31 Years NEET Previous Year Questions: Health & Disease - 1 - NEET MCQ

To correctly match the items in List I with List II, we need to understand each term and its relationship:
Common Cold is primarily caused by Rhinoviruses. Hence, A is linked with III.
Haemozoin is a byproduct of the digestion of blood by parasites such as Plasmodium (which causes malaria). Therefore, B corresponds with I.
Widal test is a diagnostic test for Typhoid fever, caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. Thus, C matches with II.
Allergy can be triggered by many allergens, including Dust Mites, which are a common cause of respiratory and dermatological allergies. Consequently, D aligns with IV.
Based on this, the matching should be:
A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
Therefore, the correct answer is: Option C: A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV

To solve this matching problem, we need to identify which plant or application each substance in List I is correctly associated with in List II.

List I (Substances) and List II (their sources or uses):
Cocaine - Cocaine is derived from the coca plant, known scientifically as Erythroxylum. This matches with III in List II.
Heroin - Heroin is derived from the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. This corresponds to IV in List II.
Morphine - Like heroin, Morphine is also derived from the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. However, morphine is also directly associated with its use as a sedative in surgery, making I a valid association for its usage.
Marijuana - Marijuana is derived from Cannabis sativa, which corresponds to II in List II.

With this information:

A (Cocaine) matches with III (from Erythroxylum).
B (Heroin) matches with IV (Papaver somniferum).
C (Morphine) as an effective sedative in surgery matches with I.
D (Marijuana) matches with II (Cannabis sativa).

The correct matching based on the provided options is: Option D: A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
This option correctly matches the substance with their respective sources or primary uses.

Autoimmune disorders are conditions in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues. Analysis of the given diseases in the context of autoimmune disorders includes:
Myasthenia gravis: This is an autoimmune disorder where antibodies interfere with the communication between nerves and muscles, leading to muscle weakness.
Rheumatoid arthritis: Another autoimmune disease where the immune system mistakenly attacks the lining of the joints, causing inflammation and potentially leading to joint deformity.
Gout: This is not an autoimmune disease; it's a form of arthritis caused by excess uric acid in the bloodstream, resulting in the formation of crystals in joints, not by immune system activity attacking body tissues.
Muscular dystrophy: This refers to a group of genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass, not caused by an autoimmune response.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): It is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks various body systems including skin, joints, and organs like kidneys and heart.
With this analysis, the correct diseases identified as autoimmune disorders are Myasthenia gravis, Rheumatoid arthritis, and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Therefore, among the provided options, the correct answer is: Option B: A, B & E only.

The correct answer is option no. (A) as both statements I and II are correct.
In humans, the bone marrow is the main lymphoid organ where all blood cells including lymphocytes are produced.
Both bone-marrow and thymus provide micro-environments for the development and maturation of T-lymphocytes.
Options (B), (C) and (D) are incorrect.

To correctly match List I (Diseases) with List II (Pathogen Types), we need to understand the causative agents for each disease listed in List I.

Details for each disease:

Typhoid: This is a bacterial infection caused by Salmonella typhi. Hence, it matches with "Bacteria".
Leishmaniasis: This disease is caused by parasitic protozoans of the genus Leishmania. Therefore, it corresponds to "Protozoa".
Ringworm: Despite its name, ringworm is not caused by a worm. It’s a fungal infection on the skin, caused by various types of fungi. So, Ringworm should be associated with "Fungus".
Filariasis: Also known as lymphatic filariasis, this condition is caused by infection with parasites classified as nematodes (roundworms) of the family Filarioidea. Thus, it matches with "Nematode".

With this understanding:
A should be paired with IV (Bacteria).
B should be paired with III (Protozoa).
C should be paired with I (Fungus).
D should be paired with II (Nematode).

Corresponding to the options provided:

Option A: A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV - Incorrect
Option B: A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II - Correct!
Option C: A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II - Incorrect
Option D: A-II, B-IV, C-III, D-I - Incorrect

Therefore, the correct answer is Option B: A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II.

