Test: CLAT 2023 Mock Test- 5

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

An old man with steel-rimmed spectacles and very dusty clothes sat by the side of the road. There was a pontoon bridge across the river and carts, trucks and men, women and children were crossing it. The mule drawn carts staggered up the steel, bank from the bridge with soldiers helping to push against the spokes of the wheels. The trucks ground up and away heading out of it all. The peasants plodded along in the ankle deep dust. But the old man sat there without moving. It was my business to cross the bridge, explore the bridgehead beyond and find out to what point the enemy had advanced. I did this and returned over the bridge. There were not so many carts now and very few people on foot, but the old man was still there.

"Where do you come from?" I asked him.

"From San Carlos," he said, and smiled.

That was his native town and so it gave him pleasure to mention it and he smiled.

"I was taking care of animals," he explained. "Oh," I said, not quite understanding.

"Yes," he said, "I stayed, you see, taking care of animals. I was the last one to leave the town of San Carlos." He did not look like a shepherd nor a herdsman and I looked at his black dusty clothes and his gray dusty face and his steel rimmed spectacles and said, "What animals were they?"

"Various animals," he said, and shook his head. "I had to leave them."

Q. Which one of the following statements is correct according to the passage?

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

An old man with steel-rimmed spectacles and very dusty clothes sat by the side of the road. There was a pontoon bridge across the river and carts, trucks and men, women and children were crossing it. The mule drawn carts staggered up the steel, bank from the bridge with soldiers helping to push against the spokes of the wheels. The trucks ground up and away heading out of it all. The peasants plodded along in the ankle deep dust. But the old man sat there without moving. It was my business to cross the bridge, explore the bridgehead beyond and find out to what point the enemy had advanced. I did this and returned over the bridge. There were not so many carts now and very few people on foot, but the old man was still there.

"Where do you come from?" I asked him.

"From San Carlos," he said, and smiled.

That was his native town and so it gave him pleasure to mention it and he smiled.

"I was taking care of animals," he explained. "Oh," I said, not quite understanding.

"Yes," he said, "I stayed, you see, taking care of animals. I was the last one to leave the town of San Carlos." He did not look like a shepherd nor a herdsman and I looked at his black dusty clothes and his gray dusty face and his steel rimmed spectacles and said, "What animals were they?"

"Various animals," he said, and shook his head. "I had to leave them."

Q. __________were helping to push the mule drawn carts as per the passage.

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

An old man with steel-rimmed spectacles and very dusty clothes sat by the side of the road. There was a pontoon bridge across the river and carts, trucks and men, women and children were crossing it. The mule drawn carts staggered up the steel, bank from the bridge with soldiers helping to push against the spokes of the wheels. The trucks ground up and away heading out of it all. The peasants plodded along in the ankle deep dust. But the old man sat there without moving. It was my business to cross the bridge, explore the bridgehead beyond and find out to what point the enemy had advanced. I did this and returned over the bridge. There were not so many carts now and very few people on foot, but the old man was still there.

"Where do you come from?" I asked him.

"From San Carlos," he said, and smiled.

That was his native town and so it gave him pleasure to mention it and he smiled.

"I was taking care of animals," he explained. "Oh," I said, not quite understanding.

"Yes," he said, "I stayed, you see, taking care of animals. I was the last one to leave the town of San Carlos." He did not look like a shepherd nor a herdsman and I looked at his black dusty clothes and his gray dusty face and his steel rimmed spectacles and said, "What animals were they?"

"Various animals," he said, and shook his head. "I had to leave them."

Q. As per the passage, where the old man was sitting_________.

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

An old man with steel-rimmed spectacles and very dusty clothes sat by the side of the road. There was a pontoon bridge across the river and carts, trucks and men, women and children were crossing it. The mule drawn carts staggered up the steel, bank from the bridge with soldiers helping to push against the spokes of the wheels. The trucks ground up and away heading out of it all. The peasants plodded along in the ankle deep dust. But the old man sat there without moving. It was my business to cross the bridge, explore the bridgehead beyond and find out to what point the enemy had advanced. I did this and returned over the bridge. There were not so many carts now and very few people on foot, but the old man was still there.

"Where do you come from?" I asked him.

"From San Carlos," he said, and smiled.

That was his native town and so it gave him pleasure to mention it and he smiled.

"I was taking care of animals," he explained. "Oh," I said, not quite understanding.

"Yes," he said, "I stayed, you see, taking care of animals. I was the last one to leave the town of San Carlos." He did not look like a shepherd nor a herdsman and I looked at his black dusty clothes and his gray dusty face and his steel rimmed spectacles and said, "What animals were they?"

"Various animals," he said, and shook his head. "I had to leave them."

Q. According to the passage, who else besides human beings crossed the bridge?

An old man with steel-rimmed spectacles and very dusty clothes sat by the side of the road. There was a pontoon bridge across the river and carts, trucks and men, women and children were crossing it. The mule drawn carts staggered up the steel, bank from the bridge with soldiers helping to push against the spokes of the wheels. The trucks ground up and away heading out of it all. The peasants plodded along in the ankle deep dust. But the old man sat there without moving. It was my business to cross the bridge, explore the bridgehead beyond and find out to what point the enemy had advanced. I did this and returned over the bridge. There were not so many carts now and very few people on foot, but the old man was still there.

"Where do you come from?" I asked him.

"From San Carlos," he said, and smiled.

That was his native town and so it gave him pleasure to mention it and he smiled.

"I was taking care of animals," he explained. "Oh," I said, not quite understanding.

"Yes," he said, "I stayed, you see, taking care of animals. I was the last one to leave the town of San Carlos." He did not look like a shepherd nor a herdsman and I looked at his black dusty clothes and his gray dusty face and his steel rimmed spectacles and said, "What animals were they?"

"Various animals," he said, and shook his head. "I had to leave them."

Q. According to the passage, what was the old man doing?

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

Whichever superlative description you apply to the Himalayas, the 3,000 kilometers long mountain range with peaks more than 8,000 meters high, won't be enough to capture its grandeur. Spectacular... awesome ... majestic …… breathtaking ... stunning ... magnificent .... None of these adjectives does justice to these mountains known as 'the roof of the world'. Little wonder that local people revere them as sacred, the home of the gods, the abode of the Supreme Soul, and that travelers come from all over the world.

Some of Asia's greatest rivers spring to life in the Himalayas - the Ganges, Yangtze and Brahmaputra among them. The peaks, foothills and plains are host to species such as the elusive snow leopard, the Bengal tiger, red panda, black bear, bearded vulture …… and perhaps even a yeti or two. And now we at the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) can add to that list. Our recent report reveals that no fewer than 244 plants, 16 amphibians, 16 reptiles, 14 fish, two birds, two mammals and at least 6060 invertebrates have been discovered by scientists in the Himalayas over the past 10 years. The Himalayan range is home to some 12,000 species of plants, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and freshwater fish. The number of new species discovered - and investigated and verified by WWF - in the eastern Himalayas between 1998 and 2008 equates to 35 finds every year. 'They remind us that despite our advances in knowledge, we can still be surprised,' says our conservation adviser, Mark Wright. 'If ever you needed a reminder of what we're striving to protect, discoveries like these have the power to do just that.'

Among the latest discoveries are a bright green frog which uses its long, red, webbed feet to glide through the air; three species of scorpion, one of which is the first scorpion to be found in Nepal; and there's the miniature muntjac or leaf deer. At just over half a meter tall, this is the world's smallest deer species. Equally extraordinary is the Namcha Barwa Canyon. 'Most people are blissfully unaware of this gorge,' says Mark. 'Yet it's 250 kilometers long and, in places, twice as deep as the Grand Canyon. When a couple of Chinese scientists ventured into it recently, they discovered a new ultramarine blue plant that not only flowers throughout the year but also changes colour according to the air temperature. Other plant discoveries include a pure white orchid and a 15-meter-high palm tree.'

Our study focused on the eastern Himalayas - an area that amazingly spans five countries and a wide range of temperatures. Nature doesn't respect boundaries and working together on environmental issues is therefore vital. The Himalayas are likely to be hard hit by the effects of climate change. Many regions have their own micro climates and already we're seeing significant changes. Some species of wildlife and vegetation are moving up hillsides, and seasonal rainfall has become less predictable, which can sometimes result in extreme conditions, ranging from drought to flooding, and uncertainty for farmers. Many communities in the Himalayas still live in isolation, and they remain deeply dependent on the resources nature provides.

Other issues which need discussion and agreement between the governments of the countries affected are cross-border trade in wildlife, timber felling and the harvesting of medicinal plants. Critically, we want to ensure that 50,000 square kilometres of forests, grasslands and wetlands are protected and well connected. This will help to save globally threatened species, such as the Asian elephant and the rhino, whose populations we constantly monitor. And we'll continue to help local communities to live in harmony with their natural surroundings. With that secured, it's surely only a matter of time before the Himalayas will reveal yet more secrets.

Q. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true in the context of the ultramarine blue plant?

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

Whichever superlative description you apply to the Himalayas, the 3,000 kilometers long mountain range with peaks more than 8,000 meters high, won't be enough to capture its grandeur. Spectacular... awesome ... majestic …… breathtaking ... stunning ... magnificent .... None of these adjectives does justice to these mountains known as 'the roof of the world'. Little wonder that local people revere them as sacred, the home of the gods, the abode of the Supreme Soul, and that travellers come from all over the world.

Some of Asia's greatest rivers spring to life in the Himalayas - the Ganges, Yangtze and Brahmaputra among them. The peaks, foothills and plains are host to species such as the elusive snow leopard, the Bengal tiger, red panda, black bear, bearded vulture …… and perhaps even a yeti or two. And now we at World Wildlife Fund (WWF) can add to that list. Our recent report reveals that no fewer than 244 plants, 16 amphibians, 16 reptiles, 14 fish, two birds, two mammals and at least 6060 invertebrates have been discovered by scientists in the Himalayas over the past 10 years. The Himalayan range is home to some 12,000 species of plants, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and freshwater fish. The number of new species discovered - and investigated and verified by WWF - in the eastern Himalayas between 1998 and 2008 equates to 35 finds every year. 'They remind us that despite our advances in knowledge, we can still be surprised,' says our conservation adviser, Mark Wright. 'If ever you needed a reminder of what we're striving to protect, discoveries like these have the power to do just that.'

Among the latest discoveries are a bright green frog which uses its long, red, webbed feet to glide through the air; three species of scorpion, one of which is the first scorpion to be found in Nepal; and there's the miniature muntjac or leaf deer. At just over half a meter tall, this is the world's smallest deer species. Equally extraordinary is the Namcha Barwa Canyon. 'Most people are blissfully unaware of this gorge,' says Mark. 'Yet it's 250 kilometers long and, in places, twice as deep as the Grand Canyon. When a couple of Chinese scientists ventured into it recently, they discovered a new ultramarine blue plant that not only flowers throughout the year but also changes colour according to the air temperature. Other plant discoveries include a pure white orchid and a 15-meter-high palm tree.'

Our study focused on the eastern Himalayas - an area that amazingly spans five countries and a wide range of temperatures. Nature doesn't respect boundaries and working together on environmental issues is therefore vital. The Himalayas are likely to be hard hit by the effects of climate change. Many regions have their own micro climates and already we're seeing significant changes. Some species of wildlife and vegetation are moving up hillsides, and seasonal rainfall has become less predictable, which can sometimes result in extreme conditions, ranging from drought to flooding, and uncertainty for farmers. Many communities in the Himalayas still live in isolation, and they remain deeply dependent on the resources nature provides.

Other issues which need discussion and agreement between the governments of the countries affected are cross-border trade in wildlife, timber felling and the harvesting of medicinal plants. Critically, we want to ensure that 50,000 square kilometres of forests, grasslands and wetlands are protected and well connected. This will help to save globally threatened species, such as the Asian elephant and the rhino, whose populations we constantly monitor. And we'll continue to help local communities to live in harmony with their natural surroundings. With that secured, it's surely only a matter of time before the Himalayas will reveal yet more secrets.

Q. According to the passage, what are the latest discoveries?

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

Whichever superlative description you apply to the Himalayas, the 3,000 kilometers long mountain range with peaks more than 8,000 meters high, won't be enough to capture its grandeur. Spectacular... awesome ... majestic …… breathtaking ... stunning ... magnificent .... None of these adjectives does justice to these mountains known as 'the roof of the world'. Little wonder that local people revere them as sacred, the home of the gods, the abode of the Supreme Soul, and that travellers come from all over the world.

Some of Asia's greatest rivers spring to life in the Himalayas - the Ganges, Yangtze and Brahmaputra among them. The peaks, foothills and plains are host to species such as the elusive snow leopard, the Bengal tiger, red panda, black bear, bearded vulture …… and perhaps even a yeti or two. And now we at World Wildlife Fund (WWF) can add to that list. Our recent report reveals that no fewer than 244 plants, 16 amphibians, 16 reptiles, 14 fish, two birds, two mammals and at least 6060 invertebrates have been discovered by scientists in the Himalayas over the past 10 years. The Himalayan range is home to some 12,000 species of plants, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and freshwater fish. The number of new species discovered - and investigated and verified by WWF - in the eastern Himalayas between 1998 and 2008 equates to 35 finds every year. 'They remind us that despite our advances in knowledge, we can still be surprised,' says our conservation adviser, Mark Wright. 'If ever you needed a reminder of what we're striving to protect, discoveries like these have the power to do just that.'

Among the latest discoveries are a bright green frog which uses its long, red, webbed feet to glide through the air; three species of scorpion, one of which is the first scorpion to be found in Nepal; and there's the miniature muntjac or leaf deer. At just over half a meter tall, this is the world's smallest deer species. Equally extraordinary is the Namcha Barwa Canyon. 'Most people are blissfully unaware of this gorge,' says Mark. 'Yet it's 250 kilometers long and, in places, twice as deep as the Grand Canyon. When a couple of Chinese scientists ventured into it recently, they discovered a new ultramarine blue plant that not only flowers throughout the year but also changes colour according to the air temperature. Other plant discoveries include a pure white orchid and a 15-meter-high palm tree.'

Our study focused on the eastern Himalayas - an area that amazingly spans five countries and a wide range of temperatures. Nature doesn't respect boundaries and working together on environmental issues is therefore vital. The Himalayas are likely to be hard hit by the effects of climate change. Many regions have their own micro climates and already we're seeing significant changes. Some species of wildlife and vegetation are moving up hillsides, and seasonal rainfall has become less predictable, which can sometimes result in extreme conditions, ranging from drought to flooding, and uncertainty for farmers. Many communities in the Himalayas still live in isolation, and they remain deeply dependent on the resources nature provides.

Other issues which need discussion and agreement between the governments of the countries affected are cross-border trade in wildlife, timber felling and the harvesting of medicinal plants. Critically, we want to ensure that 50,000 square kilometres of forests, grasslands and wetlands are protected and well connected. This will help to save globally threatened species, such as the Asian elephant and the rhino, whose populations we constantly monitor. And we'll continue to help local communities to live in harmony with their natural surroundings. With that secured, it's surely only a matter of time before the Himalayas will reveal yet more secrets.

Q. As per the question, which species are globally threatened?

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

Whichever superlative description you apply to the Himalayas, the 3,000 kilometers long mountain range with peaks more than 8,000 meters high, won't be enough to capture its grandeur. Spectacular... awesome ... majestic …… breathtaking ... stunning ... magnificent .... None of these adjectives does justice to these mountains known as 'the roof of the world'. Little wonder that local people revere them as sacred, the home of the gods, the abode of the Supreme Soul, and that travellers come from all over the world.

