete information. Franz Boas, for example, described autobiographies as being “of limited value, and useful chiefly for the study of the perversion of truth by memory,” while Paul Radin contended that investigators rarely spent enough time with the tribes they were observing, and inevitably derived results too tinged by the investigator’s own emotional tone to be reliable. Even more importantly, as these life stories moved from the traditional oral mode to recorded written form, much was inevitably lost. Editors often decided what elements were significant to the field research on a given tribe. Native Americans recognized that the essence of their lives could not be communicated in English and that events that they thought significant were often deemed unimportant by their interviewers. Indeed, the very act of telling their stories could force Native American narrators to distort their cultures, as taboos had to be broken to speak the names of dead relatives crucial to their family stories. Despite all of this, autobiography remains a useful tool for ethnological research: such personal reminiscences and impressions, incomplete as they may be, are likely to throw more light on the working of the mind and emotions than any amount of speculation from an ethnologist or ethnological theorist from another culture. Q. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

The historical backgrounds of two currently used research methods are chronicled.

The validity of the data collected by using two different research methods is compared.

The usefulness of a research method is questioned and then a new method is proposed.

The use of a research method is described and the limitations of the results obtained are discussed.

Read the information given below carefully and answer the following question. At the end of the nineteenth century, a rising interest in Native American customs and an increasing desire to understand Native American culture prompted ethnologists to begin recording the life stories of Native American. Ethnologists had a distinct reason for wanting to hear the stories: they were after linguistic or anthropological data that would supplement their own field observations, and they believed that the personal stories, even of a single individual, could increase their understanding of the cultures that they had been observing from without. In addition, many ethnologists at the turn of the century believed that Native American manners and customs were rapidly disappearing, and that it was important to preserve for posterity as much information as could be adequately recorded before the cultures disappeared forever. There were, however, arguments against this method as a way of acquiring accurate and complete information. Franz Boas, for example, described autobiographies as being “of limited value, and useful chiefly for the study of the perversion of truth by memory,” while Paul Radin contended that investigators rarely spent enough time with the tribes they were observing, and inevitably derived results too tinged by the investigator’s own emotional tone to be reliable. Even more importantly, as these life stories moved from the traditional oral mode to recorded written form, much was inevitably lost. Editors often decided what elements were significant to the field research on a given tribe. Native Americans recognized that the essence of their lives could not be communicated in English and that events that they thought significant were often deemed unimportant by their interviewers. Indeed, the very act of telling their stories could force Native American narrators to distort their cultures, as taboos had to be broken to speak the names of dead relatives crucial to their family stories. Despite all of this, autobiography remains a useful tool for ethnological research: such personal reminiscences and impressions, incomplete as they may be, are likely to throw more light on the working of the mind and emotions than any amount of speculation from an ethnologist or ethnological theorist from another culture. Q. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about the usefulness of life stories as a source of ethnographic information?

They can be a source of information about how people in a culture view the world.

They are most useful as a source of linguistic information.

They require editing and interpretation before they can be useful.

They are most useful as a source of information about ancestry.

Read the information given below carefully and answer the following question. Climate change has triggered the development of renewables and electric vehicles. Whether these vehicles spread as rapidly as predicted, over the next few years they will crowd out the demand for oil substantially. And if climate change concerns intensify, the transformation of the world oil market could be even faster. Even more so if other new technologies, like fuel cells, hydrogen-based power generation, ride sharing and autonomous driving also take off. So even though it is hard to say which way oil prices will go next week or next month, by 2040 oil will be much cheaper than it is today. Q. Which of the following is the most rational inference from the above passage?

Reduction in oil prices is the only way to address the global climate change concerns.

Oil consumption and demand is the sole contributor to climate change in the world.

Oil will no longer be needed for consumption in the future due to the rise in clean technologies.

Rising climate change concerns and resultant changes will reduce oil prices in the distant future.

Read the information given below carefully and answer the following question. The group of Twenty (G20) was established in 1999 to bring together Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors of systemically important industrialised and developing economies to discuss key issues relating to the global economy and finance stability. By contributing to the strengthening of the international financial architecture and providing opportunities for dialogue on national policies, international cooperation, and international financial institutions, the G-20 helps to support growth, financial stability and development across the globe. Since its inception, the G20 has held annual Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governor’s meetings and discussed measures to promote financial stability in the world and achieve sustainable economic growth and development. In the wake of the global financial and economic crisis in 2008, the G20 was elevated to a Leader Summit. It was designated as a premier forum for international economic cooperation in 2009, effectively replacing the G8 as a forum for steering the global issues. The move was considered as a milestone in reforming global governance, making it more inclusive since this forum comprises both emerging as well as industrialised economies. Several landmark reforms of international financial institutions were initiated at the behest of the G20 which heightened the expectation for bringing about fundamental changes in the functioning of the global institutions and in the global governance structure. India as a member of the G20 has been actively engaged in global economic governance and in shaping the world order. The most concerted response to the global economic crisis came from the platform of the G20 countries. G20 Leaders Summits have set the agenda rolling for both short and medium-term actions to meet the crisis. Q. Which of the following fact mentioned in the passage best highlights the great significance being attached to the G-20 by the world leaders in current politicoeconomic situation of the world?

It is to effectively replace to G-8

India as a member of G-20 has been actively engaged in global economic governance.

Reforms of international financial institutions have been initiated at the behest of G-20.

The most concerted response to global economic crisis came from the platform of the G-20 countries.

Read the information given below carefully and answer the following question. The contemplation of beauty as a concept has taken many dimensions; the universal theme that runs through all such thinking is the centrality of the beholder, which implies that beauty does not come alive unless there is a gifted and well-trained mind capable of perceiving, criticising and appreciating the object of beauty. This argument is an old favourite of the artists who obsess over muses to create masterpieces, which are their interpretation of the muse. It is a challenge to frame this concept of beauty into an idea of education that can be attuned in a practical setup of everyday life, for common people. This lack of pedagogical mainstreaming of art has regrettably kept thoughtful beauty in reserves of museums and galleries, while in the background our TV screens and public places are flooded with gross objects that incite an immediate sensual upsurge, with not even the training given to the common man, to interpret it kindly. What ensues is a hyper-consumption of fundamentally tasteless art. Q. According to the context laid out in the passage, which of the following is the most appropriate assumption of the term ‘muse’?

An object that invokes artistic expression

OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 8 Free MCQ Practice Test with Solutions

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