Important Questions (2 marks): Socialism In Europe And The Russian Revolution - Class 9 MCQ

Features of 19th century Europe:
1. New cities: The 19th century saw the emergence of new cities as a result of urbanization, population growth, and industrialization. These cities became centers of economic activity and attracted people from rural areas.
2. Industrial Revolution: The Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 18th century, continued to shape 19th century Europe. It brought about significant advancements in manufacturing, transportation, and technology, leading to the growth of industries such as textiles, iron and steel, and coal mining.
3. Expansion of Railways: The 19th century witnessed a massive expansion of railway networks across Europe. Railways played a crucial role in facilitating trade, connecting cities, and enabling the movement of goods and people. They contributed to economic growth and transformed transportation systems.
4. High wages: This statement is not true. While the Industrial Revolution did bring about economic growth, it also led to significant disparities in wealth distribution. Many workers faced low wages, poor working conditions, and long hours of labor. The concept of fair wages and workers' rights only gained prominence later in the 19th century through labor movements and trade unions.
Therefore, the correct answer is B: High wages.

Jadidists were Muslim reformers within the Russian empire who wanted modernized Islam to lead their societies. They supported the liberals of Russia who campaigned against the autocracy of the Tsar and demanded a constitution during the 1905 revolution.

False
The statement is incorrect. The secret police known as the Cheka, GPU, and NKVD were actually established and operated under the Bolshevik government, not against their supporters. Here's a detailed explanation:
1. The Cheka: The Cheka, also known as the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage, was founded in December 1917 by the Bolshevik government. Its main purpose was to eliminate counter-revolutionary activities and threats to the newly established Soviet regime.
2. The GPU: In 1922, the Cheka was replaced by the State Political Directorate (GPU), which continued the work of its predecessor. The GPU was responsible for internal security and suppressing any opposition to the Bolshevik government.
3. The NKVD: In 1934, the GPU was reorganized and became the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD). The NKVD served as the Soviet Union's main law enforcement agency and was responsible for maintaining internal security, conducting mass arrests, and carrying out purges under Stalin's regime.
4. Punishment of Bolshevik supporters: The Cheka, GPU, and NKVD were primarily focused on eliminating political opponents, counter-revolutionaries, and perceived threats to the Bolshevik government. They were not used to punish those who supported the Bolsheviks.
In summary, the Cheka, GPU, and NKVD were secret police organizations that operated under the Bolshevik government and were responsible for suppressing opposition and maintaining internal security. They were not used to target or punish supporters of the Bolsheviks.

Socialist:

• Favoured private property: No


• Were against private property: Yes


• Favoured individually controlled property: No


• Regarded private property as a solution to all problems: No

Explanation:
Socialism is an ideology that advocates for the collective ownership and control of the means of production. It prioritizes social equality and the redistribution of resources. Here is a breakdown of the options and why "B: were against private property" is the correct answer:
- Favoured private property: Socialists do not generally support the idea of private property, as they believe it leads to inequality and exploitation.
- Were against private property: This is the correct answer. Socialists argue that private property concentrates wealth and power in the hands of a few, leading to social and economic disparities.
- Favoured individually controlled property: Socialists advocate for collective ownership and control of property, rather than individual control.
- Regarded private property as a solution to all problems: Socialists do not view private property as a solution to all problems. They believe that it perpetuates inequality and class divisions.
In summary, socialists are against private property and instead advocate for collective ownership and control of resources.

Central Powers in World War I
The Central Powers were a group of countries that formed an alliance during the First World War. This alliance consisted of:
Austria
- Austria-Hungary, also known as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was one of the central powers.
- It played a significant role in the outbreak of the war after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.
Germany
- Germany was another major power in the Central Powers.
- It was led by Kaiser Wilhelm II and had a powerful military.
Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
- The Ottoman Empire, which is present-day Turkey, was also part of the Central Powers.
- It controlled territories in the Middle East and played a significant role in the war in the Eastern Mediterranean.
Therefore, the correct answer is B: Austria, Germany, Turkey.

In Russia, peasants wanted the land of the nobles to be given to them. Frequently, they refused They pooled their land together periodically and their commune (mir) divided it according to the needs of individual families.

