Test: The Vijayanagar Empire - 2 - UPSC MCQ

Krishnadeva Raya's military exploits reveal significant leadership qualities, including:

• He orchestrated the construction of a canal to help his troops cross a swollen river, enabling them to capture a stronghold effectively.

• He took the initiative to lead his troops personally in battle against the Bijapur ruler, demonstrating commitment and bravery.

• In a rare display of discipline, he executed soldiers who attempted to desert, emphasising the importance of loyalty.

• He showed compassion by personally caring for the wounded, including distinguished fighters from the opposing side, which highlights his humanity.

The language that gained the most support from the patronage of Krishnadeva Raya was Telugu.

Krishnadeva Raya, the esteemed ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire, played a pivotal role in the development of Telugu literature and culture. His contributions can be summarised as follows:

• Royal Patronage: The king actively supported poets and scholars, which led to a flourishing of Telugu literature.
• Literary Works: Under his reign, notable literary figures, such as Allasani Peddana, emerged, producing significant works that enriched the language.
• Cultural Integration: Krishnadeva Raya promoted the use of Telugu in administration and the arts, enhancing its status.
• Encouragement of Arts: The king’s patronage extended beyond literature to include music, dance, and visual arts, all of which contributed to the vibrant cultural milieu.

As a result of these efforts, Telugu evolved into a prominent literary language during and after his reign, establishing a legacy that continues to be celebrated today.

Goa's historical significance is closely tied to the Tuluva dynasty.

• Goa was part of the Vijayanagar Empire, which provided stability and governance.

• The city benefited from trade concessions, enhancing its economic importance.

• The Tuluva kings often retreated to Goa as a last refuge after military defeats.

The significance of the Vijayanagar Empire can be summarised as follows:

• The empire was responsible for the construction of numerous Hindu temples, showcasing its architectural achievements.

• It emerged from the deliberate efforts of South Indian Hindus to counter the expansion of Islamic powers in the region.

• It represented the aspirations of Hindus to establish their dominance in southern India while the north was under Muslim rule.

• The empire also arose as a consequence of the disintegration of the Tughlaq Empire, which created a power vacuum.

The most vivid account about the destruction of the city of Vijayanagar was recorded by several notable figures. Among them, Abdur Razzaq, an influential Persian traveller, provided a detailed narrative of the city's downfall. His observations are crucial for understanding the historical context of Vijayanagar's decline.

• Abdur Razzaq: His accounts offer rich descriptions that highlight the cultural and economic significance of Vijayanagar, as well as the impact of its destruction.
• Nicolo Conti: An earlier traveller, he also wrote about Vijayanagar but did not focus as deeply on its destruction.
• Father Heras: A later historian who contributed to the understanding of the city but lacked direct eyewitness accounts.
• Swell: Less known in this context, he provided minimal insights into Vijayanagar.

In summary, while several accounts exist, Abdur Razzaq's writings stand out for their vividness and detail regarding the tragic fate of this remarkable city.

The war of the Goldsmith’s daughter refers to a historical conflict involving key figures in Indian history.

• The conflict was primarily between Firuz Shah and Deva Raya.
• It is notable for its romanticised title, indicating a deeper narrative involving personal and political motives.
• This war highlights the struggles for power and influence during a tumultuous period in the region.

The conflict serves as an example of how personal relationships and rivalries can influence larger political events.

Ahmad Shah was a historical figure who met a tragic end at the young age of 29. His final moments were marked by a dramatic cry, as he exclaimed that Mahmud Gawan was tearing him apart. This event highlights the intense conflicts and power struggles that characterised the era.

• Ahmad Shah's demise illustrates the violence of the time.
• The relationship between Ahmad Shah and Mahmud Gawan was fraught with tension.
• Such incidents reflect the turbulent history of the region.

In summary, Ahmad Shah's death serves as a poignant reminder of the perilous nature of leadership and conflict in historical contexts.

The statement regarding the village moot, known as 'Ayagar', is incorrect.

• The Chola tradition of village self-government was affected by the rise of hereditary nayakship.
• The village moot, similar to the panchayat in Northern India, was responsible for managing local affairs.
• Villages served as key units of administration in this system.

Vijayanagar women had various societal roles and conditions that defined their experiences.

• Women held a significant position in society, often participating in various aspects of community life.

• While prostitution existed, it was not the sole defining trait of women's status.

• Many women had access to education, enabling them to learn various subjects, which was considered progressive for the time.

• The practice of sati, where widows would self-immolate, was present but not universally accepted among all communities.

Vijayanagar Judicial System

• Justice was often delivered in a rough manner, relying on the judgement of officials.

• Severe crimes, such as theft, adultery, and treason, faced harsh penalties, including death or mutilation.

