Important Questions (1 mark): Socialism In Europe And The Russian Revolution - Class 9 MCQ

During the eighteenth century the French Society was divided into three groups. These groups were called estates.
The three types of groups were:

(i) First estate: Clergy belonged to first estate of the French society. They were holders of land . They intervened into politics of the state. They had become pleasure loving.
(ii) Second estate: Nobility belong to the 2^nd estate of the French society. They were also free from taxes. Luxury and pleasure were the main Features of their life. 
(iii) Third estate: The third estate of the French society was further divided into three categories. Big businessmen, merchants, court officials, lawyers etc. This class was well educated. Their financial condition was good. Members of the third state had to pay all types of taxes.

So he put forward three demands, called as Lenin's 'April Theses':
(i) The war to be brought to an end and Russia should withdraw itself from the war.
(ii) Land to be transferred to the peasants, thus feudalism to be banned.
(iii) Banks to be nationalised.

Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on liberty, consent of the governed and equality before the law.

• In the eighteenth century, conservatives had been generally opposed to the idea of change.
• After the French revolution, however, even conservatives had opened their minds to the need for change.
• By the nineteenth century, they accepted that some change was inevitable but believed that the past had to be respected and change had to be brought about through a slow process.

Czar issued a manifesto in October 1905, he promised to grant freedom of speech, press, and assembly.
Also promised a constitution and an elected body called the ‘Duma’ to make the laws.

Russian Revolution: Fall of monarchy in February 1917 and events of October normally called the Russian revolution. Tsar Nicholas ruled Russia in 1914.

Liberals:
(i) Liberals were one of the groups which looked to change society. They wanted a 'secular' nation that tolerated all religions.
(ii) They opposed religious discrimination and uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers. They wanted to safeguard the rights of individual.
(iii) They wanted a representative, elected Parliamentary Government and a well-trained judiciary that was independent of rulers and officials.
(iv) They did not believe in universal adult franchise. They did not want the vote for women and felt only men of property should have the vote.

"Emperor” remained the official title for subsequent Russian rulers, but they continued to be known as “tsars” in popular usage until the imperial regime was overthrown by the Russian Revolution of 1917.

Lenin's ideas about the peasants:
- Lenin believed that the peasants were not one united group.
- He recognized that some peasants were poor and worked as laborers.
- Lenin also acknowledged that some peasants were rich and acted as capitalists, owning land and employing workers.
However, Lenin did not suggest that:
- The peasants were all parts of a socialist movement.
Therefore, the correct answer is D: "They were all parts of a socialist movement."
Explanation:
- Lenin's ideas about the peasants were based on his understanding of class struggle and the role of different social classes in society.
- He recognized that the peasantry was a diverse group with different economic and social positions.
- Some peasants were impoverished and worked as laborers, while others were relatively wealthy and owned land.
- However, Lenin did not view the peasants as a unified force within the socialist movement.
- Instead, he believed that the industrial proletariat, the working class, was the revolutionary class that would lead the socialist revolution.
- Lenin's ideas on the peasants were significant in shaping his strategy for the Russian Revolution and the subsequent policies of the Soviet government.

On the issue of Property and privileges liberals and Radicals were differ.