Capitalists believed in
Profit and private property:
- Capitalists believed in the accumulation of wealth through profit-making activities.
- They believed in the right to own private property and use it to generate income.
- The profit motive was central to their economic ideology.
Individual freedom:
- Capitalists believed in individual freedom and the ability to make choices regarding economic activities.
- They opposed state control and intervention in the economy, advocating for free markets and limited government interference.
Competition:
- Capitalists valued competition as a driving force for economic growth and efficiency.
- They believed that competition between individuals and businesses would lead to innovation, better products, and lower prices.
Market economy:
- Capitalists supported a market-based economic system where prices and production are determined by supply and demand.
- They believed that the market mechanism would allocate resources efficiently and promote economic growth.
Entrepreneurship:
- Capitalists believed in the importance of entrepreneurship and the role of entrepreneurs in driving economic development.
- They encouraged individuals to take risks, invest capital, and start businesses to create wealth and employment opportunities.
Minimal government intervention:
- Capitalists advocated for limited government intervention in the economy.
- They believed that government regulations and restrictions hindered economic growth and innovation.
Overall, capitalists believed in profit-making, private property, individual freedom, competition, market economy, entrepreneurship, and minimal government intervention. These beliefs formed the foundation of their economic ideology and shaped their approach to economic policy.

Explanation:
The correct answer is B: Anti-German sentiments during the war made the Russians change the name.
During World War I, tensions between Russia and Germany were high. The Russian government wanted to distance itself from anything German-related, including the names of cities. Therefore, they decided to change the name of the capital city, St. Petersburg, to Petrograd in 1914.
Reasons for the name change:
1. Anti-German sentiments: The main reason for the name change was the anti-German sentiments that prevailed during World War I. Russia was at war with Germany, and changing the name of the city was a way to remove any association with Germany.
2. Patriotic reasons: The name Petrograd was chosen because it had a more Russian-sounding and patriotic feel to it. It was derived from the Russian words "Petro" and "grad," which mean "Peter" and "city" respectively.
3. Political motivations: The name change also had political motivations. It was seen as a way to show support for the war effort and to symbolize the strength and resilience of the Russian people.
4. Historical significance: The name Petrograd was chosen to honor Peter the Great, the founder of St. Petersburg. By changing the name to Petrograd, the Russian government wanted to emphasize its connection to the country's history and heritage.
In 1924, after the death of Vladimir Lenin, the city's name was changed again to Leningrad in his honor. Finally, in 1991, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the city's original name, St. Petersburg, was restored.

The Tsar, Nicholas II, abdicated on 2nd March 1917 amidst the February Revolution, marking the end of the Romanov dynasty's rule in Russia and the beginning of the Provisional Government's authority.

Socialists of 19th century Europe:
- Karl Marx: Karl Marx was a German philosopher, economist, and political theorist. He is best known for his work in developing the theory of communism and socialism. Marx co-authored "The Communist Manifesto" with Friedrich Engels, which outlines their vision for a classless society.
- Friedrich Engels: Friedrich Engels was a German philosopher, social scientist, and communist revolutionary. He collaborated closely with Karl Marx and co-authored "The Communist Manifesto" with him. Engels played a significant role in developing Marxist theory.
Other important socialists of 19th century Europe include:
- Robert Owen: Robert Owen was a Welsh social reformer and industrialist. He advocated for workers' rights, including the idea of cooperative communities where workers would share in the profits and decision-making.
- Pierre-Joseph Proudhon: Pierre-Joseph Proudhon was a French politician, economist, and philosopher. He is considered one of the early proponents of anarchism and mutualism, advocating for a system where workers would own and control the means of production.
- Ferdinand Lassalle: Ferdinand Lassalle was a German socialist and labor leader. He played a crucial role in the formation of the first German workers' party, the General German Workers' Association, which later became the Social Democratic Party of Germany.
- August Bebel: August Bebel was a German socialist politician and co-founder of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. He advocated for workers' rights, women's suffrage, and social welfare reforms.
These are just a few examples of important socialists in 19th century Europe. They played significant roles in shaping socialist theory and the labor movement during this period.

Introduction:
The Russian Secret Police, also known as the Soviet Secret Police, had various names throughout its history. One of the most well-known names by which it was referred to is the Cheka.
Explanation:
The Russian Secret Police, also known as the Soviet Secret Police, played a significant role in maintaining the security and control of the Soviet Union during its existence. Here is a detailed explanation of the various names by which it was referred to:
- Cheka: The Cheka, also known as the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage, was the original name of the Russian Secret Police. It was established in December 1917 by Vladimir Lenin and was responsible for suppressing opposition to the Bolshevik government.
- Gestapo: The Gestapo was the secret police force of Nazi Germany, not the Russian Secret Police. It was responsible for enforcing Hitler's policies and suppressing dissent during the Second World War.
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): The Central Intelligence Agency is the intelligence agency of the United States, not the Russian Secret Police. It is responsible for gathering and analyzing intelligence to support national security and foreign policy objectives.
- Storm troopers: Storm troopers, also known as Sturmabteilung (SA), were the paramilitary organization of the Nazi Party in Germany. They played a significant role in the rise of Hitler and the Nazi regime but were not directly associated with the Russian Secret Police.
Conclusion:
The Russian Secret Police, also known as the Soviet Secret Police, was referred to by the name "Cheka." This organization played a crucial role in maintaining the control and security of the Soviet Union during its existence.