• Confessions of crimes were not typically obtained through torture, which suggests other methods were used for eliciting admissions.

• Members of the Brahmanas caste were generally spared from capital punishment.

Arrange the foreign travellers in chronological order:

• Nikitin
• Ibn-Batuta
• Marco Polo
• Nicolo Conti
• Abdur Razzaq
• Barbosa

The correct chronological order of these travellers is:

• Marco Polo
• Ibn-Batuta
• Nicolo Conti
• Abdur Razzaq
• Nikitin
• Barbosa

According to Portuguese writer Nuniz, the women in the Vijayanagara Empire were skilled in various areas:

• Wrestling: Women were noted for their strength and skills in this physical sport.
• Astrology: Many women practiced astrology, demonstrating their knowledge of celestial bodies and their influence.
• Accounting: Women played a crucial role in managing finances and accounts.
• Soothsaying: They were known for their abilities in predicting the future and interpreting omens.

These skills reflect the diverse contributions of women in the Vijayanagara Empire, highlighting their significance in both social and economic spheres.

Vijayanagar society had various views on dietary practices and social customs.

• The consumption of cattle flesh was strictly prohibited in some segments of society.

• However, it was common for Brahmanas to eat various types of meat, which reflects a more flexible attitude towards dietary restrictions.

• In contrast, non-Brahmanas were often seen as consuming all forms of meat without stigma.

• Additionally, dispute resolution was commonly handled through established methods, such as dwelling.

These points illustrate the complexity and diversity in dietary customs and conflict resolution within Vijayanagar society.

Theories on the Origin of Valangai and Idangai Castes

• Those who stood on the right hand side of the king were referred to as Valangais, while those on the left were known as Idangais.

• Valangais were primarily agriculturists, whereas Idangais were traders. This distinction arose due to their involvement in foreign trade and interactions.

• There was significant animosity between the two groups, which contributed to the development of these classifications.

• The terms originated from the method of work: those who worked with their right hand came to be known as Valangais, while left-handers were called Idangais.

Regarding the practice of becoming a sati or sahagamana, the following points clarify common misconceptions:

• Widows who chose not to become satis faced no significant social disabilities.

• The act was voluntary, with no formal pressure on the widows to participate.

• Despite its popularity, the practice varied in prevalence across regions.

• The sacrifice of a sati was often remembered through the erection of Satikals as a tribute.

Vijayanagar kings were known for their policy of religious toleration. One of the kings who notably allowed the Portuguese to establish churches in Vellore was Venkata II.

• Religious tolerance was a significant aspect of Vijayanagar rule.
• The establishment of churches marked a notable interaction between local rulers and European powers.
• Venkata II's reign is particularly remembered for such diplomatic gestures.

This policy facilitated cultural exchanges and helped to strengthen relationships with foreign traders.

The concluding event of a festival celebration in a temple involves a ceremonial procession. During this event:

• The idol of the deity is placed on a chariot.
• Devotees gather to witness the procession, which often includes music and prayers.
• The chariot is drawn through the streets, allowing the community to participate in the celebration.
• This act symbolizes the deity's journey and connection with the devotees.

Such events are significant as they strengthen community bonds and enhance spiritual devotion, making them a highlight of the festival.

The Vijayanagar kingdom was established by brothers Harihara and Bukka. The dynasty is known as the Sangam dynasty for several reasons:

• Harihara organised an assembly of poets, inspired by the traditions of the Sangam Age.

• The name derives from the village where the city of Vijayanagar was founded.

• The kingdom's foundational idea of a cooperative commonwealth was influenced by concepts from the Sangam Age.

• It is also named after their father, Sangam.

The Raichur Doab is a historically significant region that lies between the Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers. It was a major point of conflict between the kingdoms of Vijayanagar and Bahmani.

• The doab is a fertile area, known for its agricultural productivity.
• This region served as a vital strategic and economic asset for both kingdoms.
• Control over the doab allowed access to key trade routes and resources.
• Conflicts often arose due to the desire for dominance over this important territory.

In summary, the Raichur Doab played a crucial role in the power struggles between the Vijayanagar and Bahmani empires due to its geographical and economic significance.

The city of Vijayanagar was renowned for its impressive design, featuring seven fortified walls, each encasing the other. At the heart of this structure was the king's palace, situated in the seventh fortress.

Between the third and seventh fortresses, a notable area existed, which included:

• Gardens: These provided beauty and a place for relaxation.
• Shops and bazaars: Essential for trade and commerce.
• Houses of nobles: Residences for the elite members of society.
• Quarters of courtesans: Designated areas for courtesans.

Among these, the shops and bazaars held a significant position, serving as vibrant centres for economic activity and social interaction within the city.