Some of Asia's greatest rivers spring to life in the Himalayas - the Ganges, Yangtze and Brahmaputra among them. The peaks, foothills and plains are host to species such as the elusive snow leopard, the Bengal tiger, red panda, black bear, bearded vulture …… and perhaps even a yeti or two. And now we at World Wildlife Fund (WWF) can add to that list. Our recent report reveals that no fewer than 244 plants, 16 amphibians, 16 reptiles, 14 fish, two birds, two mammals and at least 6060 invertebrates have been discovered by scientists in the Himalayas over the past 10 years. The Himalayan range is home to some 12,000 species of plants, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and freshwater fish. The number of new species discovered - and investigated and verified by WWF - in the eastern Himalayas between 1998 and 2008 equates to 35 finds every year. 'They remind us that despite our advances in knowledge, we can still be surprised,' says our conservation adviser, Mark Wright. 'If ever you needed a reminder of what we're striving to protect, discoveries like these have the power to do just that.'

Among the latest discoveries are a bright green frog which uses its long, red, webbed feet to glide through the air; three species of scorpion, one of which is the first scorpion to be found in Nepal; and there's the miniature muntjac or leaf deer. At just over half a meter tall, this is the world's smallest deer species. Equally extraordinary is the Namcha Barwa Canyon. 'Most people are blissfully unaware of this gorge,' says Mark. 'Yet it's 250 kilometers long and, in places, twice as deep as the Grand Canyon. When a couple of Chinese scientists ventured into it recently, they discovered a new ultramarine blue plant that not only flowers throughout the year but also changes colour according to the air temperature. Other plant discoveries include a pure white orchid and a 15-metre-high palm tree.'

Our study focused on the eastern Himalayas - an area that amazingly spans five countries and a wide range of temperatures. Nature doesn't respect boundaries and working together on environmental issues is therefore vital. The Himalayas aṣre likely to be hard hit by the effects of climate change. Many regions have their own micro climates and already we're seeing significant changes. Some species of wildlife and vegetation are moving up hillsides, and seasonal rainfall has become less predictable, which can sometimes result in extreme conditions, ranging from drought to flooding, and uncertainty for farmers. Many communities in the Himalayas still live in isolation, and they remain deeply dependent on the resources nature provides.

Other issues which need discussion and agreement between the governments of the countries affected are cross-border trade in wildlife, timber felling and the harvesting of medicinal plants. Critically, we want to ensure that 50,000 square kilometers of forests, grasslands and wetlands are protected and well connected. This will help to save globally threatened species, such as the Asian elephant and the rhino, whose populations we constantly monitor. And we'll continue to help local communities to live in harmony with their natural surroundings. With that secured, it's surely only a matter of time before the Himalayas will reveal yet more secrets.

Q. As per the passage, the Himalayas are known as the__________.

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

Whichever superlative description you apply to the Himalayas, the 3,000 kilometers long mountain range with peaks more than 8,000 meters high, won't be enough to capture its grandeur. Spectacular... awesome ... majestic …… breathtaking ... stunning ... magnificent .... None of these adjectives does justice to these mountains known as 'the roof of the world'. Little wonder that local people revere them as sacred, the home of the gods, the abode of the Supreme Soul, and that travelers come from all over the world.

Some of Asia's greatest rivers spring to life in the Himalayas - the Ganges, Yangtze and Brahmaputra among them. The peaks, foothills and plains are host to species such as the elusive snow leopard, the Bengal tiger, red panda, black bear, bearded vulture …… and perhaps even a yeti or two. And now we at the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) can add to that list. Our recent report reveals that no fewer than 244 plants, 16 amphibians, 16 reptiles, 14 fish, two birds, two mammals and at least 6060 invertebrates have been discovered by scientists in the Himalayas over the past 10 years. The Himalayan range is home to some 12,000 species of plants, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and freshwater fish. The number of new species discovered - and investigated and verified by WWF - in the eastern Himalayas between 1998 and 2008 equates to 35 finds every year. 'They remind us that despite our advances in knowledge, we can still be surprised,' says our conservation adviser, Mark Wright. 'If ever you needed a reminder of what we're striving to protect, discoveries like these have the power to do just that.'

Among the latest discoveries are a bright green frog which uses its long, red, webbed feet to glide through the air; three species of scorpion, one of which is the first scorpion to be found in Nepal; and there's the miniature muntjac or leaf deer. At just over half a meter tall, this is the world's smallest deer species. Equally extraordinary is the Namcha Barwa Canyon. 'Most people are blissfully unaware of this gorge,' says Mark. 'Yet it's 250 kilometers long and, in places, twice as deep as the Grand Canyon. When a couple of Chinese scientists ventured into it recently, they discovered a new ultramarine blue plant that not only flowers throughout the year but also changes colour according to the air temperature. Other plant discoveries include a pure white orchid and a 15-meter-high palm tree.'

Our study focused on the eastern Himalayas - an area that amazingly spans five countries and a wide range of temperatures. Nature doesn't respect boundaries and working together on environmental issues is therefore vital. The Himalayas are likely to be hard hit by the effects of climate change. Many regions have their own micro climates and already we're seeing significant changes. Some species of wildlife and vegetation are moving up hillsides, and seasonal rainfall has become less predictable, which can sometimes result in extreme conditions, ranging from drought to flooding, and uncertainty for farmers. Many communities in the Himalayas still live in isolation, and they remain deeply dependent on the resources nature provides.

Other issues which need discussion and agreement between the governments of the countries affected are cross-border trade in wildlife, timber felling and the harvesting of medicinal plants. Critically, we want to ensure that 50,000 square kilometers of forests, grasslands and wetlands are protected and well connected. This will help to save globally threatened species, such as the Asian elephant and the rhino, whose populations we constantly monitor. And we'll continue to help local communities to live in harmony with their natural surroundings. With that secured, it's surely only a matter of time before the Himalayas will reveal yet more secrets.

Q. According to the passage,which area amazingly spans five countries and a wide range of temperature?

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

I remember it vividly. We were fighting for our freedom. There was a battle at Lexington, and the news of Lexington spread everywhere, producing wild excitement. My father and I got ready to join the new army. It was as if the world was different that day. Everyone would go to Boston to join the army. Imagine you were there.

Every village and every farmhouse helped to swell the number. Men came from all over, even from tiny towns. In Connecticut, an old man was pillowing his field and proclaimed, "This is my fight, too." He unyoked his oxen, left his pellow in the furrow, and, leaping to his saddle, raced to join the army. Just picture what that was like.

Fiery Ethan Allen, at the head of his Green Mountain Boys, was eager to join us, but he stopped with his Green Mountain Boys to take over a fort. The soldiers did not expect them at all. Despite the fact that the Green Mountain Boys had not fought before, they were extremely brave, and the British gave up without a fight.

Day by day the army grew, until thirty thousand men were encamped around Boston, from Charlestown Neck to Dorchester. We were all terribly excited and determined. I was afraid, too, but I decided that I needed to remain strong and brave. Just imagine what it was like then.

The patriot leaders were beginning to grow impatient. It was now the middle of June, and they had decided the time had finally come to fight. They chose a place for the battle; the location selected was the highland on the Charlestown peninsula known as Bunker Hill. They chose the date of June 16th 16th . How do you think we felt?

The battle of Bunker Hill was a great fight. Never in my life had I witnessed such bravery on behalf of so many men. No one gave up, everyone fought hard, and we all worked together. Although it was a struggle, we remained strong. I really believe that with that one battle, our nation was born. We all felt different after the battle of Bunker Hill. We were Americans. I hope you can experience the feelings that I felt then.

I can recall that great battle clearly, and I remember the ones after that as well. Although it took much longer than I had initially anticipated, it was well worth it. It was difficult, and I became exhausted, but then we won and freed our country. We were a new nation. Now, each year on the fourth of July, I remember those days and smile. I hope you do, too.

Q. According to the question, which country fought the battle of Bunker Hill?

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

I remember it vividly. We were fighting for our freedom. There was a battle at Lexington, and the news of Lexington spread everywhere, producing wild excitement. My father and I got ready to join the new army. It was as if the world was different that day. Everyone would go to Boston to join the army. Imagine you were there.

Every village and every farmhouse helped to swell the number. Men came from all over, even from tiny towns. In Connecticut, an old man was pillowing his field and proclaimed, "This is my fight, too." He unyoked his oxen, left his pellow in the furrow, and, leaping to his saddle, raced to join the army. Just picture what that was like.

Fiery Ethan Allen, at the head of his Green Mountain Boys, was eager to join us, but he stopped with his Green Mountain Boys to take over a fort. The soldiers did not expect them at all. Despite the fact that the Green Mountain Boys had not fought before, they were extremely brave, and the British gave up without a fight.

Day by day the army grew, until thirty thousand men were encamped around Boston, from Charlestown Neck to Dorchester. We were all terribly excited and determined. I was afraid, too, but I decided that I needed to remain strong and brave. Just imagine what it was like then.

The patriot leaders were beginning to grow impatient. It was now the middle of June, and they had decided the time had finally come to fight. They chose a place for the battle; the location selected was the highland on the Charlestown peninsula known as Bunker Hill. They chose the date of June 16th 16th . How do you think we felt?

The battle of Bunker Hill was a great fight. Never in my life had I witnessed such bravery on behalf of so many men. No one gave up, everyone fought hard, and we all worked together. Although it was a struggle, we remained strong. I really believe that with that one battle, our nation was born. We all felt different after the battle of Bunker Hill. We were Americans. I hope you can experience the feelings that I felt then.

I can recall that great battle clearly, and I remember the ones after that as well. Although it took much longer than I had initially anticipated, it was well worth it. It was difficult, and I became exhausted, but then we won and freed our country. We were a new nation. Now, each year on the fourth of July, I remember those days and smile. I hope you do, too.

Q. Why did the Great Mountain Boys did not join the author for the war as per the passage?

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

I remember it vividly. We were fighting for our freedom. There was a battle at Lexington, and the news of Lexington spread everywhere, producing wild excitement. My father and I got ready to join the new army. It was as if the world was different that day. Everyone would go to Boston to join the army. Imagine you were there.

Every village and every farmhouse helped to swell the number. Men came from all over, even from tiny towns. In Connecticut, an old man was pillowing his field and proclaimed, "This is my fight, too." He unyoked his oxen, left his pellow in the furrow, and, leaping to his saddle, raced to join the army. Just picture what that was like.

Fiery Ethan Allen, at the head of his Green Mountain Boys, was eager to join us, but he stopped with his Green Mountain Boys to take over a fort. The soldiers did not expect them at all. Despite the fact that the Green Mountain Boys had not fought before, they were extremely brave, and the British gave up without a fight.

Day by day the army grew, until thirty thousand men were encamped around Boston, from Charlestown Neck to Dorchester. We were all terribly excited and determined. I was afraid, too, but I decided that I needed to remain strong and brave. Just imagine what it was like then.

The patriot leaders were beginning to grow impatient. It was now the middle of June, and they had decided the time had finally come to fight. They chose a place for the battle; the location selected was the highland on the Charlestown peninsula known as Bunker Hill. They chose the date of June 16th 16th . How do you think we felt?

The battle of Bunker Hill was a great fight. Never in my life had I witnessed such bravery on behalf of so many men. No one gave up, everyone fought hard, and we all worked together. Although it was a struggle, we remained strong. I really believe that with that one battle, our nation was born. We all felt different after the battle of Bunker Hill. We were Americans. I hope you can experience the feelings that I felt then.

I can recall that great battle clearly, and I remember the ones after that as well. Although it took much longer than I had initially anticipated, it was well worth it. It was difficult, and I became exhausted, but then we won and freed our country. We were a new nation. Now, each year on the fourth of July, I remember those days and smile. I hope you do, too.

Q. According to the passage, what do you understand by 'vividly'?

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

I remember it vividly. We were fighting for our freedom. There was a battle at Lexington, and the news of Lexington spread everywhere, producing wild excitement. My father and I got ready to join the new army. It was as if the world was different that day. Everyone would go to Boston to join the army. Imagine you were there.

Every village and every farmhouse helped to swell the number. Men came from all over, even from tiny towns. In Connecticut, an old man was pillowing his field and proclaimed, "This is my fight, too." He unyoked his oxen, left his pellow in the furrow, and, leaping to his saddle, raced to join the army. Just picture what that was like.

Fiery Ethan Allen, at the head of his Green Mountain Boys, was eager to join us, but he stopped with his Green Mountain Boys to take over a fort. The soldiers did not expect them at all. Despite the fact that the Green Mountain Boys had not fought before, they were extremely brave, and the British gave up without a fight.

Day by day the army grew, until thirty thousand men were encamped around Boston, from Charlestown Neck to Dorchester. We were all terribly excited and determined. I was afraid, too, but I decided that I needed to remain strong and brave. Just imagine what it was like then.

The patriot leaders were beginning to grow impatient. It was now the middle of June, and they had decided the time had finally come to fight. They chose a place for the battle; the location selected was the highland on the Charlestown peninsula known as Bunker Hill. They chose the date of June 16th 16th . How do you think we felt?

The battle of Bunker Hill was a great fight. Never in my life had I witnessed such bravery on behalf of so many men. No one gave up, everyone fought hard, and we all worked together. Although it was a struggle, we remained strong. I really believe that with that one battle, our nation was born. We all felt different after the battle of Bunker Hill. We were Americans. I hope you can experience the feelings that I felt then.

I can recall that great battle clearly, and I remember the ones after that as well. Although it took much longer than I had initially anticipated, it was well worth it. It was difficult, and I became exhausted, but then we won and freed our country. We were a new nation. Now, each year on the fourth of July, I remember those days and smile. I hope you do, too.

Q. According to the passage, which day is celebrated as Independence Day in the USA?

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

I remember it vividly. We were fighting for our freedom. There was a battle at Lexington, and the news of Lexington spread everywhere, producing wild excitement. My father and I got ready to join the new army. It was as if the world was different that day. Everyone would go to Boston to join the army. Imagine you were there.

Every village and every farmhouse helped to swell the number. Men came from all over, even from tiny towns. In Connecticut, an old man was pillowing his field and proclaimed, "This is my fight, too." He unyoked his oxen, left his pellow in the furrow, and, leaping to his saddle, raced to join the army. Just picture what that was like.

Fiery Ethan Allen, at the head of his Green Mountain Boys, was eager to join us, but he stopped with his Green Mountain Boys to take over a fort. The soldiers did not expect them at all. Despite the fact that the Green Mountain Boys had not fought before, they were extremely brave, and the British gave up without a fight.

Day by day the army grew, until thirty thousand men were encamped around Boston, from Charlestown Neck to Dorchester. We were all terribly excited and determined. I was afraid, too, but I decided that I needed to remain strong and brave. Just imagine what it was like then.

The patriot leaders were beginning to grow impatient. It was now the middle of June, and they had decided the time had finally come to fight. They chose a place for the battle; the location selected was the highland on the Charlestown peninsula known as Bunker Hill. They chose the date of June 16th 16th . How do you think we felt?

The battle of Bunker Hill was a great fight. Never in my life had I witnessed such bravery on behalf of so many men. No one gave up, everyone fought hard, and we all worked together. Although it was a struggle, we remained strong. I really believe that with that one battle, our nation was born. We all felt different after the battle of Bunker Hill. We were Americans. I hope you can experience the feelings that I felt then.

