The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan culture, was first discovered in ___ in ___ in the year ___.

Harappa, West Punjab, 1921

The Harappan Civilization is commonly associated with which geographical features?

The Harappan Civilization is associated with the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent, covering regions such as Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, Gujarat, Rajasthan, and western Uttar Pradesh.

The Indus Valley Civilization is best known for its advanced system of ___ and its use of ___ bricks.

Town planning; baked

What were the primary agricultural products of the Indus Valley Civilization?

The primary agricultural products included wheat, barley, rai, peas, sesame, and mustard.

Which animals were primarily domesticated by the Harappans in the Indus Valley Civilization?

The Harappans domesticated oxen, buffaloes, goats, sheep, pigs, dogs, cats, asses, and camels.

What materials were primarily used by Harappan craftsmen to create tools and weapons?

Harappan craftsmen primarily used bronze, made by mixing tin with copper, along with stone for tools and implements.

The Harappans primarily engaged in trade using ___ instead of metal money.

Barter

What does the cultural homogeneity of the Harappan civilization suggest about its political organization?

The cultural homogeneity indicates the presence of a central authority, as such unity would be difficult to achieve without coordinated governance.

What role did the pipal tree play in the religious practices of the Indus region?

The pipal tree was worshipped as a sacred entity, serving as a representation of gods on seals, and this practice continues in modern times.

What distinguishes the Harappan script from other ancient scripts such as those of the Egyptians and Mesopotamians?

The Harappan script is primarily pictographic and does not utilize long inscriptions; it is mainly found on seals and consists of only a few words.

The Harappans used a weight system primarily based on the number ___ and its multiples.

16

Terracotta figurines from the Harappan culture were primarily used for ___ and ___.

Toys and objects of worship

What time period did the mature Harappan culture exist?

The mature Harappan culture existed between 2550 B.C. and 1900 B.C.

The Harappan culture is characterized by uniformity in ___, ___, and ___.

Tools, town-planning, and terracotta works

What are some proposed causes for the decline of the Harappan culture?

Causes include decreased rainfall affecting agriculture, increasing soil salinity, land subsidence causing floods, and potential invasions by Aryans.

True or False: The Harappan culture continued to thrive in its urban centers after 1900 B.C.

False. The urban Harappan culture disappeared around that time.

Fill in the blank: After the decline of urban Harappan culture, agricultural settlements emerged in the ___ region.

Indus

The area referred to in the ancient trade relations extended from ___ in the north to the ___ estuary in the south.

Jammu; Narmada

What does the term 'Meluha' refer to in the context of Mesopotamian trade?

Meluha refers to the ancient name given to the Indus region.

True or False: The Mesopotamian texts indicate that there were no intermediate trading stations between Mesopotamia and Meluha.

False; the texts mention two intermediate trading stations called Dilmun and Meluhha.

The inscriptions found on the seals of the Indus region mostly consist of ___ and ___ inscriptions.

Short; pictorial

Approximately how many seals have been found in the Indus region?

About 2000 seals.

Why is the Indus Valley civilization referred to as the Harappan civilization?

It is called the Harappan civilization because the first archaeological site of the Indus Valley civilization was discovered at Harappa, located in modern-day West Punjab, Pakistan.