Option (a) is the correct answer because: 

• Ringworm is a fungal infection of the skin, hair, or nails.It is caused by various species of dermatophyte fungi, including Trichophyton, Microsporum and  Epidermophyton.
• Filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by several species of thread-like nematode worms (filarial worms). The most common filarial worms causing the disease include Wuchereria bancrofti. It is a  causative agent of lymphatic filariasis, a type of filariasis that affects the lymphatic system.
• Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites.
• Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs, and it can be caused by various infectious agents, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms. Haemophilus influenzae is indeed one of the bacteria that can cause pneumonia, especially in certain populations, like children and older adults.

The correct answer is option (A) because using conventional methods of diagnosis like serum and urine analysis, etc, do not help in early diagnosis. Recombinant DNA technology, Polymerase Chain Reaction [PCR] and Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA) are some of the techniques that serve the purpose of early diagnosis. 

• Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It can be effectively treated with antibiotics, especially when detected early.
• Hepatitis B, HIV Infection, and Genital Herpes are caused by viruses. These viral infections can be managed with antiviral therapy but they are typically not completely curable.

• Heroin belongs to the category of opioids and it is a depressant that slows down body functions.
• Marijuana is known for its effect on the cardiovascular system of the body.
• Cocaine interferes with the transport of the neurotransmitter dopamine.
• Morphine is used is a sedative and painkiller.

HIV, or the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, primarily infects CD4+ T cells, which are a type of T cell. In the context of the options given, TH cells, or T helper cells, are a subset of CD4+ T cells.

There are two main types of immunity in human body:
1. Innate immunity is the non-specific immunity present at the time of birth. This works on physical, physiological, cytological and chemical barriers.
2. Acquired immunity is the adaptive or specific immunity which a person develops during his/her lifetime. This works by B-cell and T-cells of the body.

• Option (c) is the correct answer as autoimmune disorder is a condition where body defense mechanism recognises its own cells as foreign bodies. Sometimes, due to genetic and other unknown reasons, the body attacks self cells.
• Rheumatoid arthritis is an example where body attacks self cells (synovial membrane).

So Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.

• Option (1) is the correct answer as the body is able to differentiate between ‘self’ and ‘non-self’ and the cell-mediated immune response is responsible for the graft rejection.
• Option (2) is incorrect as body of higher vertebrates have the ability to differentiate foreign organisms from self cells.
• Option (4) is incorrect as the autoimmune response occur when the body’s immune system fails to recognize ‘self’ from ‘non-self’ and starts destroying the body’s own cells.

• Bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae are responsible for the disease pneumonia in humans which infects the alveoli (air filled sacs) of the lungs.
• Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite in the large intestine of humans which causes amoebiasis (amoebic dysentery).
• Wuchereria (W. bancrofti and W. malayi), the filarial worms cause a slowly developing chronic inflammation of the organs in which they live for many years, usually the lymphatic vessels of the lower limbs and the disease is called elephantiasis or filariasis.
• Many fungi belonging to the genera Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton are responsible for ringworms which is one of the most common infectious diseases in man, appearance of dry, scaly lesions on various parts of the body such as skin, nails and scalp are the main symptoms of the disease.

Hence, the correct option is D.

NCERT Reference: Topic “8.1 COMMON DISEASES IN HUMANS” of chapter 8 of NCERT.

• Active immunity is slow and takes time to give its full effective response.
• Foetus receiving some antibodies from their mother, through the placenta during pregnancy is an example of passive immunity.
• Active immunity is the immunity in which when a  host is exposed to antigens either living or dead, antibodies are produced in the host body.
• In passive immunity, readymade antibodies are directly given to protect the body against foreign agents.

Hence, the correct option is A.

Topic in NCERT: Active and Passive Immunity

Line in NCERT: "Active immunity is slow and takes time to give its full effective response."

• The infectious stage of Plasmodium that enters the human body is sporozoites that are formed as a result of sexual reproduction in the gut of the vector female Anopheles mosquito.
• These sporozoites then migrate to the salivary glands of the insect to infect the next human host.

