Mass movements primarily occur due to ___ force acting on rocks and debris.

Gravity

True or False: Weathering is a necessary condition for mass movements to occur.

False. Weathering makes mass movements more likely but is not necessary.

What are the three main types of mass movements?

Heave, flow, and slide.

True or False: Heavy rain can contribute to mass movements by making the soil slippery.

True

Heave is characterized by ___ in the soil due to frost or other factors.

Upward movement

What role does vegetation play in mass movements?

Removing plants from an area can make the soil more prone to movement.

True or False: Solifluction occurs in areas where the ground is frozen deep down but the top part remains frozen.

False. Solifluction occurs when the top part thaws while the ground below remains frozen.

Fill in the blank: The movement of soil during solifluction is often described as a slow, muddy river of soil moving ___ the slope.

Downhill

What distinguishes soil creep from solifluction?

Soil creep is a very slow movement that occurs on moderately steep slopes due to gravity, while solifluction is a slow flow of saturated soil that occurs in moist, temperate areas when the upper layer thaws.

True or False: Different types of creep include soil creep, talus creep, rock creep, and rock-glacier creep.

True

Fill in the blank: Solifluction typically occurs in regions that are ___ and temperate.

Moist

What is the main effect of creep and solifluction on infrastructure like fences and poles?

Both processes can cause fences and poles to lean downhill over time due to the gradual movement of soil.

Mudflows are most likely to occur when the ground is ___ and has been filled with water.

Not covered with plants

What type of geomorphic movement happens primarily on the steep slopes of volcanoes during eruptions?

Volcanic Mudflows

Fill in the blank: A bedrock slide occurs when the ___ beneath the soil starts sliding down a steep slope.

Hard, solid rock

True or False: Debris avalanches can occur in areas without moisture.

False. Debris avalanches typically occur in places with a lot of moisture.

What are the primary characteristics of rapid movements in landslides?

Rapid movements in landslides are characterized by the quick movement of materials on a slope, which can be perceptible to observers.

Fill in the blank: A ___ occurs when a chunk of rock or debris slips and rotates backward on a slope.

Slump