Socialist International body:
- The Socialist International is an international organization of social democratic, socialist, and labor parties. It aims to promote social justice, democracy, and human rights.
- It was founded in 1951 and has grown to include over 150 member parties from all around the world.
- The Socialist International works to develop policies and strategies to address global issues such as poverty, inequality, and climate change.
- Member parties of the Socialist International collaborate and exchange ideas on political, economic, and social issues.
- The organization also provides a platform for member parties to coordinate their efforts and advocate for progressive policies at the international level.
Socialist Democratic party:
- The Socialist Democratic party is a political party that subscribes to social democratic principles.
- Social democracy is a political ideology that combines elements of socialism and democracy, advocating for a mixed economy, welfare state, and social justice.
- Social Democratic parties are generally committed to achieving social and economic equality through democratic means.
- Examples of Socialist Democratic parties include the German Social Democratic Party (SPD) and the Swedish Social Democratic Party (SAP).
Socialist party:
- The Socialist party is a political party that promotes socialist principles and policies.
- Socialism is an economic and political theory that advocates for the collective ownership and democratic control of the means of production.
- Socialist parties vary in their specific ideologies and policy goals, but generally aim to reduce economic inequality and create a more equitable society.
- Examples of Socialist parties include the French Socialist Party (PS) and the British Socialist Party.
Labour party:
- The Labour party is a political party that represents the interests of the working class and advocates for social and economic justice.
- Labour parties are typically affiliated with trade unions and prioritize workers' rights and welfare.
- The Labour party has had significant influence in countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand.
- The party's policies often focus on issues such as fair wages, employment rights, and public services.
Second International:
- The Second International was an international organization of socialist and labor parties that existed from 1889 to 1916.
- It aimed to coordinate the efforts of socialist parties around the world and promote the ideals of socialism.
- The Second International played a crucial role in the development of socialist and labor movements during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
- However, it eventually dissolved due to ideological differences and the outbreak of World War I.

The Roots of All Evils in Society: Private Property
According to socialists, private property is considered the root cause of all evils in society. Let's explore this viewpoint in detail:
1. Ownership and Inequality: Socialists argue that private property leads to the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a few individuals or groups. This concentration of ownership creates significant wealth disparities and perpetuates inequality in society.
2. Exploitation of Labor: Socialists believe that private property enables the exploitation of labor by the owners of capital. They argue that the capitalist system, based on private property, allows capitalists to profit from the labor of workers while paying them wages that are often inadequate.
3. Commodification of Resources: Private property encourages the commodification of resources and goods, leading to the exploitation and depletion of natural resources for profit. Socialists argue that this approach prioritizes profit over sustainability and the well-being of communities and the environment.
4. Alienation: Private property is seen as a source of alienation and social division. Socialists argue that the capitalist system, driven by private property, fosters competition, individualism, and a lack of solidarity among members of society. They advocate for a more communal approach to property ownership to promote cooperation and unity.
5. Unequal Access to Resources: Socialists perceive private property as a barrier to equal access to resources and opportunities. They argue that the concentration of property in the hands of a few limits the ability of others to access essential resources, such as land, housing, and education, leading to social injustice.
6. Alternative Vision: Socialists propose alternative models, such as collective or state ownership, where property is held collectively for the benefit of society as a whole. They believe that such models can address the inequalities and socio-economic problems associated with private property.
It is essential to note that this perspective on private property is specific to socialist ideology, and other political and economic theories may have different views on the role and impact of private property in society.

Ruler of Russia during World War I:
The correct answer is C: Tsar Nicholas II.
Explanation:
During World War I, Russia was ruled by Tsar Nicholas II. Here are some key details about his reign and involvement in the war:
- Tsar Nicholas II was the last Emperor of Russia, ruling from 1894 until his abdication in 1917.
- He ascended to the throne following the death of his father, Tsar Alexander III.
- Nicholas II's reign was marked by significant challenges and unrest, leading to the Russian Revolution in 1917.
- Russia's involvement in World War I began in 1914 when Nicholas II decided to support Serbia against Austria-Hungary.
- The war put a strain on Russia's resources and led to economic and social hardships for its citizens.
- Nicholas II took personal command of the Russian army in 1915, despite having little military experience.
- However, the war effort was plagued by poor leadership, supply shortages, and high casualties.
- The discontent and dissatisfaction caused by the war, combined with other factors, eventually led to the Russian Revolution and the end of the Romanov dynasty.
Overall, Tsar Nicholas II's reign during World War I was marked by significant challenges and ultimately contributed to the downfall of the Russian monarchy.

'Kulaks' were well to do peasants. These peasants were raided by the party members of Stalin as it was believed that rich peasants and traders in the countryside were holding stocks in the hope of higher prices.