What are the two main types of forces that contribute to the unevenness of the Earth's surface?

The two main types of forces are exogenic forces, which wear down and fill up the Earth's surface, and endogenic forces, which elevate or build up parts of the Earth's surface.

Fill in the blank: The process of wearing down relief variations of the Earth's surface through erosion is known as ___.

Gradation

True or False: Endogenic geomorphic processes include weathering, mass wasting, erosion, and deposition.

False. Endogenic geomorphic processes include diastrophism and volcanism, while weathering, mass wasting, erosion, and deposition are exogenic processes.

What role does gravity play in geomorphic processes?

Gravity activates all downslope movements of matter and causes stresses on the Earth's materials, facilitating processes like erosion, transportation, and deposition.

Fill in the blank: Any exogenic element of nature capable of acquiring and transporting earth materials is known as a ___.

Geomorphic agent

True or False: Gravitational stresses are not essential for the mobility of surface materials on Earth.

False. Gravitational stresses are essential as they enable mobility, which is necessary for erosion, transportation, and deposition.

What are the two processes that are categorized as endogenic geomorphic processes?

Diastrophism and volcanism.

Endogenic processes primarily derive their energy from ___ and ___ within the Earth.

Radioactivity and primordial heat

True or False: Epeirogenic processes are responsible for mountain building.

False. Epeirogenic processes involve uplift or warping of large parts of the Earth's crust, while orogenic processes are responsible for mountain building.

Diastrophism includes processes such as ___, ___, and ___.

Orogenic processes, epeirogenic processes, and earthquakes

Fill in the blank: The processes of orogeny, epeirogeny, and plate tectonics can cause ___ and ___ of the crust.

Faulting and fracturing

What are the main effects of endogenic geomorphic processes on the Earth's crust?

They move, elevate, or build up portions of the Earth's crust, causing changes in pressure, volume, and temperature, which can induce metamorphism of rocks.

True or False: Plate tectonics involves the vertical movement of crustal plates.

False. Plate tectonics involves horizontal movements of crustal plates.

Fill in the blank: The energy generated within the Earth leads to ___ and ___ in the lithosphere.

Diastrophism and volcanism

What is the difference between orogeny and epeirogeny?

Orogeny refers to mountain building processes, while epeirogeny refers to the uplift or warping of large parts of the Earth's crust.

Volcanism includes the movement of ___ onto or toward the Earth’s surface.

Molten rock (magma)

True or False: Exogenic processes derive their energy solely from tectonic factors.

False. Exogenic processes derive their energy from the atmosphere, which is ultimately determined by the sun.

The action of elements of weather and climate on earth materials is known as ___.

Weathering

List the three major groups of weathering processes.

Chemical, Physical (or mechanical), and Biological weathering processes.

True or False: Weathering is an in-situ process that involves significant movement of materials.

False. Weathering is an in-situ process with very little or no motion of materials.

Chemical weathering involves the ___ and ___ of rocks through the actions of various elements.

Mechanical disintegration and chemical decomposition

Fill in the blank: Shear stresses result in angular displacement or ___.

Slippage

How do climatic factors influence weathering processes?

Climate affects the type and depth of weathering processes, leading to variations in how earth materials are weathered in different environments.

True or False: The basic reason leading to weathering is the development of stresses in the body of the earth materials.

True.

What is the primary effect of chemical processes on earth materials?

They lead to loosening of bonds between grains, dissolving of soluble minerals, or cementing materials.