I can recall that great battle clearly, and I remember the ones after that as well. Although it took much longer than I had initially anticipated, it was well worth it. It was difficult, and I became exhausted, but then we won and freed our country. We were a new nation. Now, each year on the fourth of July, I remember those days and smile. I hope you do, too.

Q. Why did the author think that the world was different that day as per the passage?

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

The wagon train departed bright and early this morning. I was disappointed that I had to tell my friends goodbye, but I had chosen to remain here in Denver. By that point, we had already been traveling for several long months. I was sorry to leave St. Louis, but I heard there was gold in California. It was June when we had first left St. Louis and it was October when we got to Denver. I had made the difficult decision that I would not be continuing onward with the rest of the families on the wagon train.

When we left St. Louis, we were extremely excited, because we were planning on traveling all the way to the ocean. We would journey to California. But that was not to be for my family.

Almost immediately, we stumbled upon the first major problem of our trip. Our very first day on the road, a wheel flew right off of our wagon. The wheel was badly cracked, which meant we were unable to repair the damage ourselves. Since we were not terribly far from St. Louis at that point, John rode all the way back there on his horse. He returned to the wagon train with a brand new wheel; however, that took nearly an entire day while the other families waited.

After that, we struggled with yet another problem. There was an awful rainstorm, and with it came so much mud that the oxen pulling our wagons were unable to get the wagons moving again. We had to wait for the rain to stop completely and for the mud to dry before we could continue onward. Because of this, we lost an additional two days.

We were unbelievably exhausted and it had been a mere two weeks, but we kept on traveling. Unfortunately, we then had to stop once more because the Brown family fell ill. We waited a few days for them to recover, but they eventually gave up and turned back.

Every single day, we faced very difficult work, but we still persevered. Nevertheless, by the time we arrived in Denver, it was just too much to handle. We had decided then that we were going to leave the wagon train. That night, we informed the wagon master of our plans.

The wagon master asked us to change our minds, and told us, "We've overcome the worst, now." However, I knew our trip would certainly not be getting any easier. The mountains we had just crossed were only the beginning. It had already been such hard work to get where we were now, and I knew it would be even more difficult to reach the ocean in California. That is when we decided the best option was to remain here in Denver.

Today, I have gone off to hunt for a new job. There are several jobs in the mines, and I hope to fill one of the positions. Then, we will be able to get our own home. I am extremely thankful that living in a tent beside the covered wagon is over. Instead, we will have a permanent place where we can live.

Although I will greatly miss my friends, I will not miss all the troubles and hardships we endured. I wrote a letter to a friend I made on the trip. I wanted him to know we are doing well although I miss him.

Q. According to the question, how long was the author's journey?

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

The wagon train departed bright and early this morning. I was disappointed that I had to tell my friends goodbye, but I had chosen to remain here in Denver. By that point, we had already been traveling for several long months. I was sorry to leave St. Louis, but I heard there was gold in California. It was June when we had first left St. Louis and it was October when we got to Denver. I had made the difficult decision that I would not be continuing onward with the rest of the families on the wagon train.

When we left St. Louis, we were extremely excited, because we were planning on traveling all the way to the ocean. We would journey to California. But that was not to be for my family.

Almost immediately, we stumbled upon the first major problem of our trip. Our very first day on the road, a wheel flew right off of our wagon. The wheel was badly cracked, which meant we were unable to repair the damage ourselves. Since we were not terribly far from St. Louis at that point, John rode all the way back there on his horse. He returned to the wagon train with a brand new wheel; however, that took nearly an entire day while the other families waited.

After that, we struggled with yet another problem. There was an awful rainstorm, and with it came so much mud that the oxen pulling our wagons were unable to get the wagons moving again. We had to wait for the rain to stop completely and for the mud to dry before we could continue onward. Because of this, we lost an additional two days.

We were unbelievably exhausted and it had been a mere two weeks, but we kept on traveling. Unfortunately, we then had to stop once more because the Brown family fell ill. We waited a few days for them to recover, but they eventually gave up and turned back.

Every single day, we faced very difficult work, but we still persevered. Nevertheless, by the time we arrived in Denver, it was just too much to handle. We had decided then that we were going to leave the wagon train. That night, we informed the wagon master of our plans.

The wagon master asked us to change our minds, and told us, "We've overcome the worst, now." However, I knew our trip would certainly not be getting any easier. The mountains we had just crossed were only the beginning. It had already been such hard work to get where we were now, and I knew it would be even more difficult to reach the ocean in California. That is when we decided the best option was to remain here in Denver.

Today, I have gone off to hunt for a new job. There are several jobs in the mines, and I hope to fill one of the positions. Then, we will be able to get our own home. I am extremely thankful that living in a tent beside the covered wagon is over. Instead, we will have a permanent place where we can live.

Although I will greatly miss my friends, I will not miss all the troubles and hardships we endured. I wrote a letter to a friend I made on the trip. I wanted him to know we are doing well although I miss him.

Q. According to the passage, what day is it in the first stanza?

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

The wagon train departed bright and early this morning. I was disappointed that I had to tell my friends goodbye, but I had chosen to remain here in Denver. By that point, we had already been traveling for several long months. I was sorry to leave St. Louis, but I heard there was gold in California. It was June when we had first left St. Louis and it was October when we got to Denver. I had made the difficult decision that I would not be continuing onward with the rest of the families on the wagon train.

When we left St. Louis, we were extremely excited, because we were planning on traveling all the way to the ocean. We would journey to California. But that was not to be for my family.

Almost immediately, we stumbled upon the first major problem of our trip. Our very first day on the road, a wheel flew right off of our wagon. The wheel was badly cracked, which meant we were unable to repair the damage ourselves. Since we were not terribly far from St. Louis at that point, John rode all the way back there on his horse. He returned to the wagon train with a brand new wheel; however, that took nearly an entire day while the other families waited.

After that, we struggled with yet another problem. There was an awful rainstorm, and with it came so much mud that the oxen pulling our wagons were unable to get the wagons moving again. We had to wait for the rain to stop completely and for the mud to dry before we could continue onward. Because of this, we lost an additional two days.

We were unbelievably exhausted and it had been a mere two weeks, but we kept on traveling. Unfortunately, we then had to stop once more because the Brown family fell ill. We waited a few days for them to recover, but they eventually gave up and turned back.

Every single day, we faced very difficult work, but we still persevered. Nevertheless, by the time we arrived in Denver, it was just too much to handle. We had decided then that we were going to leave the wagon train. That night, we informed the wagon master of our plans.

The wagon master asked us to change our minds, and told us, "We've overcome the worst, now." However, I knew our trip would certainly not be getting any easier. The mountains we had just crossed were only the beginning. It had already been such hard work to get where we were now, and I knew it would be even more difficult to reach the ocean in California. That is when we decided the best option was to remain here in Denver.

Today, I have gone off to hunt for a new job. There are several jobs in the mines, and I hope to fill one of the positions. Then, we will be able to get our own home. I am extremely thankful that living in a tent beside the covered wagon is over. Instead, we will have a permanent place where we can live.

Although I will greatly miss my friends, I will not miss all the troubles and hardships we endured. I wrote a letter to a friend I made on the trip. I wanted him to know we are doing well although I miss him.

Q. According to the passage, why did the author left the wagon train and stopped at Denver?

Direction: Read the following passage carefully to answer the given questions that follow.

This March it would be years since my mother passed away. The death of a parent is among the most difficult and universal human experiences. Most people will, sadly, experience the loss of parents. The passing of a parent is unavoidable, but that doesn't make it easier. The pain endured is harrowing and changes children psychologically. Childhood grief is tenacious and frequent. Which makes unwelcome appearances at milestones like graduations and weddings. We know these feelings as an anniversary reaction; they aren't a setback in the grieving process. They're a reflection that your loved one's life was important to you. Human beings process grief deeply and intricately.

No one ever gets over the loss of their parents. People get through it, yes, and perhaps used to it, but no one gets over it. A piece of your life gets removed and however much you arrange the other pieces; they will never fit in the same way.

For me, that makes complete sense that everything changes; if we accept that, in some profound way, our parents help shape who we are, then undoubtedly their deaths will affect us deeply too.

The death of a parent perpetually changes us psychologically, physically, and emotionally for the rest of our lives. We always think we will have more time, but we never have enough. There is no quick fix here. The effects of early parent loss reverberate throughout a lifetime. There also will be times when you're going about your day and grief hits you like a bolt of lightning.

This is true for losing a mother because the synchronous mother-child relationship sets the stage for the child's relationships throughout life with family members at home, through teens and first love and, eventually, as parents to children of their own.

Imagine a huge hole in the middle of your core you carry with you every day, and nobody except you can understand or see it. The hole is as real and tangible as any other thing in your life. It gets a little easier as time goes away, but it never truly goes, it just gets easier to deal with time.

The process of grief varies from person to person, but certain emotions and circumstances that many of us experience. The successes, the weddings, and the thought of having your kids who will never know their grandmother.

However, grieving is important because it honours the loved ones and the relationship between them. When we love someone, we attach ourselves to that person, grieving is detaching and letting go, so we can move on, not forgetting but remembering the joy between two lives. Grieving is an essential element of therapy. It is a process by which we say farewell to a loved one, accept the suffering and think of the joy and pleasure of the affection and, as the pain eases, it leaves us with wonderful memories.

Q. Why is the loss of a mother is more impactful as given in the passage?

Direction: Read the following passage carefully to answer the given questions that follow.

This March it would be years since my mother passed away. The death of a parent is among the most difficult and universal human experiences. Most people will, sadly, experience the loss of parents. The passing of a parent is unavoidable, but that doesn't make it easier. The pain endured is harrowing and changes children psychologically. Childhood grief is tenacious and frequent. Which makes unwelcome appearances at milestones like graduations and weddings. We know these feelings as an anniversary reaction; they aren't a setback in the grieving process. They're a reflection that your loved one's life was important to you. Human beings process grief deeply and intricately.

No one ever gets over the loss of their parents. People get through it, yes, and perhaps used to it, but no one gets over it. A piece of your life gets removed and however much you arrange the other pieces; they will never fit in the same way.

For me, that makes complete sense that everything changes; if we accept that, in some profound way, our parents help shape who we are, then undoubtedly their deaths will affect us deeply too.

The death of a parent perpetually changes us psychologically, physically, and emotionally for the rest of our lives. We always think we will have more time, but we never have enough. There is no quick fix here. The effects of early parent loss reverberate throughout a lifetime. There also will be times when you're going about your day and grief hits you like a bolt of lightning.

This is true for losing a mother because the synchronous mother-child relationship sets the stage for the child's relationships throughout life with family members at home, through teens and first love and, eventually, as parents to children of their own.

Imagine a huge hole in the middle of your core you carry with you every day, and nobody except you can understand or see it. The hole is as real and tangible as any other thing in your life. It gets a little easier as time goes away, but it never truly goes, it just gets easier to deal with time.

The process of grief varies from person to person, but certain emotions and circumstances that many of us experience. The successes, the weddings, and the thought of having your kids who will never know their grandmother.

However, grieving is important because it honours the loved ones and the relationship between them. When we love someone, we attach ourselves to that person, grieving is detaching and letting go, so we can move on, not forgetting but remembering the joy between two lives. Grieving is an essential element of therapy. It is a process by which we say farewell to a loved one, accept the suffering and think of the joy and pleasure of the affection and, as the pain eases, it leaves us with wonderful memories.

Q. Why are the feelings not a setback in the grieving process according to the passage?

Direction: Read the following passage carefully to answer the given questions that follow.

This March it would be years since my mother passed away. The death of a parent is among the most difficult and universal human experiences. Most people will, sadly, experience the loss of parents. The passing of a parent is unavoidable, but that doesn't make it easier. The pain endured is harrowing and changes children psychologically. Childhood grief is tenacious and frequent. Which makes unwelcome appearances at milestones like graduations and weddings. We know these feelings as an anniversary reaction; they aren't a setback in the grieving process. They're a reflection that your loved one's life was important to you. Human beings process grief deeply and intricately.

No one ever gets over the loss of their parents. People get through it, yes, and perhaps used to it, but no one gets over it. A piece of your life gets removed and however much you arrange the other pieces; they will never fit in the same way.

For me, that makes complete sense that everything changes; if we accept that, in some profound way, our parents help shape who we are, then undoubtedly their deaths will affect us deeply too.

The death of a parent perpetually changes us psychologically, physically, and emotionally for the rest of our lives. We always think we will have more time, but we never have enough. There is no quick fix here. The effects of early parent loss reverberate throughout a lifetime. There also will be times when you're going about your day and grief hits you like a bolt of lightning.

This is true for losing a mother because the synchronous mother-child relationship sets the stage for the child's relationships throughout life with family members at home, through teens and first love and, eventually, as parents to children of their own.

Imagine a huge hole in the middle of your core you carry with you every day, and nobody except you can understand or see it. The hole is as real and tangible as any other thing in your life. It gets a little easier as time goes away, but it never truly goes, it just gets easier to deal with time.

The process of grief varies from person to person, but certain emotions and circumstances that many of us experience. The successes, the weddings, and the thought of having your kids who will never know their grandmother.

However, grieving is important because it honours the loved ones and the relationship between them. When we love someone, we attach ourselves to that person, grieving is detaching and letting go, so we can move on, not forgetting but remembering the joy between two lives. Grieving is an essential element of therapy. It is a process by which we say farewell to a loved one, accept the suffering and think of the joy and pleasure of the affection and, as the pain eases, it leaves us with wonderful memories.

Q. Which of the following is the exact opposite of tenacious as given in the passage?

Direction: Read the following passage carefully to answer the given questions that follow.

This March it would be years since my mother passed away. The death of a parent is among the most difficult and universal human experiences. Most people will, sadly, experience the loss of parents. The passing of a parent is unavoidable, but that doesn't make it easier. The pain endured is harrowing and changes children psychologically. Childhood grief is tenacious and frequent. Which makes unwelcome appearances at milestones like graduations and weddings. We know these feelings as an anniversary reaction; they aren't a setback in the grieving process. They're a reflection that your loved one's life was important to you. Human beings process grief deeply and intricately.

No one ever gets over the loss of their parents. People get through it, yes, and perhaps used to it, but no one gets over it. A piece of your life gets removed and however much you arrange the other pieces; they will never fit in the same way.

For me, that makes complete sense that everything changes; if we accept that, in some profound way, our parents help shape who we are, then undoubtedly their deaths will affect us deeply too.

The death of a parent perpetually changes us psychologically, physically, and emotionally for the rest of our lives. We always think we will have more time, but we never have enough. There is no quick fix here. The effects of early parent loss reverberate throughout a lifetime. There also will be times when you're going about your day and grief hits you like a bolt of lightning.

This is true for losing a mother because the synchronous mother-child relationship sets the stage for the child's relationships throughout life with family members at home, through teens and first love and, eventually, as parents to children of their own.

Imagine a huge hole in the middle of your core you carry with you every day, and nobody except you can understand or see it. The hole is as real and tangible as any other thing in your life. It gets a little easier as time goes away, but it never truly goes, it just gets easier to deal with time.

The process of grief varies from person to person, but certain emotions and circumstances that many of us experience. The successes, the weddings, and the thought of having your kids who will never know their grandmother.

However, grieving is important because it honours the loved ones and the relationship between them. When we love someone, we attach ourselves to that person, grieving is detaching and letting go, so we can move on, not forgetting but remembering the joy between two lives. Grieving is an essential element of therapy. It is a process by which we say farewell to a loved one, accept the suffering and think of the joy and pleasure of the affection and, as the pain eases, it leaves us with wonderful memories.

