Test: Infertility (NCERT) - NEET MCQ

In test tube baby or in vitro fertilisation technique, the ovum is fertilised with the sperm outside the body of a woman providing the ovum with the same environmental conditions as it would have got inside the uterus. The zygote formed is grown inside a culture and when embryo (having 8 or more blastomeres) is formed, it is then implanted into uterus where it develops into foetus.

Line in NCERT: "In Vitro fertilisation followed by transfer of embryo into the female genital tract is one such method and is commonly known as the Test Tube Baby' Programme."

GIFT (Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer) is transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the Fallopian tube of another female who cannot produce ovum but can provide proper environment for fertilization and further development.

Line in NCERT: "the zygote or early embryos (with upto 8 blastomeres) could then be transferred into the fallopian tube (ZIFT-zygote intra fallopian transfer) and embryos with more than 8 blastomeres, into the uterus (IUT – intra uterine transfer), to complete its further development."

Inability to conceive or produce children even after unprotected sexual intercourse is called infertility. Specialised infertility clinics can help in diagnosis and proper treatment of infertile couples. But, when such treatment is not possible, the couples can be assisted to have children through certain special techniques called assisted reproductive technologies (ART).

Line in NCERT: "the couples could be assisted to have children through certain special techniques commonly known as assisted reproductive technologies (ART)."

Abortions could occur spontaneously too. The reason for this could be any physiological problem in the mother or foetus or both. During complete lactation, there is no ovulation and thus chances of conceiving are nil or less during this period. Creating awareness about reproduction by audio-visual and print media, governmental and non-governmental agencies help in creating a reproductively healthy society. Infertility is the inability to produce viable offspring due to defects in either male or female or both the partners.

Line in NCERT: "Abortions could happen spontaneously too." "Inability to conceive or produce children even after 2 years of unprotected sexual cohabitation is called infertility." "Complete lactation could help as a natural method of contraception." "Creating awareness about sex related aspects is an effective method to improve reproductive health of the people."

Numerous children have been produced by in vitro fertilisation without any abnormality. Foetal sex determination test should be banned as it is being misused for female foeticide.

Surgical method of contraception prevents gamete transport. In males it is called vasectomy and in females it is called tubectomy.

Line in NCERT: "MTPs are considered relatively safe during the first trimester, i.e., upto 12 weeks of pregnancy." "Government of India legalised MTP in 1971 with some strict conditions to avoid its misuse." "Inability to conceive or produce children even after 2 years of unprotected sexual cohabitation is called infertility."

In test tube baby piogtamme, the zygote is allowed to divide upto 8 blastomeres in the labotatoiy, then it is transterred into the Fallopian tube. This technique is called ZIFT(Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer)

Line in NCERT: "In this method, popularly known as test tube baby programme, ova from the wife/donor (female) and sperms from the husband/donor (male) are collected and are induced to form zygote under simulated conditions in the laboratory. The zygote or early embryos (with upto 8 blastomeres) could then be transferred into the fallopian tube (ZIFT-zygote intra fallopian transfer) and embryos with more than 8 blastomeres, into the uterus (IUT – intra uterine transfer), to complete its further development."

IUI (Intra-Uterine Insemination) is the technique where sperms either from husband or healthy donor are artificially introduced either into vagina or into uterus to carry out fertilisation.

Line in NCERT: "Infertility cases either due to inability of the male partner to inseminate the female or due to very low sperm counts in the ejaculates, could be corrected by artificial insemination (AI) technique."

In-vitro fertilization technique essentially involves the fusion of ovum and sperm outside the body of the female. The zygote is allowed to develop in-vitro and embryo with 6-8 blastomere is transferred into the uterus. the baby thus developed is called test tube baby.
(i) In IVF, ova from the wife/donor female and sperm from the husband/donor male are induced to form zygote in the test-tube or in-vitro.
(ii) Embryo with 2 blastomeres is not transferred into the uterus. It is allowed to develop.
(iii) If the embryo has achieved 6-8 blastomeres, it is tranferred into the uterus for implantation.
(iv) The baby thus developed is called the test tube baby.

Line in NCERT: "In this method, popularly known as test tube baby programme, ova from the wife/donor (female) and sperms from the husband/donor (male) are collected and are induced to form zygote under simulated conditions in the laboratory." "The zygote or early embryos (with upto 8 blastomeres) could then be transferred into the fallopian tube (ZIFT-zygote intra fallopian transfer) and embryos with more than 8 blastomeres, into the uterus (IUT – intra uterine transfer), to complete its further development." "In Vitro fertilisation followed by transfer of embryo into the female genital tract is one such method and is commonly known as the Test Tube Baby' Programme."

• I - F (IVF): In vitro fertilization (IVF) involves the collection of gametes and their fertilization in the laboratory to form a zygote.
• II - B (ZIFT): Zygote intra-fallopian tube transfer (ZIFT) involves transferring a zygote or early embryo (up to 8 blastomeres) into the oviduct.
• III - E (IUT): Intrauterine transfer (IUT) involves transferring a zygote with more than 8 blastomeres into the uterus.
• IV - H (In-vivo fertilization): Fusion of gametes within the female, which is the natural process of fertilization.
• V - A (GIFT): Gamete intra-fallopian tube transfer (GIFT) involves transferring ovum from a donor to the oviduct of the recipient.
• VI - D (ICSI): Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) involves injecting sperm directly into the ovum in vitro.

Thus, the correct match is: I - F, II - B, III - E, IV - H, V - A, VI - D.

Line in NCERT: "the zygote or early embryos (with upto 8 blastomeres) could then be transferred into the fallopian tube (ZIFT-zygote intra fallopian transfer) and embryos with more than 8 blastomeres, into the uterus (IUT – intra uterine transfer), to complete its further development."