Hence, the correct option is D.
NCERT Reference: Page no. 147 of topic “8.1 COMMON DISEASES IN HUMANS” of chapter 8.

Line in NCERT: "Plasmodium enters the human body as sporozoites (infectious form) through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquito."

• Transplantation of tissue/organ often fails due to non-acceptance by the patient’s body therefore, tissue matching and blood group matching are essential before undertaking any graft/transplant.
• When the immune system recognises the protein in the transplanted tissue or organ as foreign, it initiates cellular immunity. As a result of this, there is a rejection of transplanted organs.
• Graft rejection is due to a cell-mediated immune response. Cell-mediated immunity enables the body to differentiate between self and non-self.
• To suppress the immune response during transplantation, histocompatibility antigen and immunosuppressants play an important role.

Hence, the correct option is A.

Topic in NCERT: Cell-mediated immune response or cell-mediated immunity (CMI)

Line in NCERT: "The body is able to differentiate 'self' and 'nonself and the cell-mediated immune response is responsible for the graft rejection."

• Typhoid is caused by Salmonella typhi. It is a Gram-negative bacterium.
• Typhoid fever can be confirmed by the Widal test, which is based on an antigen-antibody reaction.
• Plasmodium vivax causes malaria and Streptococcus pneumoniae is the causative agent of pneumonia. 
• Anthrone test is used for carbohydrate quantification.

Hence, the correct option is B.

Topic in NCERT: PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS AND DISEASES

Line in NCERT: "Salmonella typhi is a pathogenic bacterium which causes typhoid fever in human beings." "Typhoid fever could be confirmed by Widal test."

An illness that occurs when the body tissues are attacked by its own immune system is known as autoimmune disease.

• Psoriasis, Vitiligo and Rheumatoid arthritis are autoimmune diseases.
• Alzheimer's is caused by brain cell death. It is a neurodegenerative disease. There is progressive brain cell death that happens over time. It is not an autoimmune disease.

Hence, the correct option is A.
NCERT Reference: Page no. 153 of topic “8.2.6 Auto Immunity” of chapter 8 of NCERT.

• Antivenom injection is an antiserum (preformed antibodies) which is obtained from the snake poison and it is transferred to the person with a snake bite. It is used to provide immediate immunity in case of emergency.
• Polio vaccines are vaccines used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio). Two types are used - an inactivated poliovirus (antigen) given by injection and an attenuated poliovirus (antigen) given by mouth. Oral polio vaccine contains the live attenuated pathogen which can induce an immune response in the recipient without making them ill.
• The inactivated polio vaccines are very safe. Mild redness or pain may occur at the site of injection. Oral polio vaccines cause vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis.

Hence, the correct option is D.

NCERT Reference: Page no. 152 of topic “8.2.4 Vaccination and Immunisation” of chapter 8 of NCERT.

• Autoimmunity is a disorder of the body’s defence mechanism in which an immune response is elicited against its own tissues, which are thereby damaged or destroyed.
• Autoimmunity may be caused due to genetic or environmental factors.

Hence, the correct option is C.
NCERT Reference: Page no. 153 of topic “8.2.6 Auto Immunity” of chapter 8 of NCERT.

Line in NCERT: "due to genetic and other unknown reasons, the body attacks self-cells. This results in damage to the body and is called auto-immune disease."

• Encephalitis is a disease of inflammation of the brain. It is not transmitted sexually. Most commonly it is caused by a virus.
• Syphilis is a bacterial infection usually spread by sexual contact. The disease starts as a painless sore — typically on your genitals, rectum or mouth. Syphilis spreads from person to person via skin or mucous membrane contact with these sores.
• Trichomoniasis (or “trich”) is a very common sexually transmitted disease (STD). It is caused by infection with a protozoan parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis.
• AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is the final and most serious stage of HIV disease, which causes severe damage to the immune system.

HIV has been found in saliva, tears, nervous system tissue, blood, semen (including pre-seminal fluid, or "pre-cum"), vaginal fluid, and breast milk. However, only blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk have been proven to transmit the infection to others.