Q. According to the passage, why grieving is important?

Direction: Read the following passage carefully to answer the given questions that follow.

This March it would be years since my mother passed away. The death of a parent is among the most difficult and universal human experiences. Most people will, sadly, experience the loss of parents. The passing of a parent is unavoidable, but that doesn't make it easier. The pain endured is harrowing and changes children psychologically. Childhood grief is tenacious and frequent. Which makes unwelcome appearances at milestones like graduations and weddings. We know these feelings as an anniversary reaction; they aren't a setback in the grieving process. They're a reflection that your loved one's life was important to you. Human beings process grief deeply and intricately.

No one ever gets over the loss of their parents. People get through it, yes, and perhaps used to it, but no one gets over it. A piece of your life gets removed and however much you arrange the other pieces; they will never fit in the same way.

For me, that makes complete sense that everything changes; if we accept that, in some profound way, our parents help shape who we are, then undoubtedly their deaths will affect us deeply too.

The death of a parent perpetually changes us psychologically, physically, and emotionally for the rest of our lives. We always think we will have more time, but we never have enough. There is no quick fix here. The effects of early parent loss reverberate throughout a lifetime. There also will be times when you're going about your day and grief hits you like a bolt of lightning.

This is true for losing a mother because the synchronous mother-child relationship sets the stage for the child's relationships throughout life with family members at home, through teens and first love and, eventually, as parents to children of their own.

Imagine a huge hole in the middle of your core you carry with you every day, and nobody except you can understand or see it. The hole is as real and tangible as any other thing in your life. It gets a little easier as time goes away, but it never truly goes, it just gets easier to deal with time.

The process of grief varies from person to person, but certain emotions and circumstances that many of us experience. The successes, the weddings, and the thought of having your kids who will never know their grandmother.

However, grieving is important because it honours the loved ones and the relationship between them. When we love someone, we attach ourselves to that person, grieving is detaching and letting go, so we can move on, not forgetting but remembering the joy between two lives. Grieving is an essential element of therapy. It is a process by which we say farewell to a loved one, accept the suffering and think of the joy and pleasure of the affection and, as the pain eases, it leaves us with wonderful memories.

Q. Which of the following words best describe 'harrowing' from the passage?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the questions that follow:

Back in the 1950s and 60s, the world changed. Modern economies moved people out of factories and fields and into office buildings. Whereas you used to have to stand on your feet all day and work very hard to make a buck, now, the best-paying jobs simply asked that you sit at a desk for as long as possible without ever getting up. Our bodies aren't particularly adapted for a sedentary lifestyle. In fact, it turns out that sitting around all day munching on donuts and soda is downright awful for your physical health. As a result, we began to see epidemics of obesity, diabetes, and heart disease around the same time that everyone got cushy office jobs. People's bodies were falling apart, becoming overly sensitive, and not functioning correctly.

To counteract this sedentary lifestyle, we all came together and developed a fitness culture to counteract the health crisis. People realized that if modern life had you sitting around all day watching a screen, that you needed to set aside time in your day to go lift something heavy or run around a little bit. That kept your body healthy and stable and strong. Jogging became a thing. Gym memberships were invented. And people wore spandex and jumped around on VHS tapes, looking absolutely ridiculous. The eighties were great.

Our bodies are designed in such a way that they need to be challenged and stressed to a certain degree, otherwise, they become soft and weak, and the smallest endeavors walking up a flight of stairs, picking up a bag of groceries-will begin to feel difficult or impossible. It turns out that these small, conscious efforts to stress our bodies are what keep them healthy. In the same way, removing stress and strain from our physical bodies causes them to become fragile and weak, removing mental stress and strain from our minds makes them fragile and weak. The same way we discovered that the sedentary lifestyles of the 20th century required us to physically exert ourselves and work our bodies into healthy shape, I believe we're on the cusp of discovering a similar necessity for our minds. We need to consciously limit our own comforts.

We need to force our minds to strain themselves, to work hard for their information, to deprive our attention of the constant stimulation that it craves. The same way the consumer economy of the 20th century called upon us to invent the nutritional diet, I believe that the attention economy of the 21st century calls upon us to invent an attention diet.

Q. What is a sedentary lifestyle?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the questions that follow:

Back in the 1950s and 60s, the world changed. Modern economies moved people out of factories and fields and into office buildings. Whereas you used to have to stand on your feet all day and work very hard to make a buck, now, the best-paying jobs simply asked that you sit at a desk for as long as possible without ever getting up. Our bodies aren't particularly adapted for a sedentary lifestyle. In fact, it turns out that sitting around all day munching on donuts and soda is downright awful for your physical health. As a result, we began to see epidemics of obesity, diabetes, and heart disease around the same time that everyone got cushy office jobs. People's bodies were falling apart, becoming overly sensitive, and not functioning correctly.

To counteract this sedentary lifestyle, we all came together and developed a fitness culture to counteract the health crisis. People realized that if modern life had you sitting around all day watching a screen, that you needed to set aside time in your day to go lift something heavy or run around a little bit. That kept your body healthy, stable and strong. Jogging became a thing. Gym memberships were invented. And people wore spandex and jumped around on VHS tapes, looking absolutely ridiculous. The eighties were great.

Our bodies are designed in such a way that they need to be challenged and stressed to a certain degree, otherwise, they become soft and weak, and the smallest endeavors walking up a flight of stairs, picking up a bag of groceries-will begin to feel difficult or impossible. It turns out that these small, conscious efforts to stress our bodies are what keep them healthy. In the same way, removing stress and strain from our physical bodies causes them to become fragile and weak, removing mental stress and strain from our minds makes them fragile and weak. The same way we discovered that the sedentary lifestyles of the 20th century required us to physically exert ourselves and work our bodies into healthy shape, I believe we're on the cusp of discovering a similar necessity for our minds. We need to consciously limit our own comforts.

We need to force our minds to strain themselves, to work hard for their information, to deprive our attention of the constant stimulation that it craves. The same way the consumer economy of the 20th century called upon us to invent the nutritional diet, I believe that the attention economy of the 21st century calls upon us to invent an attention diet.

Q. Why there was a rise in diseases like heart attacks, obesity, etc?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the questions that follow:

Back in the 1950s and 60s, the world changed. Modern economies moved people out of factories and fields and into office buildings. Whereas you used to have to stand on your feet all day and work very hard to make a buck, now, the best-paying jobs simply asked that you sit at a desk for as long as possible without ever getting up. Our bodies aren't particularly adapted for a sedentary lifestyle. In fact, it turns out that sitting around all day munching on donuts and soda is downright awful for your physical health. As a result, we began to see epidemics of obesity, diabetes, and heart disease around the same time that everyone got cushy office jobs. People's bodies were falling apart, becoming overly sensitive, and not functioning correctly.

To counteract this sedentary lifestyle, we all came together and developed a fitness culture to counteract the health crisis. People realized that if modern life had you sitting around all day watching a screen, that you needed to set aside time in your day to go lift something heavy or run around a little bit. That kept your body healthy and stable and strong. Jogging became a thing. Gym memberships were invented. And people wore spandex and jumped around on VHS tapes, looking absolutely ridiculous. The eighties were great.

Our bodies are designed in such a way that they need to be challenged and stressed to a certain degree, otherwise, they become soft and weak, and the smallest endeavors walking up a flight of stairs, picking up a bag of groceries-will begin to feel difficult or impossible. It turns out that these small, conscious efforts to stress our bodies are what keep them healthy. In the same way, removing stress and strain from our physical bodies causes them to become fragile and weak, removing mental stress and strain from our minds makes them fragile and weak. The same way we discovered that the sedentary lifestyles of the 20th century required us to physically exert ourselves and work our bodies into healthy shape, I believe we're on the cusp of discovering a similar necessity for our minds. We need to consciously limit our own comforts.

We need to force our minds to strain themselves, to work hard for their information, to deprive our attention of the constant stimulation that it craves. The same way the consumer economy of the 20th century called upon us to invent the nutritional diet, I believe that the attention economy of the 21st century calls upon us to invent an attention diet.

Q. Which of the following can be used instead of endeavors?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the questions that follow:

Back in the 1950s and 60s, the world changed. Modern economies moved people out of factories and fields and into office buildings. Whereas you used to have to stand on your feet all day and work very hard to make a buck, now, the best-paying jobs simply asked that you sit at a desk for as long as possible without ever getting up. Our bodies aren't particularly adapted for a sedentary lifestyle. In fact, it turns out that sitting around all day munching on donuts and soda is downright awful for your physical health. As a result, we began to see epidemics of obesity, diabetes, and heart disease around the same time that everyone got cushy office jobs. People's bodies were falling apart, becoming overly sensitive, and not functioning correctly.

To counteract this sedentary lifestyle, we all came together and developed a fitness culture to counteract the health crisis. People realized that if modern life had you sitting around all day watching a screen, that you needed to set aside time in your day to go lift something heavy or run around a little bit. That kept your body healthy and stable and strong. Jogging became a thing. Gym memberships were invented. And people wore spandex and jumped around on VHS tapes, looking absolutely ridiculous. The eighties were great.

Our bodies are designed in such a way that they need to be challenged and stressed to a certain degree, otherwise, they become soft and weak, and the smallest endeavors walking up a flight of stairs, picking up a bag of groceries-will begin to feel difficult or impossible. It turns out that these small, conscious efforts to stress our bodies are what keep them healthy. In the same way, removing stress and strain from our physical bodies causes them to become fragile and weak, removing mental stress and strain from our minds makes them fragile and weak. The same way we discovered that the sedentary lifestyles of the 20th century required us to physically exert ourselves and work our bodies into healthy shape, I believe we're on the cusp of discovering a similar necessity for our minds. We need to consciously limit our own comforts.

We need to force our minds to strain themselves, to work hard for their information, to deprive our attention of the constant stimulation that it craves. The same way the consumer economy of the 20th century called upon us to invent the nutritional diet, I believe that the attention economy of the 21st century calls upon us to invent an attention diet.

Q. Which of the following is similar to the word cusp?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Under the Jal Jeevan Mission, led by the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, 10.2 crore rural households, or about 53% of the eligible population, now have tap water access. This, the Government claims, is a 37-percentage point rise since its inception. The Government commissions annual surveys to evaluate the success of the scheme. A recent audit, by a private agency, found that around 62% of rural households in India had fully functional tap water connections within their premises. A report of a Parliamentary Standing Committee on Water Resources in March, based on numbers provided by the nodal Jal Shakti Ministry, stated that 46% households had such fully functional tap water connections. It is important to note that for the purposes of the survey, only 3% of rural households were surveyed by the agency for the updated numbers and so the margin of error may be substantial and subject to the way the survey was designed. If the numbers are accurate, however, this represents an impressive rise in potable, tap water accessibility and suggests that the mission is well on its way to meeting its 2024 target.

[Source - The Hindu, October 4, 2022]

Q. When is World Water Day celebrated every year?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Under the Jal Jeevan Mission, led by the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, 10.2 crore rural households, or about 53% of the eligible population, now have tap water access. This, the Government claims, is a 37-percentage point rise since its inception. The Government commissions annual surveys to evaluate the success of the scheme. A recent audit, by a private agency, found that around 62% of rural households in India had fully functional tap water connections within their premises. A report of a Parliamentary Standing Committee on Water Resources in March, based on numbers provided by the nodal Jal Shakti Ministry, stated that 46% households had such fully functional tap water connections. It is important to note that for the purposes of the survey, only 3% of rural households were surveyed by the agency for the updated numbers and so the margin of error may be substantial and subject to the way the survey was designed. If the numbers are accurate, however, this represents an impressive rise in potable, tap water accessibility and suggests that the mission is well on its way to meeting its 2024 target.

[Source - The Hindu, October 4, 2022]

Q. In which year was the Jal Jeevan Mission launched?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Under the Jal Jeevan Mission, led by the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, 10.2 crore rural households, or about 53% of the eligible population, now have tap water access. This, the Government claims, is a 37-percentage point rise since its inception. The Government commissions annual surveys to evaluate the success of the scheme. A recent audit, by a private agency, found that around 62% of rural households in India had fully functional tap water connections within their premises. A report of a Parliamentary Standing Committee on Water Resources in March, based on numbers provided by the nodal Jal Shakti Ministry, stated that 46% households had such fully functional tap water connections. It is important to note that for the purposes of the survey, only 3% of rural households were surveyed by the agency for the updated numbers and so the margin of error may be substantial and subject to the way the survey was designed. If the numbers are accurate, however, this represents an impressive rise in potable, tap water accessibility and suggests that the mission is well on its way to meeting its 2024 target.

[Source - The Hindu, October 4, 2022]

Q. Which is the first state in the country to provide 100 percent tap water connections in rural areas?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Under the Jal Jeevan Mission, led by the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, 10.2 crore rural households, or about 53% of the eligible population, now have tap water access. This, the Government claims, is a 37-percentage point rise since its inception. The Government commissions annual surveys to evaluate the success of the scheme. A recent audit, by a private agency, found that around 62% of rural households in India had fully functional tap water connections within their premises. A report of a Parliamentary Standing Committee on Water Resources in March, based on numbers provided by the nodal Jal Shakti Ministry, stated that 46% households had such fully functional tap water connections. It is important to note that for the purposes of the survey, only 3% of rural households were surveyed by the agency for the updated numbers and so the margin of error may be substantial and subject to the way the survey was designed. If the numbers are accurate, however, this represents an impressive rise in potable, tap water accessibility and suggests that the mission is well on its way to meeting its 2024 target.

[Source - The Hindu, October 4, 2022]

Q. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act establishes an institutional structure for preventing and abating water pollution. Which among the following was set up under the Act?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The draft Indian Telecommunication Bill, 2022 (Telecom Bill) - published for public consultation on September 21, 2022 - aims to create a legal framework attuned to the realities of the 21st century to ensure India's socio-economic development. This Telecom Bill follows the release of the consultation paper, Need for a new legal framework governing Telecommunication in India, which was published on July 23, 2022. However, it fails to let go of the colonial moorings that have shaped the law around telecommunications in India for the past century. Instead, it represents multiple squandered opportunities for significant legislative reform. The Telecom Bill misses the opportunity for the democratisation of telecommunication services. Now, it has preferred a move towards centralisation of power through its new licensing regime. Here, the Telecom Bill also fails to inculcate the learnings evolved in courts and other institutions of authority, and instead repackages the provisions from pre-Independence laws to pass them off as legislative advancements. This is in lieu of enacting sweeping legislative reform which would cement user rights as the cornerstone of the Indian telecommunication sector.

[Source - The Hindu, October 1, 2022]

Q. The TRAI is a regulatory body set up by the Government of India under:

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The draft Indian Telecommunication Bill, 2022 (Telecom Bill) - published for public consultation on September 21, 2022 - aims to create a legal framework attuned to the realities of the 21st century to ensure India's socio-economic development. This Telecom Bill follows the release of the consultation paper, Need for a new legal framework governing Telecommunication in India, which was published on July 23, 2022. However, it fails to let go of the colonial moorings that have shaped the law around telecommunications in India for the past century. Instead, it represents multiple squandered opportunities for significant legislative reform. The Telecom Bill misses the opportunity for the democratisation of telecommunication services. Now, it has preferred a move towards centralisation of power through its new licensing regime. Here, the Telecom Bill also fails to inculcate the learnings evolved in courts and other institutions of authority, and instead repackages the provisions from pre-Independence laws to pass them off as legislative advancements. This is in lieu of enacting sweeping legislative reform which would cement user rights as the cornerstone of the Indian telecommunication sector.