The state recognised proficiency in various cultural and physical activities.

• Chess was celebrated for its strategic depth and mental challenge.

• Shadow plays showcased artistic talent and storytelling through visual performance.

• Wrestling highlighted physical strength and skill, often linked to traditional values.

• Gambling was acknowledged, but primarily for its economic implications rather than skill.

Harihara and Bukka were welcomed back into Hinduism under the guidance of Vidyaranya. This event marked a significant moment in their lives, leading them to establish their capital at Vijayanagar. Here are key points regarding this historical context:

• Vidyaranya played a crucial role in their spiritual reintegration.
• Their return to Hinduism was significant for the cultural landscape of the time.
• Vijayanagar became a prominent centre of Hindu culture and power.
• The establishment of this capital had lasting impacts on the region's history.

Thus, the influence of Vidyaranya was pivotal in the revival of Hinduism for Harihara and Bukka.

After consolidating power in southern India by defeating the Madurai Sultanate, a Vijayanagar ruler sought to expand towards the eastern coast.

• The ruler's expansionist policy aimed to strengthen the empire's influence in coastal regions.
• This period marked significant territorial gains for the Vijayanagar Empire.
• Expansion strategies included military campaigns and alliances.
• Key focus areas often included trade routes and agricultural lands.

The ruler's efforts were instrumental in enhancing the economic and cultural prosperity of the region.

Harihara II was a significant figure in Indian history, and several statements about his reign are noteworthy:

• He struggled to maintain his power against the combined forces of the Bahmani and Warangal kingdoms.

• He was unable to regain control of Belgaum and Goa from the Bahmani kingdom.

• During his rule, he lost authority over the Tamil region.

• He initiated an expedition to north Sri Lanka.

The Vijayanagar Empire faced significant challenges during its rule, particularly from the Bahmani Sultanate. One notable incident involved a Vijayanagar ruler who suffered a defeat at the hands of the Bahmani ruler Firuz Shah.

Key points about this historical event include:

• The ruler was compelled to pay a substantial tribute of ten lakhs huns and pearls.
• To solidify the peace agreement, Firuz Shah arranged a marriage between his daughter and the Vijayanagar ruler.
• This incident highlights the political dynamics and alliances in South India during the medieval period.

Among the rulers of Vijayanagar, it was Deva Raya I who was defeated by Firuz Shah, making this a significant event in the history of the region.

Deva Raya I was an important ruler known for several significant actions during his reign. Here are key points regarding his contributions:

• He ceded territory to Firuz Shah Bankapur as part of a dowry. This move aimed to prevent future disputes over land.

• Amid confusion in the Reddi kingdoms, Deva Raya formed an alliance with Warangal. This partnership was intended to divide the kingdom between them.

• To address water shortages, he constructed a dam across the Tungabhadra River. This infrastructure allowed him to bring water canals into the city.

Nuniz, a Portuguese writer of the sixteenth century, notes that several kings paid tribute to the king of Vijayanagar:

• Quilon (present-day Kerala, India)
• Sri Lanka
• Pulicat (a coastal town in Tamil Nadu, India)
• Pegu (in present-day Myanmar)
• Tenasserim (in southern Myanmar and Thailand)

The king of Vijayanagar who received this tribute was significant for his influence in the region. His reign marked a period of prosperity and cultural development.

The correct answer is: Achyuta Deva Raya.

The military department of Vijayanagar, known as kandachara, was efficiently managed.

• Dandanayak: Oversaw military operations and strategy.
• Amaram: Responsible for the supply of troops and resources.
• Mahanayacharya: Held a significant role in military leadership.
• Nayaka: Commanded local forces and enforced law and order.

The intricate structure of kandachara ensured that military matters were handled with precision and effectiveness, contributing to the strength of the Vijayanagar Empire.

Deva Raya II recognised that the strength of the Bahmani army stemmed from:

• Sturdier horses, which enhanced their mobility and combat effectiveness.
• A large contingent of skilled archers, providing them with a significant advantage in battle.

In response to this challenge, he took the following actions:

• Enlisted 2,000 Muslims as soldiers.
• Provided them with jagirs (land grants) to support their service.
• Encouraged his Hindu soldiers and officers to learn archery from these new recruits.

With his restructured army, Deva Raya II:

• Crossed the Tungabhadra River in 1443 A.D..
• Attempted to reclaim territories such as Mudkal and Bankapur.

Abdur Razzaq described a city with impressive features:

• The city's circumference measures sixty miles.
• Its walls extend up to the mountains, enclosing the valleys at their bases.
• It is estimated that there are around ninety thousand men capable of bearing arms.
• The king of this city is considered more powerful than all other kings in India.