Hence, the correct option is C.

NCERT Reference: Topic “8.1 COMMON DISEASES IN HUMANS” of chapter 8 of NCERT.

• After infection, HIV starts to destroy the T cells (T-helper lymphocytes). T cells are very important for the immune system.
• In the early stage of infection, a decline in numbers of T cells is observed.
• When the virus enters the host cell, reverse transcriptase, which is virally encoded, converts the RNA into DNA.
• The DNA of the virus is integrated into the DNA of cells with the help of integrase, and thus replication begins. This is identified by a reduction in the amount of helper T cells compared to normal helper T cells.

Hence, the correct option is B.

Topic in NCERT: HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE

Line in NCERT: "Simultaneously, HIV enters into helper T-lymphocytes (T), replicates and produce progeny viruses."

• Entamoeba histolytica is a pathogenic amoeba that is well-known for infecting humans with intestinal and extraintestinal infections.
• The trophozoites of Entamoeba secrete proteolytic enzymes which partially dissolve and loosens the mucosa, submucosa, and blood capillaries of the colon wall.
• On entering the colon, it actively ingests intestinal tissues and RBCs. 
• Serious damage ulceration is observed in the colon wall. This E. histolytica feeds on erythrocyte, mucosa, and submucosa of the colon which leads to amoebiasis.

Hence, the correct option is D.

NCERT Reference: Page no. 146 of topic “​8.1 COMMON DISEASES IN HUMANS” of chapter 8 of NCERT.

• Option (a) is the correct answer because cellular barriers include NK cells, macrophages (monocytes) and neutrophils (PMNL).
• Cytokine barriers include interferons.
• Physical barriers include mucus membranes and skin.
• Physiological barriers include HCl in gastric juice, saliva and tears etc.

• HIV: is transmitted through blood, semen, breast milk, and other body fluids.
• Chikungunya: is an infection caused by the chikungunya virus. It is a viral disease transmitted to humans by infected mosquitoes.
• Ebola virus: has been detected in blood and many body fluids. Body fluids include saliva, mucus, vomit, faeces, sweat, tears, breast milk, urine, semen, and vaginal fluids.
• Hepatitis B: is usually spread through blood, semen, or other body fluids from a person infected with the virus.

Hence , the correct answer is option B
NCERT Reference: Page no. 150 of topic “​8.1 COMMON DISEASES IN HUMANS” of chapter 8 of NCERT.

(a) - (iv) Tuberculosis vaccine (BCG) has inactivated bacteria.
(b) - (iii) In the whooping cough vaccine, there are killed pathogens of Bordetella pertussis which cause whooping cough.
(c) - (ii) In DPT, diphtheria toxoid is present.
(d) - (i) Sabin polio vaccine contains inactivated virus.

Hence, the correct answer is option B.

NCERT Reference: Page no. 152 of topic “8.2.4 Vaccination and Immunisation” of chapter 8 of NCERT.

• IgA is found in the body’s external secretion, such as milk and colostrum.
• Colostrum contains high levels of lgA, which gives passive immunity to the child.

Hence, the correct option is B.

Topic in NCERT: Active and Passive Immunity

Line in NCERT: "The yellowish fluid colostrum secreted by mother during the initial days of lactation has abundant antibodies (IgA) to protect the infant."

Serum globulins test provides confirmatory evidence measuring the deficiency of antibodies (γ -globulin) in a person.

Hence, the correct option is C.

Line in NCERT: "These proteins are called antibodies."

• Babesiosis is malaria like disease caused by protozoan-Babesia. 
• Babesiosis is transmitted to humans by ticks, and it frequently coexists with other tick-borne disorders like Lyme disease.
• Symptoms include fever, chills, bodily aches, and loss of appetite etc. 
• In this disease hemoglobinuric fever takes place.

Hence, the correct option is B.

Line in NCERT: "Some of the human diseases are caused by protozoans too. You might have heard about malaria, a disease man has been fighting since many years. Plasmodium, a tiny protozoan is responsible for this disease."