[Source - The Hindu, October 1, 2022]

Q. BharatNet Project is the world's largest rural broadband connectivity programme using Optical fibre, implemented by:

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The draft Indian Telecommunication Bill, 2022 (Telecom Bill) - published for public consultation on September 21, 2022 - aims to create a legal framework attuned to the realities of the 21st century to ensure India's socio-economic development. This Telecom Bill follows the release of the consultation paper, Need for a new legal framework governing Telecommunication in India, which was published on July 23, 2022. However, it fails to let go of the colonial moorings that have shaped the law around telecommunications in India for the past century. Instead, it represents multiple squandered opportunities for significant legislative reform. The Telecom Bill misses the opportunity for the democratisation of telecommunication services. Now, it has preferred a move towards centralisation of power through its new licensing regime. Here, the Telecom Bill also fails to inculcate the learnings evolved in courts and other institutions of authority, and instead repackages the provisions from pre-Independence laws to pass them off as legislative advancements. This is in lieu of enacting sweeping legislative reform which would cement user rights as the cornerstone of the Indian telecommunication sector.

[Source - The Hindu, October 1, 2022]

Q. GOI has recently rolled out 5G in India that will not only facilitate communication technology but also add a new dimension to the missions like 'Digital India' and 'Smart Cities'. Which among the following was the first country to launch 5G?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The draft Indian Telecommunication Bill, 2022 (Telecom Bill) - published for public consultation on September 21, 2022 - aims to create a legal framework attuned to the realities of the 21st century to ensure India's socio-economic development. This Telecom Bill follows the release of the consultation paper, Need for a new legal framework governing Telecommunication in India, which was published on July 23, 2022. However, it fails to let go of the colonial moorings that have shaped the law around telecommunications in India for the past century. Instead, it represents multiple squandered opportunities for significant legislative reform. The Telecom Bill misses the opportunity for the democratisation of telecommunication services. Now, it has preferred a move towards centralisation of power through its new licensing regime. Here, the Telecom Bill also fails to inculcate the learnings evolved in courts and other institutions of authority, and instead repackages the provisions from pre-Independence laws to pass them off as legislative advancements. This is in lieu of enacting sweeping legislative reform which would cement user rights as the cornerstone of the Indian telecommunication sector.

[Source - The Hindu, October 1, 2022]

Q. Consider the following statements and mark the correct option.

Statement I: India is currently the world's second-largest telecommunications market.

Statement II: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) up to 75% has been allowed in the Telecom sector under the automatic route.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

A team of researchers has flagged the changing chemistry of the western region of the Arctic Ocean after discovering acidity levels increasing three to four times faster than ocean waters elsewhere. The team also identified a strong correlation between the accelerated rate of melting ice and the rate of ocean acidification. The study, published on Thursday in 'Science', the journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, is the first analysis of Arctic acidification that includes data from 1994 to 2020. Scientists have predicted that by 2050, Arctic sea ice in this region will no longer survive the increasingly warm summers. As a result, the ocean's chemistry will grow more acidic, creating life-threatening problems for the diverse population of sea creatures, plants and other living things that depend on a healthy ocean. Crabs, for example, live in a crusty shell built from the calcium carbonate prevalent in ocean water. Polar bears rely on healthy fish populations for food, fish and sea birds rely on plankton and plants, and seafood is a key element of many humans' diets.

[Source - The Indian Express, October 3, 2022]

Q. Consider the following statements about Arctic region and mark the incorrect one.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

A team of researchers has flagged the changing chemistry of the western region of the Arctic Ocean after discovering acidity levels increasing three to four times faster than ocean waters elsewhere. The team also identified a strong correlation between the accelerated rate of melting ice and the rate of ocean acidification. The study, published on Thursday in 'Science', the journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, is the first analysis of Arctic acidification that includes data from 1994 to 2020. Scientists have predicted that by 2050, Arctic sea ice in this region will no longer survive the increasingly warm summers. As a result, the ocean's chemistry will grow more acidic, creating life-threatening problems for the diverse population of sea creatures, plants and other living things that depend on a healthy ocean. Crabs, for example, live in a crusty shell built from the calcium carbonate prevalent in ocean water. Polar bears rely on healthy fish populations for food, fish and sea birds rely on plankton and plants, and seafood is a key element of many humans' diets.

[Source - The Indian Express, October 3, 2022]

Q. Name India's first permanent Arctic research station located at Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Norway.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

For significantly improving our understanding of the role of banks in the economy, particularly during financial crises, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences for 2022 was awarded on October 10 to three American economists: Ben S Bernanke, Douglas W. Diamond and Philip H. Dybvi. The last of the Nobel Prize announcements for this year, the Economics Prize has gone to the three individuals for their role in research related to how banks function. Modern banking research clarifies why we have banks, how to make them less vulnerable in crises and how bank collapses exacerbate financial crises. The foundations of this research were laid by Ben Bernanke, Douglas Diamond and Philip Dybvig in the early 1980s. Their analyses have been of great practical importance in regulating financial markets and dealing with financial crises, said the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in its press release. It also noted, Later, when the pandemic hit in 2020, significant measures were taken to avoid a global financial crisis. The laureates' insights have played an important role in ensuring these latter crises did not develop into new depressions with devastating consequences for society.

[Source - The Indian Express, October 10, 2022]

Q. Consider the following statements and mark the correct option.

Statement I: Nobel Prizes are awarded in six fields.

Statement II: Nobel Prizes were first awarded in 1901.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

For significantly improving our understanding of the role of banks in the economy, particularly during financial crises, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences for 2022 was awarded on October 10 to three American economists: Ben S Bernanke, Douglas W. Diamond and Philip H. Dybvi. The last of the Nobel Prize announcements for this year, the Economics Prize has gone to the three individuals for their role in research related to how banks function. Modern banking research clarifies why we have banks, how to make them less vulnerable in crises and how bank collapses exacerbate financial crises. The foundations of this research were laid by Ben Bernanke, Douglas Diamond and Philip Dybvig in the early 1980s. Their analyses have been of great practical importance in regulating financial markets and dealing with financial crises, said the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in its press release. It also noted, Later, when the pandemic hit in 2020, significant measures were taken to avoid a global financial crisis. The laureates' insights have played an important role in ensuring these latter crises did not develop into new depressions with devastating consequences for society.

[Source - The Indian Express, October 10, 2022]

Q. Annie Ernaux won the Nobel Prize 2022 in __________ for the courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers the roots, estrangements, and collective restraints of personal memory.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

For significantly improving our understanding of the role of banks in the economy, particularly during financial crises, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences for 2022 was awarded on October 10 to three American economists: Ben S Bernanke, Douglas W. Diamond and Philip H. Dybvi. The last of the Nobel Prize announcements for this year, the Economics Prize has gone to the three individuals for their role in research related to how banks function. Modern banking research clarifies why we have banks, how to make them less vulnerable in crises and how bank collapses exacerbate financial crises. The foundations of this research were laid by Ben Bernanke, Douglas Diamond and Philip Dybvig in the early 1980s. Their analyses have been of great practical importance in regulating financial markets and dealing with financial crises, said the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in its press release. It also noted, Later, when the pandemic hit in 2020, significant measures were taken to avoid a global financial crisis. The laureates' insights have played an important role in ensuring these latter crises did not develop into new depressions with devastating consequences for society.

[Source - The Indian Express, October 10, 2022]

Q. Who was the first Indian citizen to be awarded the Nobel Prize?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) has kickstarted a campaign under 'Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav'. The Pension Regulator will be observing October 1, 2021 as the National Pension System Diwas (NPS Diwas) to promote pension and retirement planning for a carefree 'azad' retirement. PFRDA is promoting this campaign on its social media platforms with #npsdiwas. The pension regulator aims to encourage every citizen (working professionals and self-employed professionals) to plan towards creating a financial cushion to ensure for oneself a financially sound future after retirement. NPS subscribers will enjoy the benefits, power of compounding now and reap many of the benefits after retirement. PFRDA Chairperson Shri Supratim Bandyopadhyay said: We are happy to announce October 1 as NPS Diwas, especially for pension and retirement planning. We are excited to be a part of the Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav of the Government. Through this campaign, we want to create awareness about pension planning among the public. As a regulatory body, our foremost aim is to cover all eligible citizens under a pension scheme to fulfill the vision of a pensioned society for India.

[Source - www.pib.gov.in, September 30, 2022]

Q. Name the national project that led to the establishment of PFRDA.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) has kickstarted a campaign under 'Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav'. The Pension Regulator will be observing October 1, 2021 as the National Pension System Diwas (NPS Diwas) to promote pension and retirement planning for a carefree 'azad' retirement. PFRDA is promoting this campaign on its social media platforms with #npsdiwas. The pension regulator aims to encourage every citizen (working professionals and self-employed professionals) to plan towards creating a financial cushion to ensure for oneself a financially sound future after retirement. NPS subscribers will enjoy the benefits, power of compounding now and reap many of the benefits after retirement. PFRDA Chairperson Shri Supratim Bandyopadhyay said: We are happy to announce October 1 as NPS Diwas, especially for pension and retirement planning. We are excited to be a part of the Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav of the Government. Through this campaign, we want to create awareness about pension planning among the public. As a regulatory body, our foremost aim is to cover all eligible citizens under a pension scheme to fulfill the vision of a pensioned society for India.

[Source - www.pib.gov.in, September 30, 2022]

Q. Atal Pension Yojana (APY) is a government-backed pension scheme in India, primarily targeted at the unorganised sector. What is the range of monthly pension after the age of 60 years under APY?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) has kickstarted a campaign under 'Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav'. The Pension Regulator will be observing October 1, 2021 as the National Pension System Diwas (NPS Diwas) to promote pension and retirement planning for a carefree 'azad' retirement. PFRDA is promoting this campaign on its social media platforms with #npsdiwas. The pension regulator aims to encourage every citizen (working professionals and self-employed professionals) to plan towards creating a financial cushion to ensure for oneself a financially sound future after retirement. NPS subscribers will enjoy the benefits, power of compounding now and reap many of the benefits after retirement. PFRDA Chairperson Shri Supratim Bandyopadhyay said: We are happy to announce October 1 as NPS Diwas, especially for pension and retirement planning. We are excited to be a part of the Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav of the Government. Through this campaign, we want to create awareness about pension planning among the public. As a regulatory body, our foremost aim is to cover all eligible citizens under a pension scheme to fulfill the vision of a pensioned society for India.

[Source - www.pib.gov.in, September 30, 2022]

Q. Consider the following statements and mark the correct option.

Statement I: President Pratibha Patil gave her assent to the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority Bill to make it an Act.

Statement II: The Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority Act was passed in the year 2013.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

President Droupadi Murmu on Tuesday launched 'herSTART', aimed at supporting women-led start-ups. The 'herSTART' platform will boost innovation and start-up efforts of women entrepreneurs and also help them connect with various government and private enterprises, according to a government release. The platform will include a digital platform to provide resources and training modules free of cost to aspiring women entrepreneurs, a digital community for them, and a digital publication to spread their success stories. The President, who is on a two-day visit to Gujarat starting Monday, virtually laid the foundation stone and dedicated 11 educational development projects worth Rs. 164 crore. The inclusive development model of Gujarat is becoming a guide for other states of the country today, she said and urged states to adopt each other's development model and work in the direction of building a developed nation. India has improved in the Global Innovation Index (GII) of 2022 as a result of the start-up program started across the country with the efforts of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the President said in her address.

[Source - The Hindustan Times, October 4, 2022]

Q. 'herSTART' is an initiative of:

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

President Droupadi Murmu on Tuesday launched 'herSTART', aimed at supporting women-led start-ups. The 'herSTART' platform will boost innovation and start-up efforts of women entrepreneurs and also help them connect with various government and private enterprises, according to a government release. The platform will include a digital platform to provide resources and training modules free of cost to aspiring women entrepreneurs, a digital community for them, and a digital publication to spread their success stories. The President, who is on a two-day visit to Gujarat starting Monday, virtually laid the foundation stone and dedicated 11 educational development projects worth Rs. 164 crore. The inclusive development model of Gujarat is becoming a guide for other states of the country today, she said and urged states to adopt each other's development model and work in the direction of building a developed nation. India has improved in the Global Innovation Index (GII) of 2022 as a result of the start-up program started across the country with the efforts of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the President said in her address.

[Source - The Hindustan Times, October 4, 2022]

Q. 'National Start-up Day', as declared in 2022, is going to be celebrated every year on:

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

President Droupadi Murmu on Tuesday launched 'herSTART', aimed at supporting women-led start-ups. The 'herSTART' platform will boost innovation and start-up efforts of women entrepreneurs and also help them connect with various government and private enterprises, according to a government release. The platform will include a digital platform to provide resources and training modules free of cost to aspiring women entrepreneurs, a digital community for them, and a digital publication to spread their success stories. The President, who is on a two-day visit to Gujarat starting Monday, virtually laid the foundation stone and dedicated 11 educational development projects worth Rs. 164 crore. The inclusive development model of Gujarat is becoming a guide for other states of the country today, she said and urged states to adopt each other's development model and work in the direction of building a developed nation. India has improved in the Global Innovation Index (GII) of 2022 as a result of the start-up program started across the country with the efforts of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the President said in her address.

[Source - The Hindustan Times, October 4, 2022]

Q. What was India's rank in Global Innovation Index (GII) 2022?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

President Droupadi Murmu on Tuesday launched 'herSTART', aimed at supporting women-led start-ups. The 'herSTART' platform will boost innovation and start-up efforts of women entrepreneurs and also help them connect with various government and private enterprises, according to a government release. The platform will include a digital platform to provide resources and training modules free of cost to aspiring women entrepreneurs, a digital community for them, and a digital publication to spread their success stories. The President, who is on a two-day visit to Gujarat starting Monday, virtually laid the foundation stone and dedicated 11 educational development projects worth Rs. 164 crore. The inclusive development model of Gujarat is becoming a guide for other states of the country today, she said and urged states to adopt each other's development model and work in the direction of building a developed nation. India has improved in the Global Innovation Index (GII) of 2022 as a result of the start-up program started across the country with the efforts of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the President said in her address.

[Source - The Hindustan Times, October 4, 2022]

Q. Which Ministry launched SAMRIDH program, a scheme to create a conducive platform for 'Indian Software Product' start-ups?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

India celebrated its Republic Day across the country on Wednesday with the annual parade held at Rajpath here showcasing the nation's cultural diversity and military might with a series of tableaux and cultural performances.

Sanitation workers, frontline workers, auto rickshaw drivers, construction workers and labourers who prepared the majestic tableaus were among special guests invited this year to the Republic Day parade.

This year's parade witnessed a half-hour delay to ensure better visibility. Only those who are fully vaccinated individuals were allowed in limited numbers due to the Covid-19 restrictions in place.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid homage to the armed personnel who lost their lives, at the National War Memorial, following which the celebrations kicked-off with the unfurling of the national flag and a 21-gun salute.

Several marching contingents showed their prowess with the fabled Rajput Regiment, led by Lieutenant Varun Pratap Singh of 17 Rajput Regiment, carrying weapon point 3 naught that was used during the 1947-48 Indo-Pakistan war.

[Source - The Hindu, Jan 26, 2022]

Q. What was the reason behind choosing January 26 as Republic Day?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

India celebrated its Republic Day across the country on Wednesday with the annual parade held at Rajpath here showcasing the nation's cultural diversity and military might with a series of tableaux and cultural performances.

