Political Science Mock Test- 4 - Class 9 MCQ

What makes an election democratic?

• Universal Adult Franchise: This ensures that every adult citizen of the country has the right to vote, regardless of caste, creed, religion, gender, or economic status.



• Free and fair Election: Elections should be conducted in a transparent manner without any interference or manipulation, ensuring that the will of the people is accurately reflected in the results.

Therefore, the correct options that make an election democratic are (i) Universal Adult Franchise and (iv) Free and fair Election.

Head of Government in our country

• Prime Minister: The Prime Minister is the head of the government in our country. They are the leader of the ruling party or coalition in the parliament and are responsible for running the government, making important decisions, and representing the country on the national and international stage.


• President: While the President is the head of state in our country, the Prime Minister holds the position of the head of government. The President's role is more ceremonial, while the Prime Minister is responsible for the day-to-day governance of the country.


• Chief Justice of India: The Chief Justice of India is the head of the judiciary and is responsible for upholding the constitution and ensuring that justice is carried out in the country. They are not the head of the government.


• Chief Election Commissioner: The Chief Election Commissioner is responsible for overseeing the conduct of elections in the country and ensuring that they are free and fair. They do not hold the position of the head of government.

In August 2002, Musharraf issued a ‘Legal Framework Order’ that amended the Constitution of Pakistan. According to this Order, the President could dismiss the National and Provincial Assemblies.

The history of Poland from 1945 to 1989 spans the period of communist rule imposed by the Soviets over Poland after the end of World War II. The Iraq War was a protracted armed conflict that began in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a United States-led coalition that overthrew the government of Saddam Hussein. The conflict continued for much of the next decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government.

One man one vote or one person one vote is a system of voting in which every person in a group or country has the right to cast their vote, and in which each individual's vote is counted and has equal value.

The judiciary in India is also one of the most powerful in the world. The Supreme Court and the High Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution of the country. They can declare invalid any law of the legislature or the actions of the executive, whether at the Union level or at the state level, if they find such a law or action is against the Constitution.

Explanation:

• Constitutional Provision: According to the Constitution of India, the President is the head of the state and the Prime Minister is the head of the government. The President does not have the power to appoint any person of his choice as Prime Minister.


• Appointment of Prime Minister: The Prime Minister is appointed by the President, but this appointment is based on the majority support in the Lok Sabha (House of the People). The leader of the political party or coalition with the majority in the Lok Sabha is usually appointed as the Prime Minister.


• Selection Process: The President invites the leader of the majority party or coalition to form the government and become the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister-designate then proves majority support in the Lok Sabha through a floor test.


• Role of the President: While the President does play a role in appointing the Prime Minister, it is not an arbitrary decision. The appointment is based on democratic principles and the will of the people as expressed through their elected representatives in the Lok Sabha.

During apartheid, people were divided into four racial groups and separated by law. The system was used to deny many basic rights to non-White people, mainly Black people who lived in South Africa. The law allowed white people to be in certain areas. Black people had to carry special passes or have permission to travel outside their designated area, or work in particular areas reserved for Whites. The government separated mixed communities and forcibly moved many black people off their land (From 1960 to 1983 the Bantustan Policy was enforced to forcibly move South African blacks out of the areas designated for 'whites'). Many other laws were made, for example: interracial marriage was outlawed; Black people could not own land in White areas or vote.

The struggle against the oppressive apartheid regime was led by the African National Congress (ANC). The ANC organised protests and strikes to voice their disgust of the apartheid system. 

In the 2024 Council of Ministers, there are 30 Cabinet Ministers, 5 Ministers of State (Independent Charge) and 36 Ministers of State.

Powers of the Prime Minister

> The Prime Minister chairs the meetings of the Cabinet.

> He coordinates the working of different departments. In case of any disagreement between two or more departments, the decision of the Prime Minister is final.

> The Prime Minister supervises the functions of various ministries. He can distribute and redistribute the work to the ministers

Some privileges enjoyed by the clergy and nobility are: They are not liable to pay taxes to the government. Third estate or the peasants provide services to them. They collect tax and levies from the third estate parties that is, the peasants for tithes.

The system of apartheid divided the people and labelled them on the basis of their skin colour. The native people of South Africa are black in colour. They made up about three-fourth of the population and were called 'blacks'.

Who were treated as inferiors?

• Blacks: The native people of South Africa, who made up about three-fourth of the population, were referred to as 'blacks' and were treated as inferiors under the apartheid system.


• Coloured: People of mixed races, who were also known as 'coloured', were considered inferior under the apartheid system.

Both these groups, along with other non-whites, were subjected to discriminatory laws and practices that treated them as inferior to the white rulers in South Africa.