Sanitation workers, frontline workers, auto rickshaw drivers, construction workers and labourers who prepared the majestic tableaus were among special guests invited this year to the Republic Day parade.

This year's parade witnessed a half-hour delay to ensure better visibility. Only those who are fully vaccinated individuals were allowed in limited numbers due to the Covid-19 restrictions in place.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid homage to the armed personnel who lost their lives, at the National War Memorial, following which the celebrations kicked-off with the unfurling of the national flag and a 21-gun salute.

Several marching contingents showed their prowess with the fabled Rajput Regiment, led by Lieutenant Varun Pratap Singh of 17 Rajput Regiment, carrying weapon point 3 naught that was used during the 1947-48 Indo-Pakistan war.

[Source - The Hindu, Jan 26, 2022]

Q. Choose the statement providing false information regarding the Republic Day of India.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

India celebrated its Republic Day across the country on Wednesday with the annual parade held at Rajpath here showcasing the nation's cultural diversity and military might with a series of tableaux and cultural performances.

Sanitation workers, frontline workers, auto rickshaw drivers, construction workers and labourers who prepared the majestic tableaus were among special guests invited this year to the Republic Day parade.

This year's parade witnessed a half-hour delay to ensure better visibility. Only those who are fully vaccinated individuals were allowed in limited numbers due to the Covid-19 restrictions in place.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid homage to the armed personnel who lost their lives, at the National War Memorial, following which the celebrations kicked-off with the unfurling of the national flag and a 21-gun salute.

Several marching contingents showed their prowess with the fabled Rajput Regiment, led by Lieutenant Varun Pratap Singh of 17 Rajput Regiment, carrying weapon point 3 naught that was used during the 1947-48 Indo-Pakistan war.

[Source - The Hindu, Jan 26, 2022]

Q. The Amar Jawan Jyoti flame at India Gate was merged with the Eternal Flame at the National War Memorial in January 2022.

In which year was National War Memorial inaugurated?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Every day-to-day transaction that is conducted involves the usage of contracts, whether verbal or written. Contracts are an indispensable part of any individual's life and are utilised at every part.Contracts are essentially a bundle of rights and obligations that tend to bind one party with another in exchange for some consideration. The Indian Contract Act is one of the oldest mercantile laws of our country. It came into effect on the 1st of September 1872. It is the principal law regulating contracts in India. Indian Contract Act frames and validates the contracts or agreements between various parties. Contract Act is one of the central laws that regulate and oversee all the business wherever there is a case of a deal or an agreement.The following section will tell us what a contract is. To form an agreement, one party has to make the proposal and other has to accept it. It means that there must be two parties and no one can enter into an agreement with himself. A contract must involve a consideration and the parties must have the capacity to contract.

A person is said to be of sound mind for the purpose of making a contract, if, at the time when he makes it, he is capable of understanding it and of forming a rational judgment as to its effect upon his interests." A person who is usually of unsound mind, but occasionally of sound mind, may make a contract when he is of sound mind. A person who is usually of sound mind; but occasionally of unsound mind, may not make a contract when he is of unsound mind.

Consent is crucial for an agreement and thus for a valid contract. If two people reach a similar agreement in the same sense, they are said to consent to the promise. However, for a valid contract, we must have free consent which means that the two parties must have reached consent without either of them being influenced, coerced, misrepresented or tricked into it. In other words, we say that if the consent of either of the parties is vitiated knowingly or by mistake, the contract between the parties is no longer valid.

'Consent' defined. -Two or more persons are said to consent when they agree upon the same thing in the same sense. -Two or more persons are said to consent when they agree upon the same thing in the same sense."

Free consent' defined-Consent is said to be free when it is not caused by--Consent is said to be free when it is not caused by-"

(1) coercion

(2) undue influence

(3) fraud

(4) misrepresentation

(5) mistake.

Coercion means committing or threatening to commit, any act, or unlawful detention or threatening to detain, any property, with the intention of causing that person into the agreement.

Undue influence means Influence by which a person is induced to act otherwise than by his own free will or without adequate attention to the consequences thereafter. when one party is in a position to dominate the will of others and actually misuses the power, then it is a case of undue influence.Fraud means wrongful deception intended to result in that person to enter into a contract. Consent is said to be so vitiated when it would not have been given but for the existence of such coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation or mistake.

Misrepresentation" means and includes-

(1) the positive assertion, in a manner not warranted by the information of the person making it, of that which is not true, though he believes it to be true;

(2) any breach of duty which, without an intent to deceive, gains an advantage of the person committing it, or anyone claiming under him, by misleading another to his prejudice, or to the prejudice of anyone claiming under him;

(3) causing, however innocently, a party to an agreement, to make a mistake as to the substance of the thing which is the subject of the agreement.

A consent vitiated by mistake revolves around mistake of fact. This happens when both the parties misunderstood each other leaving them at a crossroads. Such a wrongful act or a mistake can be because of an error in understanding, or ignorance or omission etc. But a mistake is never intentional,it is an innocent commanding.

The main objective of this aspect of free consent is to be fair to both the parties and ensure that the judgment of either of the party was not clouded or influenced before entering into a contract. This doctrine helps in the promotion of individual autonomy and freedom to contract.

The entire structure of law of contract is based on the concept of consent, which is placed on the highest pedestal during any agreement. In order to validate the formation of a contract, the main ingredient would be the obtainment of genuine and free consent of the parties. Thus, the mere acquisition of consent is not enough but the consent must be obtained in a free and voluntary manner.

Q. Amar who is suffering from a terminal illness is aged about 85 years and has a few days left. Due to heavy dosage of medication which has affected his brain as a spill-over effect he suffers from mental insanity with intervals of sound mind. During one of these intervals, he entered into a contract with David, a renowned artist, to paint a picture of his within 10 days for a consideration of Rs. 10000 . After 10 days on the day of delivery of the painting, David delivered Amar his portrait but Amar refused to pay consideration for the contract saying that he suffers from insanity and that there is no valid contract between them. Can David force Amar to pay?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Every day-to-day transaction that is conducted involves the usage of contracts, whether verbal or written. Contracts are an indispensable part of any individual's life and are utilised at every part.Contracts are essentially a bundle of rights and obligations that tend to bind one party with another in exchange for some consideration. The Indian Contract Act is one of the oldest mercantile laws of our country. It came into effect on the 1st of September 1872. It is the principal law regulating contracts in India. Indian Contract Act frames and validates the contracts or agreements between various parties. Contract Act is one of the central laws that regulate and oversee all the business wherever there is a case of a deal or an agreement.The following section will tell us what a contract is. To form an agreement, one party has to make the proposal and other has to accept it. It means that there must be two parties and no one can enter into an agreement with himself. A contract must involve a consideration and the parties must have the capacity to contract.

A person is said to be of sound mind for the purpose of making a contract, if, at the time when he makes it, he is capable of understanding it and of forming a rational judgment as to its effect upon his interests." A person who is usually of unsound mind, but occasionally of sound mind, may make a contract when he is of sound mind. A person who is usually of sound mind; but occasionally of unsound mind, may not make a contract when he is of unsound mind.

Consent is crucial for an agreement and thus for a valid contract. If two people reach a similar agreement in the same sense, they are said to consent to the promise. However, for a valid contract, we must have free consent which means that the two parties must have reached consent without either of them being influenced, coerced, misrepresented or tricked into it. In other words, we say that if the consent of either of the parties is vitiated knowingly or by mistake, the contract between the parties is no longer valid.

'Consent' defined. -Two or more persons are said to consent when they agree upon the same thing in the same sense. -Two or more persons are said to consent when they agree upon the same thing in the same sense."

Free consent' defined-Consent is said to be free when it is not caused by--Consent is said to be free when it is not caused by-"

(1) coercion

(2) undue influence

(3) fraud

(4) misrepresentation

(5) mistake.

Coercion means committing or threatening to commit, any act, or unlawful detention or threatening to detain, any property, with the intention of causing that person into the agreement.

Undue influence means Influence by which a person is induced to act otherwise than by his own free will or without adequate attention to the consequences thereafter. when one party is in a position to dominate the will of others and actually misuses the power, then it is a case of undue influence.Fraud means wrongful deception intended to result in that person to enter into a contract. Consent is said to be so vitiated when it would not have been given but for the existence of such coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation or mistake.

Misrepresentation" means and includes-

(1) the positive assertion, in a manner not warranted by the information of the person making it, of that which is not true, though he believes it to be true;

(2) any breach of duty which, without an intent to deceive, gains an advantage of the person committing it, or anyone claiming under him, by misleading another to his prejudice, or to the prejudice of anyone claiming under him;

(3) causing, however innocently, a party to an agreement, to make a mistake as to the substance of the thing which is the subject of the agreement.

A consent vitiated by mistake revolves around mistake of fact. This happens when both the parties misunderstood each other leaving them at a crossroads. Such a wrongful act or a mistake can be because of an error in understanding, or ignorance or omission etc. But a mistake is never intentional,it is an innocent commanding.

The main objective of this aspect of free consent is to be fair to both the parties and ensure that the judgment of either of the party was not clouded or influenced before entering into a contract. This doctrine helps in the promotion of individual autonomy and freedom to contract.

The entire structure of law of contract is based on the concept of consent, which is placed on the highest pedestal during any agreement. In order to validate the formation of a contract, the main ingredient would be the obtainment of genuine and free consent of the parties. Thus, the mere acquisition of consent is not enough but the consent must be obtained in a free and voluntary manner.

Q. Mr. Atwater was a dealer of dogs. He had several breeds of dogs which were put out for sale. There were two dogs named Alex- one dog was a German Shepherd and the other was a Golden Retriever. Abby wanted to buy Alex, the golden retriever. Abby: hi! I want to buy Alex.

Mr. Atwater: Ok sure. I will deliver it by tomorrow. Abby: Thank you.

Mr. Atwater sent the German Shepherd dog called Alex and by then the Golden retriever had died. Finding the misplaced dog Abby wanted to return the dog.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Every day-to-day transaction that is conducted involves the usage of contracts, whether verbal or written. Contracts are an indispensable part of any individual's life and are utilised at every part.Contracts are essentially a bundle of rights and obligations that tend to bind one party with another in exchange for some consideration. The Indian Contract Act is one of the oldest mercantile laws of our country. It came into effect on the 1st of September 1872. It is the principal law regulating contracts in India. Indian Contract Act frames and validates the contracts or agreements between various parties. Contract Act is one of the central laws that regulate and oversee all the business wherever there is a case of a deal or an agreement.The following section will tell us what a contract is. To form an agreement, one party has to make the proposal and other has to accept it. It means that there must be two parties and no one can enter into an agreement with himself. A contract must involve a consideration and the parties must have the capacity to contract.

A person is said to be of sound mind for the purpose of making a contract, if, at the time when he makes it, he is capable of understanding it and of forming a rational judgment as to its effect upon his interests." A person who is usually of unsound mind, but occasionally of sound mind, may make a contract when he is of sound mind. A person who is usually of sound mind; but occasionally of unsound mind, may not make a contract when he is of unsound mind.

Consent is crucial for an agreement and thus for a valid contract. If two people reach a similar agreement in the same sense, they are said to consent to the promise. However, for a valid contract, we must have free consent which means that the two parties must have reached consent without either of them being influenced, coerced, misrepresented or tricked into it. In other words, we say that if the consent of either of the parties is vitiated knowingly or by mistake, the contract between the parties is no longer valid.

'Consent' defined. -Two or more persons are said to consent when they agree upon the same thing in the same sense. -Two or more persons are said to consent when they agree upon the same thing in the same sense."

Free consent' defined-Consent is said to be free when it is not caused by--Consent is said to be free when it is not caused by-"

(1) coercion

(2) undue influence

(3) fraud

(4) misrepresentation

(5) mistake.

Coercion means committing or threatening to commit, any act, or unlawful detention or threatening to detain, any property, with the intention of causing that person into the agreement.

Undue influence means Influence by which a person is induced to act otherwise than by his own free will or without adequate attention to the consequences thereafter. when one party is in a position to dominate the will of others and actually misuses the power, then it is a case of undue influence.Fraud means wrongful deception intended to result in that person to enter into a contract. Consent is said to be so vitiated when it would not have been given but for the existence of such coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation or mistake.

Misrepresentation" means and includes-

(1) the positive assertion, in a manner not warranted by the information of the person making it, of that which is not true, though he believes it to be true;

(2) any breach of duty which, without an intent to deceive, gains an advantage of the person committing it, or anyone claiming under him, by misleading another to his prejudice, or to the prejudice of anyone claiming under him;

(3) causing, however innocently, a party to an agreement, to make a mistake as to the substance of the thing which is the subject of the agreement.

A consent vitiated by mistake revolves around mistake of fact. This happens when both the parties misunderstood each other leaving them at a crossroads. Such a wrongful act or a mistake can be because of an error in understanding, or ignorance or omission etc. But a mistake is never intentional,it is an innocent commanding.

The main objective of this aspect of free consent is to be fair to both the parties and ensure that the judgment of either of the party was not clouded or influenced before entering into a contract. This doctrine helps in the promotion of individual autonomy and freedom to contract.

The entire structure of law of contract is based on the concept of consent, which is placed on the highest pedestal during any agreement. In order to validate the formation of a contract, the main ingredient would be the obtainment of genuine and free consent of the parties. Thus, the mere acquisition of consent is not enough but the consent must be obtained in a free and voluntary manner.

Q. Ram who was the head engineer for the construction of a bridge across river Dandi was threatened by the CEO of Armsteel Company that Ram must let the company to construct the bridge else the the CEO will divulge out the secrets of his corrupt practices previously.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Every day-to-day transaction that is conducted involves the usage of contracts, whether verbal or written. Contracts are an indispensable part of any individual's life and are utilised at every part.Contracts are essentially a bundle of rights and obligations that tend to bind one party with another in exchange for some consideration. The Indian Contract Act is one of the oldest mercantile laws of our country. It came into effect on the 1st of September 1872. It is the principal law regulating contracts in India. Indian Contract Act frames and validates the contracts or agreements between various parties. Contract Act is one of the central laws that regulate and oversee all the business wherever there is a case of a deal or an agreement.The following section will tell us what a contract is. To form an agreement, one party has to make the proposal and other has to accept it. It means that there must be two parties and no one can enter into an agreement with himself. A contract must involve a consideration and the parties must have the capacity to contract.

A person is said to be of sound mind for the purpose of making a contract, if, at the time when he makes it, he is capable of understanding it and of forming a rational judgment as to its effect upon his interests." A person who is usually of unsound mind, but occasionally of sound mind, may make a contract when he is of sound mind. A person who is usually of sound mind; but occasionally of unsound mind, may not make a contract when he is of unsound mind.

Consent is crucial for an agreement and thus for a valid contract. If two people reach a similar agreement in the same sense, they are said to consent to the promise. However, for a valid contract, we must have free consent which means that the two parties must have reached consent without either of them being influenced, coerced, misrepresented or tricked into it. In other words, we say that if the consent of either of the parties is vitiated knowingly or by mistake, the contract between the parties is no longer valid.

'Consent' defined. -Two or more persons are said to consent when they agree upon the same thing in the same sense. -Two or more persons are said to consent when they agree upon the same thing in the same sense."

Free consent' defined-Consent is said to be free when it is not caused by--Consent is said to be free when it is not caused by-"

(1) coercion

(2) undue influence

(3) fraud

(4) misrepresentation

(5) mistake.

Coercion means committing or threatening to commit, any act, or unlawful detention or threatening to detain, any property, with the intention of causing that person into the agreement.

Undue influence means Influence by which a person is induced to act otherwise than by his own free will or without adequate attention to the consequences thereafter. when one party is in a position to dominate the will of others and actually misuses the power, then it is a case of undue influence.Fraud means wrongful deception intended to result in that person to enter into a contract. Consent is said to be so vitiated when it would not have been given but for the existence of such coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation or mistake.

Misrepresentation" means and includes-

(1) the positive assertion, in a manner not warranted by the information of the person making it, of that which is not true, though he believes it to be true;

(2) any breach of duty which, without an intent to deceive, gains an advantage of the person committing it, or anyone claiming under him, by misleading another to his prejudice, or to the prejudice of anyone claiming under him;

(3) causing, however innocently, a party to an agreement, to make a mistake as to the substance of the thing which is the subject of the agreement.

A consent vitiated by mistake revolves around mistake of fact. This happens when both the parties misunderstood each other leaving them at a crossroads. Such a wrongful act or a mistake can be because of an error in understanding, or ignorance or omission etc. But a mistake is never intentional,it is an innocent commanding.

The main objective of this aspect of free consent is to be fair to both the parties and ensure that the judgment of either of the party was not clouded or influenced before entering into a contract. This doctrine helps in the promotion of individual autonomy and freedom to contract.

The entire structure of law of contract is based on the concept of consent, which is placed on the highest pedestal during any agreement. In order to validate the formation of a contract, the main ingredient would be the obtainment of genuine and free consent of the parties. Thus, the mere acquisition of consent is not enough but the consent must be obtained in a free and voluntary manner.

Q. Mr. James was the medical attendant of Adam who was completely bedridden and is completely dependent on him for the slightest of his physical requirements. The roof of Adam's house was leaking and required fixing. Mr. James hired his brother for construction work and demanded exceptionally high charges for the work.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Minor : A person is a minor who has not attained the age of majority. The age of majority is determined by the law to which he is subject. In India, the term 'minor' is understood as explained in section 3 of the Indian Majority Act, 1875 which reads as - A minor is a person who has not completed eighteen years of age. A person is deemed to have attained the age of 18 years at the first moment of time on his 18th birthday. Status of a contract entered into by a minor - Section 1010 of the Indian Contract Act provides that on agreement can become a contract when the parties to it are competent to contract. Minor is a person who is not competent to contract. An agreement entered into by a minor does not qualify to become a contract and hence is void ab initio. Doctrine of estoppel does not apply to minor. The doctrine of estoppel is that - when a person makes a false representation, and the other person believes it to be true and acts accordingly, later on the person who has made false representation is stopped from denying the truth of that presentation. The term tort may be defined as any wrong for which a civil suit can be brought A tort arises out of a contract and when the contract is not enforceable against the minor, he cannot be made liable for tort. Section 68 of the Indian contract Act, 1872 reads - If a person is incapable of entering into a contract or anyone whom he is legally bound to support, is supplied by another person with necessaries suited to his condition in life, the person who has furnished such supplies is entitled to be reimbursed from the property of such incapable person.

Q. M, a minor, executed a mortgage deed of his house in favour of a money lender Rs.20000. Out of this he received cash worth Rs. 8000 from the money lender later on the money lender filed a suit for recovery of his money and sale of the mortgaged property in case of default. Decide.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Minor : A person is a minor who has not attained the age of majority. The age of majority is determined by the law to which he is subject. In India, the term 'minor' is understood as explained in section 3 of the Indian Majority Act, 1875 which reads as - A minor is a person who has not completed eighteen years of age. A person is deemed to have attained the age of 18 years at the first moment of time on his 18th birthday. Status of a contract entered into by a minor - Section 1010 of the Indian Contract Act provides that on agreement can become a contract when the parties to it are competent to contract. Minor is a person who is not competent to contract. An agreement entered into by a minor does not qualify to become a contract and hence is void ab initio. Doctrine of estoppel does not apply to minor. The doctrine of estoppel is that - when a person makes a false representation, and the other person believes it to be true and acts accordingly, later on the person who has made false representation is stopped from denying the truth of that presentation. The term tort may be defined as any wrong for which a civil suit can be brought A tort arises out of a contract and when the contract is not enforceable against the minor, he cannot be made liable for tort. Section 68 of the Indian contract Act, 1872 reads - If a person is incapable of entering into a contract or anyone whom he is legally bound to support, is supplied by another person with necessaries suited to his condition in life, the person who has furnished such supplies is entitled to be reimbursed from the property of such incapable person.

Q. A minor hired a horse for riding.He injured it by over riding. He was guilty of negligence in performing his part of contract. Decide.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Minor : A person is a minor who has not attained the age of majority. The age of majority is determined by the law to which he is subject. In India, the term 'minor' is understood as explained in section 3 of the Indian Majority Act, 1875 which reads as - A minor is a person who has not completed eighteen years of age. A person is deemed to have attained the age of 18 years at the first moment of time on his 18th birthday. Status of a contract entered into by a minor - Section 1010 of the Indian Contract Act provides that on agreement can become a contract when the parties to it are competent to contract. Minor is a person who is not competent to contract. An agreement entered into by a minor does not qualify to become a contract and hence is void ab initio. Doctrine of estoppel does not apply to minor. The doctrine of estoppel is that - when a person makes a false representation, and the other person believes it to be true and acts accordingly, later on the person who has made false representation is stopped from denying the truth of that presentation. The term tort may be defined as any wrong for which a civil suit can be brought A tort arises out of a contract and when the contract is not enforceable against the minor, he cannot be made liable for tort. Section 68 of the Indian contract Act, 1872 reads - If a person is incapable of entering into a contract or anyone whom he is legally bound to support, is supplied by another person with necessaries suited to his condition in life, the person who has furnished such supplies is entitled to be reimbursed from the property of such incapable person.

Q. Section 11 of the contract Act states grounds of competency for entering into contracts. The majority age for an agreement with minor parties is 18 years. The rule of estoppel under evidence law does not apply to minors in contracts. Which law allows minors to receive property but prohibits them from transferring it.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Minor : A person is a minor who has not attained the age of majority. The age of majority is determined by the law to which he is subject. In India, the term 'minor' is understood as explained in section 3 of the Indian Majority Act, 1875 which reads as - A minor is a person who has not completed eighteen years of age. A person is deemed to have attained the age of 18 years at the first moment of time on his 18th birthday. Status of a contract entered into by a minor - Section 1010 of the Indian Contract Act provides that on agreement can become a contract when the parties to it are competent to contract. Minor is a person who is not competent to contract. An agreement entered into by a minor does not qualify to become a contract and hence is void ab initio. Doctrine of estoppel does not apply to minors. The doctrine of estoppel is that - when a person makes a false representation, and the other person believes it to be true and acts accordingly, later on the person who has made false representation is stopped from denying the truth of that presentation. The term tort may be defined as any wrong for which a civil suit can be brought A tort arises out of a contract and when the contract is not enforceable against the minor, he cannot be made liable for tort. Section 68 of the Indian contract Act, 1872 reads - If a person is incapable of entering into a contract or anyone whom he is legally bound to support, is supplied by another person with necessaries suited to his condition in life, the person who has furnished such supplies is entitled to be reimbursed from the property of such incapable person.

Q. A, a minor was amply supplied with proper clothes according to his position. He bought a number of new dresses, including clever fancy-waist coats from B.Decide.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

During the course of a lecture, Supreme Court (SC) judge Justice Deepak Gupta, remarked that the time had come to reconsider the law of sedition. Highlighting a number of recent examples, he observed that the law of sedition "is more often abused and misused", and that "freedom of expression being a constitutional right must get primacy over the laws of sedition".

Justice Gupta's observations are a significant intervention in the ongoing debate about the utility of the sedition law in India of 20192019. As Justice Gupta correctly noted in his lecture, sedition is - of course - of colonial origin. The British regime enacted it in order to suppress political and cultural dissent, and many of the most famous figures of the freedom struggle - including Gandhi - were sent to jail on charges of sedition. The very text of the sedition law reflects its colonial provenance. In prohibiting "disaffection", "contempt" or "hatred" against the government, it effectively requires citizens to love their rulers - or, at least, to not make their dislike publicly known. It was for this reason that there was a fierce debate about sedition in the Constituent Assembly. Attempts to include it as a specific restriction upon the freedom of speech were defeated, and Jawaharlal Nehru himself went on to promise that the government would soon get rid of it. However, the government didn't, and in 19621962, the SC upheld the constitutional validity of sedition. The court held that penalising sedition was a reasonable restriction upon the freedom of speech - however, only if the words of the provision themselves were given a narrow meaning. In other words, it wasn't enough to just spread "disaffection" against the government, but to do so in a manner that incited violence or public disorder. In the five-and-a-half decades since that judgment, the SC has refined the test further, noting that the link between speech and public disorder must be like that of a "spark in a powder keg", and that it must constitute an incitement to "imminent" lawless action.

The problem, however, is that there remains a massive gap between the words of the sedition law — "disaffection", "contempt", and "hatred" - and the interpretation placed upon it by the Supreme Court - incitement to imminent lawless action. An ordinary person who simply looks at the text of the law is unlikely to divine that what it actually requires is incitement to public disorder. It is this gap that has allowed the law of sedition to be used as a political tool. As Justice Gupta also pointed out in his lecture, sedition is a cognizable offence, which means that the police can arrest an accused without the need for a judicial warrant. This allows for the deprivation of personal liberty with great ease; so while there are very few convictions for sedition, the provision's broad wording facilitates - to use an old cliche - "the process being the punishment".

Keeping this in mind, and the fact that we already have laws to penalise and punish people who call for and incite violence, Justice Gupta's call to relook at, and review, the sedition law must be heeded. The real bite of the sedition law is in its broad wording. Terms like "disaffection" and "contempt" can be stretched to mean just about anything, enabling, for instance, prosecuting 7,0007,000 farmers for protesting against a nuclear power plant (as happened a few years ago). But it is this precise broad wording - with its colonial rationale of insulating the government from the citizen - that is contrary to the Constitution, and the precise reason why the SC has given it a narrow (and almost unrecognisable) meaning. As events have shown, however, the gap between the law and its judicial interpretation has become so wide that there can be no interpretive bridge that will adequately protect liberty; this being the case, the Supreme Court will, hopefully, reconsider its 19621962 decision, and strike down the law of sedition as being unconstitutional. This will be the greatest tribute to Gandhi.

Q. What is the origin of the Law of Sedition?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

During the course of a lecture, Supreme Court (SC) judge Justice Deepak Gupta, remarked that the time had come to reconsider the law of sedition. Highlighting a number of recent examples, he observed that the law of sedition "is more often abused and misused", and that "freedom of expression being a constitutional right must get primacy over the laws of sedition".

Justice Gupta's observations are a significant intervention in the ongoing debate about the utility of the sedition law in India of 20192019. As Justice Gupta correctly noted in his lecture, sedition is - of course - of colonial origin. The British regime enacted it in order to suppress political and cultural dissent, and many of the most famous figures of the freedom struggle - including Gandhi - were sent to jail on charges of sedition. The very text of the sedition law reflects its colonial provenance. In prohibiting "disaffection", "contempt" or "hatred" against the government, it effectively requires citizens to love their rulers - or, at least, to not make their dislike publicly known. It was for this reason that there was a fierce debate about sedition in the Constituent Assembly. Attempts to include it as a specific restriction upon the freedom of speech were defeated, and Jawaharlal Nehru himself went on to promise that the government would soon get rid of it. However, the government didn't, and in 19621962, the SC upheld the constitutional validity of sedition. The court held that penalising sedition was a reasonable restriction upon the freedom of speech - however, only if the words of the provision themselves were given a narrow meaning. In other words, it wasn't enough to just spread "disaffection" against the government, but to do so in a manner that incited violence or public disorder. In the five-and-a-half decades since that judgment, the SC has refined the test further, noting that the link between speech and public disorder must be like that of a "spark in a powder keg", and that it must constitute an incitement to "imminent" lawless action.

The problem, however, is that there remains a massive gap between the words of the sedition law — "disaffection", "contempt", and "hatred" - and the interpretation placed upon it by the Supreme Court - incitement to imminent lawless action. An ordinary person who simply looks at the text of the law is unlikely to divine that what it actually requires is incitement to public disorder. It is this gap that has allowed the law of sedition to be used as a political tool. As Justice Gupta also pointed out in his lecture, sedition is a cognizable offence, which means that the police can arrest an accused without the need for a judicial warrant. This allows for the deprivation of personal liberty with great ease; so while there are very few convictions for sedition, the provision's broad wording facilitates - to use an old cliche - "the process being the punishment".

Keeping this in mind, and the fact that we already have laws to penalise and punish people who call for and incite violence, Justice Gupta's call to relook at, and review, the sedition law must be heeded. The real bite of the sedition law is in its broad wording. Terms like "disaffection" and "contempt" can be stretched to mean just about anything, enabling, for instance, prosecuting 7,0007,000 farmers for protesting against a nuclear power plant (as happened a few years ago). But it is this precise broad wording - with its colonial rationale of insulating the government from the citizen - that is contrary to the Constitution, and the precise reason why the SC has given it a narrow (and almost unrecognisable) meaning. As events have shown, however, the gap between the law and its judicial interpretation has become so wide that there can be no interpretive bridge that will adequately protect liberty; this being the case, the Supreme Court will, hopefully, reconsider its 19621962 decision, and strike down the law of sedition as being unconstitutional. This will be the greatest tribute to Gandhi.

Q. What does the author is not trying to conclude in the above passage?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

During the course of a lecture, Supreme Court (SC) judge Justice Deepak Gupta, remarked that the time had come to reconsider the law of sedition. Highlighting a number of recent examples, he observed that the law of sedition "is more often abused and misused", and that "freedom of expression being a constitutional right must get primacy over the laws of sedition".

Justice Gupta's observations are a significant intervention in the ongoing debate about the utility of the sedition law in India of 20192019. As Justice Gupta correctly noted in his lecture, sedition is - of course - of colonial origin. The British regime enacted it in order to suppress political and cultural dissent, and many of the most famous figures of the freedom struggle - including Gandhi - were sent to jail on charges of sedition. The very text of the sedition law reflects its colonial provenance. In prohibiting "disaffection", "contempt" or "hatred" against the government, it effectively requires citizens to love their rulers - or, at least, to not make their dislike publicly known. It was for this reason that there was a fierce debate about sedition in the Constituent Assembly. Attempts to include it as a specific restriction upon the freedom of speech were defeated, and Jawaharlal Nehru himself went on to promise that the government would soon get rid of it. However, the government didn't, and in 19621962, the SC upheld the constitutional validity of sedition. The court held that penalising sedition was a reasonable restriction upon the freedom of speech - however, only if the words of the provision themselves were given a narrow meaning. In other words, it wasn't enough to just spread "disaffection" against the government, but to do so in a manner that incited violence or public disorder. In the five-and-a-half decades since that judgment, the SC has refined the test further, noting that the link between speech and public disorder must be like that of a "spark in a powder keg", and that it must constitute an incitement to "imminent" lawless action.

The problem, however, is that there remains a massive gap between the words of the sedition law — "disaffection", "contempt", and "hatred" - and the interpretation placed upon it by the Supreme Court - incitement to imminent lawless action. An ordinary person who simply looks at the text of the law is unlikely to divine that what it actually requires is incitement to public disorder. It is this gap that has allowed the law of sedition to be used as a political tool. As Justice Gupta also pointed out in his lecture, sedition is a cognizable offence, which means that the police can arrest an accused without the need for a judicial warrant. This allows for the deprivation of personal liberty with great ease; so while there are very few convictions for sedition, the provision's broad wording facilitates - to use an old cliche - "the process being the punishment".