When our fundamental rights are violated then we can directly approach the Supreme court of India through right to constitutional remedies.In case of any one of the fundamental rights being denied or deprived to the citizen of the country, the individual or the party has the right to present their case in a court.

Motilal Nehru's Draft Constitution for India
Motilal Nehru, the prominent Indian leader and lawyer, played a significant role in the Indian independence movement. He was also a member of the Indian National Congress and served as its president. In addition to his political activism, Nehru made important contributions to the constitutional development of India.
When did Motilal Nehru draft a Constitution for India?
Motilal Nehru drafted a Constitution for India in 1928. This document is commonly known as the Nehru Report and was prepared by a committee headed by Motilal Nehru himself.
Key Points:
- The Nehru Report was a response to the Simon Commission, a British initiative to assess the progress of constitutional reforms in India.
- The report was a comprehensive document that outlined the proposed structure and principles of the future Indian constitution.
- It called for a dominion status for India within the British Empire, with a parliamentary system of government and a federal structure.
- The report also emphasized the protection of fundamental rights, religious and cultural freedom, and the representation of minorities.
- The Nehru Report received significant attention and contributed to the discussions and debates surrounding constitutional reforms in India.
- Ultimately, the Nehru Report served as a foundation for future constitutional developments, including the Government of India Act 1935 and the Constitution of India adopted in 1950.
In conclusion, Motilal Nehru drafted a Constitution for India in 1928, which is commonly known as the Nehru Report. This document played a significant role in shaping the constitutional development of India and contributed to the eventual adoption of the Indian Constitution in 1950.

Answer:
The 1931 session of the Indian National Congress was held in Karachi. Here is a detailed explanation:
- The Indian National Congress is a political party in India that played a crucial role in India's struggle for independence from British rule.
- The party holds annual sessions to discuss and plan its strategies and policies.
- In 1931, the Congress session was held in Karachi, which was then a part of undivided India.
- The session was significant as it marked the adoption of the historic "Poorna Swaraj" (Complete Independence) resolution by the Congress.
- The resolution declared the objective of the Indian National Congress to be the attainment of Purna Swaraj by the Indian people.
- The session was attended by prominent leaders of the Indian National Congress, including Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.
- The Karachi session set the stage for the civil disobedience movement and other non-violent protests that followed in the struggle for independence.
Conclusion:
The 1931 session of the Indian National Congress was held in Karachi, where the historic "Poorna Swaraj" resolution was adopted, marking a significant moment in India's fight for independence.

Features accepted by all the Indian leaders much before they sat down to make the Constitution:
- Universal adult franchise:
- All the Indian leaders unanimously accepted the idea of universal adult franchise, which means every adult citizen of the country, irrespective of their caste, religion, gender, or social status, has the right to vote in elections.
- This feature was seen as an essential aspect of democracy and was aimed at ensuring equal political rights for all citizens.
- Right to freedom:
- The concept of fundamental rights, including the right to freedom, was widely accepted by Indian leaders even before the Constitution was drafted.
- The right to freedom encompasses various freedoms such as freedom of speech and expression, freedom of assembly, freedom of religion, and freedom of movement, among others.
- Indian leaders believed in the importance of safeguarding these fundamental rights to protect individual liberties and promote a democratic society.
- Protection of the rights of minorities:
- Indian leaders recognized the significance of protecting the rights of minorities in a diverse country like India, where people from different religions, languages, and cultures coexist.
- They understood the need to ensure equal rights and opportunities for all individuals, irrespective of their minority status.
- This commitment to protect the rights of minorities was reflected in the Constitution through provisions such as the right to cultural and educational rights for minorities.
Conclusion:
All the Indian leaders unanimously accepted the features of universal adult franchise, right to freedom, and protection of the rights of minorities much before they sat down to make the Constitution. These features were seen as essential principles to establish a democratic and inclusive society in India.

The correct option is B.
The elections are conducted by the Election Commission of India. All members of the Lok Sabha, except two who can be nominated by the President of India, are directly elected through general elections which take place every five years in normal circumstances by universal adult suffrage.
 

Answer:
The election held for only one constituency to fill the vacancy caused due to the death or resignation of a member is called a by-election. Here is a detailed explanation of the term:
By-election:
- A by-election is a special type of election that is conducted to fill a single vacancy in a particular constituency.
- It is held when a member of parliament or a representative resigns, dies, or is disqualified from holding the office.
- By-elections are usually limited to specific constituencies rather than being nationwide like general elections.
- The purpose of a by-election is to ensure that the vacant seat in the legislature is filled promptly and that the constituents have representation.
- The candidates who participate in a by-election are typically from the same political parties or individuals who contest as independent candidates.
- By-elections are important as they allow voters to choose a new representative to serve them and ensure the continuity of democratic governance.
In conclusion, the correct answer is A: By-election.