Keeping this in mind, and the fact that we already have laws to penalise and punish people who call for and incite violence, Justice Gupta's call to relook at, and review, the sedition law must be heeded. The real bite of the sedition law is in its broad wording. Terms like "disaffection" and "contempt" can be stretched to mean just about anything, enabling, for instance, prosecuting 7,0007,000 farmers for protesting against a nuclear power plant (as happened a few years ago). But it is this precise broad wording - with its colonial rationale of insulating the government from the citizen - that is contrary to the Constitution, and the precise reason why the SC has given it a narrow (and almost unrecognisable) meaning. As events have shown, however, the gap between the law and its judicial interpretation has become so wide that there can be no interpretive bridge that will adequately protect liberty; this being the case, the Supreme Court will, hopefully, reconsider its 19621962 decision, and strike down the law of sedition as being unconstitutional. This will be the greatest tribute to Gandhi.

Q. What do you understand by the phrase 'spark in a powder keg'?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

During the course of a lecture, Supreme Court (SC) judge Justice Deepak Gupta, remarked that the time had come to reconsider the law of sedition. Highlighting a number of recent examples, he observed that the law of sedition "is more often abused and misused", and that "freedom of expression being a constitutional right must get primacy over the laws of sedition".

Justice Gupta's observations are a significant intervention in the ongoing debate about the utility of the sedition law in India of 20192019. As Justice Gupta correctly noted in his lecture, sedition is - of course - of colonial origin. The British regime enacted it in order to suppress political and cultural dissent, and many of the most famous figures of the freedom struggle - including Gandhi - were sent to jail on charges of sedition. The very text of the sedition law reflects its colonial provenance. In prohibiting "disaffection", "contempt" or "hatred" against the government, it effectively requires citizens to love their rulers - or, at least, to not make their dislike publicly known. It was for this reason that there was a fierce debate about sedition in the Constituent Assembly. Attempts to include it as a specific restriction upon the freedom of speech were defeated, and Jawaharlal Nehru himself went on to promise that the government would soon get rid of it. However, the government didn't, and in 19621962, the SC upheld the constitutional validity of sedition. The court held that penalising sedition was a reasonable restriction upon the freedom of speech - however, only if the words of the provision themselves were given a narrow meaning. In other words, it wasn't enough to just spread "disaffection" against the government, but to do so in a manner that incited violence or public disorder. In the five-and-a-half decades since that judgment, the SC has refined the test further, noting that the link between speech and public disorder must be like that of a "spark in a powder keg", and that it must constitute an incitement to "imminent" lawless action.

The problem, however, is that there remains a massive gap between the words of the sedition law — "disaffection", "contempt", and "hatred" - and the interpretation placed upon it by the Supreme Court - incitement to imminent lawless action. An ordinary person who simply looks at the text of the law is unlikely to divine that what it actually requires is incitement to public disorder. It is this gap that has allowed the law of sedition to be used as a political tool. As Justice Gupta also pointed out in his lecture, sedition is a cognizable offence, which means that the police can arrest an accused without the need for a judicial warrant. This allows for the deprivation of personal liberty with great ease; so while there are very few convictions for sedition, the provision's broad wording facilitates - to use an old cliche - "the process being the punishment".

Keeping this in mind, and the fact that we already have laws to penalise and punish people who call for and incite violence, Justice Gupta's call to relook at, and review, the sedition law must be heeded. The real bite of the sedition law is in its broad wording. Terms like "disaffection" and "contempt" can be stretched to mean just about anything, enabling, for instance, prosecuting 7,0007,000 farmers for protesting against a nuclear power plant (as happened a few years ago). But it is this precise broad wording - with its colonial rationale of insulating the government from the citizen - that is contrary to the Constitution, and the precise reason why the SC has given it a narrow (and almost unrecognisable) meaning. As events have shown, however, the gap between the law and its judicial interpretation has become so wide that there can be no interpretive bridge that will adequately protect liberty; this being the case, the Supreme Court will, hopefully, reconsider its 19621962 decision, and strike down the law of sedition as being unconstitutional. This will be the greatest tribute to Gandhi.

Q. What is a cognizable offence?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Entrapment is a defence to criminal charges on the basis that the defendant only committed the crime because of harassment or coercion by a government official. Without such coercion, the crime would never have been committed. Entrapment can be a difficult defence to assert because it requires the defendant to establish that the idea and impetus for the crime were introduced by government officials, and the defendant was not already willing or predisposed to commit the crime. It is also important to note that entrapment can only occur with a government official, such as an FBI official or a police officer, not a private individual. Additionally, since it is an affirmative defence, the criminal defendant has the burden of establishing that entrapment occurred.

Opportunity is not Entrapment

In order to find and eliminate criminal behaviour, law enforcement officers are allowed to engage in sting operations, whereby they create circumstances that allow individuals to take criminal actions that they can then be arrested and prosecuted for. These are considered "opportunities" for individuals believed to be involved in criminal behaviour to commit crimes. An opportunity is considered very different from entrapment and involves merely the temptation to violate the law, not being forced to do so.

Unlike creating an opportunity, entrapment occurs when law enforcement officers urge, harass, or otherwise overly encourage an individual to commit a crime when he or she would not otherwise do so. Entrapment may result from the use of threats, intimidation, extended fraud, or any other means where the defendant was essentially forced to commit a crime.

For example, law enforcement officers could set up a sting operation for a suspected criminal to commit a burglary. This might involve a law enforcement officer pretending to be a fellow criminal and alerting the defendant of a warehouse shipment that will be arriving shortly and will not be protected by security. If the defendant completes the burglary on the basis of this information, this is not entrapment. The officers have merely created an opportunity for the defendant to commit the crime, and their efforts to do so were entirely legal. If however, the undercover law enforcement officer threatens that the defendant needs to commit the burglary for him, or he will be punished, or shows up every day and harasses the defendant to commit the burglary even though the defendant does not appear interested, this could amount to entrapment. It goes beyond providing an opportunity and involves efforts by law enforcement to force the burglary to occur.

Analysing Entrapment

Assessing whether a criminal defendant was harassed or forced into committing a criminal act is a difficult task and involves a thorough evaluation of the circumstances. In some states, an objective standard is used to evaluate entrapment, meaning that the criminal defendant must show that the tactics used by government officials were such that any reasonable person would have been induced to commit a crime.

However, other states utilize a subjective standard for assessing entrapment.Under the subjective standard, the court or jury weighs the actions of the law enforcement officials against the criminal defendant's predisposition to commit a crime and considers which was the primary motivating factor for the criminal act. Thus, the burden is on the defendant to show that the actions of the government officials were so overbearing and extreme as to constitute the primary reason for the crime to occur, or that the defendant had no prior motivation or disposition to complete the crime. This is often a much harder standard to meet than the objective standard.

Q. John is charged under section 403 of IPC, dishonest misappropriation of property. He claims entrapment by the product manager of TATA Consultancy Ltd. He also presented enough evidence showing that the crime was introduced by the manager and he coerced him to commit crime. Can John claim the defence of entrapment?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Entrapment is a defence to criminal charges on the basis that the defendant only committed the crime because of harassment or coercion by a government official. Without such coercion, the crime would never have been committed. Entrapment can be a difficult defence to assert because it requires the defendant to establish that the idea and impetus for the crime were introduced by government officials, and the defendant was not already willing or predisposed to commit the crime. It is also important to note that entrapment can only occur with a government official, such as an FBI official or a police officer, not a private individual. Additionally, since it is an affirmative defence, the criminal defendant has the burden of establishing that entrapment occurred.

Opportunity is not Entrapment

In order to find and eliminate criminal behaviour, law enforcement officers are allowed to engage in sting operations, whereby they create circumstances that allow individuals to take criminal actions that they can then be arrested and prosecuted for. These are considered "opportunities" for individuals believed to be involved in criminal behaviour to commit crimes. An opportunity is considered very different from entrapment and involves merely the temptation to violate the law, not being forced to do so.

Unlike creating an opportunity, entrapment occurs when law enforcement officers urge, harass, or otherwise overly encourage an individual to commit a crime when he or she would not otherwise do so. Entrapment may result from the use of threats, intimidation, extended fraud, or any other means where the defendant was essentially forced to commit a crime.

For example, law enforcement officers could set up a sting operation for a suspected criminal to commit a burglary. This might involve a law enforcement officer pretending to be a fellow criminal and alerting the defendant of a warehouse shipment that will be arriving shortly and will not be protected by security. If the defendant completes the burglary on the basis of this information, this is not entrapment. The officers have merely created an opportunity for the defendant to commit the crime, and their efforts to do so were entirely legal. If however, the undercover law enforcement officer threatens that the defendant needs to commit the burglary for him, or he will be punished, or shows up every day and harasses the defendant to commit the burglary even though the defendant does not appear interested, this could amount to entrapment. It goes beyond providing an opportunity and involves efforts by law enforcement to force the burglary to occur.

Analysing Entrapment

Assessing whether a criminal defendant was harassed or forced into committing a criminal act is a difficult task and involves a thorough evaluation of the circumstances. In some states, an objective standard is used to evaluate entrapment, meaning that the criminal defendant must show that the tactics used by government officials were such that any reasonable person would have been induced to commit a crime.

However, other states utilize a subjective standard for assessing entrapment.Under the subjective standard, the court or jury weighs the actions of the law enforcement officials against the criminal defendant's predisposition to commit a crime and considers which was the primary motivating factor for the criminal act. Thus, the burden is on the defendant to show that the actions of the government officials were so overbearing and extreme as to constitute the primary reason for the crime to occur, or that the defendant had no prior motivation or disposition to complete the crime. This is often a much harder standard to meet than the objective standard.

Q. The evidence put up by John to show that he was forced by the manager to commit the crime is such that it show that the tactics used by him were such that any reasonable person would have been induced to commit a crime. What type of standard will be used to assess whether there was any entrapment or not?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Entrapment is a defence to criminal charges on the basis that the defendant only committed the crime because of harassment or coercion by a government official. Without such coercion, the crime would never have been committed. Entrapment can be a difficult defence to assert because it requires the defendant to establish that the idea and impetus for the crime were introduced by government officials, and the defendant was not already willing or predisposed to commit the crime. It is also important to note that entrapment can only occur with a government official, such as an FBI official or a police officer, not a private individual. Additionally, since it is an affirmative defence, the criminal defendant has the burden of establishing that entrapment occurred.

Opportunity is not Entrapment

In order to find and eliminate criminal behaviour, law enforcement officers are allowed to engage in sting operations, whereby they create circumstances that allow individuals to take criminal actions that they can then be arrested and prosecuted for. These are considered "opportunities" for individuals believed to be involved in criminal behaviour to commit crimes. An opportunity is considered very different from entrapment and involves merely the temptation to violate the law, not being forced to do so.

Unlike creating an opportunity, entrapment occurs when law enforcement officers urge, harass, or otherwise overly encourage an individual to commit a crime when he or she would not otherwise do so. Entrapment may result from the use of threats, intimidation, extended fraud, or any other means where the defendant was essentially forced to commit a crime.

For example, law enforcement officers could set up a sting operation for a suspected criminal to commit a burglary. This might involve a law enforcement officer pretending to be a fellow criminal and alerting the defendant of a warehouse shipment that will be arriving shortly and will not be protected by security. If the defendant completes the burglary on the basis of this information, this is not entrapment. The officers have merely created an opportunity for the defendant to commit the crime, and their efforts to do so were entirely legal. If however, the undercover law enforcement officer threatens that the defendant needs to commit the burglary for him, or he will be punished, or shows up every day and harasses the defendant to commit the burglary even though the defendant does not appear interested, this could amount to entrapment. It goes beyond providing an opportunity and involves efforts by law enforcement to force the burglary to occur.

Analysing Entrapment

Assessing whether a criminal defendant was harassed or forced into committing a criminal act is a difficult task and involves a thorough evaluation of the circumstances. In some states, an objective standard is used to evaluate entrapment, meaning that the criminal defendant must show that the tactics used by government officials were such that any reasonable person would have been induced to commit a crime.

However, other states utilize a subjective standard for assessing entrapment.Under the subjective standard, the court or jury weighs the actions of the law enforcement officials against the criminal defendant's predisposition to commit a crime and considers which was the primary motivating factor for the criminal act. Thus, the burden is on the defendant to show that the actions of the government officials were so overbearing and extreme as to constitute the primary reason for the crime to occur, or that the defendant had no prior motivation or disposition to complete the crime. This is often a much harder standard to meet than the objective standard.

Q. What is the basic requirement in the subjective standard to assess entrapment?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Negligence is the breach of a duty exercised by omission to do something which a reasonable man, guided by those considerations which ordinarily regulate the conduct of human affairs, would do, or doing something which a prudent and reasonable man would not do is essential ingredient of the offence. The negligence to be established by the prosecution must be culpable or gross and not the negligence merely based upon an error of judgment.

The medical professional is expected to bring a reasonable degree of skill and knowledge and must exercise a reasonable degree of care.Neither the very highest nor a very low degree of care and competence judged in the light of the particular circumstances of each case is what the law requires.

A medical practitioner would be liable only where his conduct fell below that of the standards of a reasonably competent practitioner in his field.

In the realm of diagnosis and treatment there is scope for genuine difference of opinion and one professional doctor is clearly not negligent merely because his conclusion differs from that of other professional doctor.

The medical professional is often called upon to adopt a procedure which involves higher element of risk, but which he honestly believes as providing greater chances of success for the patient rather than a procedure involving lesser risk but higher chances of failure.Just because a professional looking to the gravity of illness has taken higher element of risk to redeem the patient out of his/her suffering which did not yield the desired result may not amount to negligence.

Negligence cannot be attributed to a doctor so long as he performs his duties with reasonable skill and competence. Merely because the doctor chooses one course of action in preference to the other one available, he would not be liable if the course of action chosen by him was acceptable to the medical profession.

It would not be conducive to the efficiency of the medical profession if no Doctor could administer medicine without a halter round his neck.

It is our bounden duty and obligation of the civil society to ensure that the medical professionals are not unnecessarily harassed or humiliated so that they can perform their professional duties without fear and apprehension.

The medical practitioners at times also have to be saved from such a class of complainants who use criminal process as a tool for pressurizing the medical professionals/hospitals particularly private hospitals or clinics for extracting uncalled for compensation. Such malicious proceedings deserve to be discarded against the medical practitioners.

The medical professionals are entitled to get protection so long as they perform their duties with reasonable skill and competence and in the interest of the patients. The interest and welfare of the patients have to be paramount for the medical professionals.

Q. Anisha was suffering from pain due to appendicitis and required her a surgery that involved cutting her stomach open as per the advice of her doctor, Dr C. Though the operation was successful, after a few weeks, she started suffering from an infection which was a result of her stomach being cut open for the surgery though all the reasonable precautions to avoid any such infection had been taken by the group of surgeons who operated upon her. She visited another doctor, Dr K, after the development of this infection, and he told her that even a laser surgery could have cured her stomach ailment without exposing her to the risk of infection. However, as a matter of fact, there were many doctors in the country who supported the advice given by Dr C to cure her health condition, and there were many others who were of the same opinion as that of Dr K. Nevertheless, Anisha sued Dr C. Decide.