Dr. Ambedkar referred to the 'Right to Constitutional Remedies' as:
- The heart and soul of our Constitution
Explanation:
- The 'Right to Constitutional Remedies' is mentioned in Article 32 of the Indian Constitution.
- Dr. Ambedkar, who played a pivotal role in drafting the Indian Constitution, considered this right as the most important and essential part of the Constitution.
- He referred to the 'Right to Constitutional Remedies' as the "heart and soul" of the Constitution because it ensures that the fundamental rights of individuals are protected and can be enforced.
- This right provides individuals with the power to approach the Supreme Court for the enforcement of their fundamental rights.
- It acts as a safeguard against any violation of fundamental rights and ensures that citizens have access to justice and can seek redress for any grievances.
- Dr. Ambedkar believed that without the 'Right to Constitutional Remedies', the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution would be meaningless.
- Thus, he considered it the cornerstone of the Constitution, essential for upholding the principles of justice, equality, and democracy.

Rule of law makes no distinction between any citizen, it gives equal basis to a worker and Prime minister.

Drawbacks.

i. Leaders keep changing in a democracy. This leads to instability.

ii. Democracy is all about political competition and power play. There is noscope for morality.

iii. So many people have to be consulted in a democracy that leads to delays.

iv. Elected leaders dont know the best interest of people. It leads to baddecision.

v. Democracy leads to corruption for it is based on electoral competition.

vi. Ordinary people dont what is good for them they should not decideanything.

Definition of 'writ':
A writ is a formal written order issued by a court that commands an individual or entity to perform a specific action or refrain from doing something. It is a legal document that is usually issued by a judge or a judicial officer and is enforceable by law.
Explanation:
The term 'writ' can have different meanings depending on the context, but in the given options, the correct answer is B, which states that a writ is a formal document containing an order of the court to the government. Here's why:
- A writ is a legal instrument used in various legal systems to ensure that justice is served and the rights of individuals are protected. It is an essential tool in the administration of justice.
- Writs can be issued by different levels of courts, such as the Supreme Court, High Courts, or lower courts, depending on the jurisdiction and the nature of the case.
- Writs can be used in various situations, including but not limited to:
- Habeas corpus: A writ used to bring a person who is detained unlawfully before a court to determine the legality of their detention.
- Mandamus: A writ used to compel a public official or government body to perform a specific duty or act.
- Prohibition: A writ used to prevent a lower court from exceeding its jurisdiction or acting unlawfully.
- Certiorari: A writ used to review the decision of a lower court or tribunal to ensure that it was made within the bounds of the law.
- Writs are enforceable orders, and failure to comply with a writ can result in legal consequences, such as contempt of court.
In conclusion, a writ is a formal document containing an order of the court to the government or any other entity, commanding them to perform a specific action or refrain from doing something. It is an important tool in the legal system to ensure justice and protect individual rights.

Constituent Assembly adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950.

Jaipal Singh Munda, born in a tribal Munda family present day jharkhand. He captained the hockey team to clinch gold in the 1928 summer olympics in Amsterdam. As a member of the Constituent Assembly of India, he campaigned for the rights of the whole tribal community.

For Lok Sabha,

When there is a difference in passing the ordinary law between the houses, the final decision has to be taken by the members of both the houses in a joint session. As Lok Sabha has larger number of members, it is likely succeed in such a meeting.
In money matters, Lok Sabha exercises more power. If any money related matters or the budget of the government is passed by the Lok Sabha, the Rajya Sabha cannot reject it. The Rajya Sabha can only suggest changes to it or delay the matter for 14 days. It is at Lok Sabha’s discretion to accept the changes or not.
Unlike Rajya Sabha, the Council of Ministers are controlled by Lok Sabha. If a majority of the Lok Sabha members say they have ‘no confidence’ in the Council of Ministers, all ministers including the Prime Minister, have to quit.

Since its independence in 1930, in Mexico elections are held after 6 years to elect its president but till 2000 every election was won by PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party). No opposition party won the elections because PRI used many dirty tricks to win the elections. All the government employs had to attend all the govt. meetings teachers were supposed to suppress the parents to vote PRI. PRI also controlled the media. 
Thus, we cannot say this type of system a democracy, at last we conclude that Mexico couldn't be called a democracy till 2000.

Democracy must be based on a free and fair elections : 
No doubt, in democracy, the rulers are to be elected by the people. But many more things have also to be kept in view. In many so called democratic countries, the final decisions do not rest with the elected people but with the army officials, as is the case in Pakistan. In some other countries, the elections are held but only one party is allowed to take part in the elections, as is the case with China where the Chinese Communist Party is allowed to take part in the elections. So such a country cannot be called a true democratic country in the true sense of the word, although elections are held there regularly.