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Flashcards: Human Development 50 Flashcards 
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Define the concept of development in terms of physical and cognitive changes. |
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Development refers to the progressive, orderly changes observed from conception to death, including physical changes and alterations in thinking, language use, and social relationships.  |
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True or False: Development is a linear process that only involves growth until adulthood. |
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False. Development is not linear; it involves both growth and decline throughout the life-span.  |
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Fill in the blank: The Life-Span Perspective on Development emphasizes that development occurs ___ and involves both gains and losses. |
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Throughout all age groups  |
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What are the three interconnected processes of development as described in the Life-Span Perspective? |
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Biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional processes.  |
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Explain the term 'multi-directional development' in the context of aging. |
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Multi-directional development refers to the idea that as individuals age, some abilities may improve, such as wisdom, while others may decline, such as speed-related tasks.  |
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True or False: Individual development is solely determined by inherited traits. |
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False. Individual development is influenced by a combination of inherited traits, physical surroundings, social settings, and cultural influences.  |
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Fill in the blank: Development is highly ___, meaning that skills and abilities can be enhanced at any stage of life. |
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Modifiable  |
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What role do environmental factors play in human development? |
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Environmental factors interact with genetic predispositions to influence an individual's development within genetic limits, shaping unique characteristics from infancy to adolescence.  |
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Fill in the blanks: Genetic transmission involves combinations of numerous genes, forming an individual's ___, with not all genetic material visibly expressed in ___ . |
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Genotype; phenotype  |
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True or False: The phenotype is solely determined by environmental influences. |
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False. The phenotype is influenced by both genetic factors and environmental conditions.  |
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How do parents influence their children's development beyond genetic material? |
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Parents create environments that may align with their genetic predispositions, thereby influencing their children's development through both genetics and the environment.  |
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What is the significance of understanding the interplay between genes and environment in relation to academic success? |
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Understanding this interplay helps explain individual outcomes like academic success and job attainment, highlighting how both inherited traits and external circumstances shape opportunities.  |
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Fill in the blank: Genes provide a blueprint for development, but ___ factors play a crucial role in shaping an individual's unique characteristics. |
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Environmental  |
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What are the main components of Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory? |
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The main components are the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.  |
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Fill in the blank: The ___ includes the immediate environment where interactions with family, peers, teachers, and neighbors occur. |
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Microsystem  |
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True or False: The exosystem includes social settings that directly involve the individual. |
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False. The exosystem includes events in social settings that do not directly involve the individual but affect their immediate context.  |
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What does the macrosystem encompass in Bronfenbrenner's model? |
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The macrosystem encompasses the cultural environment in which an individual resides.  |
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In Durganand Sinha's ecological model, what layers significantly influence a child's development? |
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The upper layers such as home, school, and peer groups significantly influence a child's development.  |
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Fill in the blanks: Transitions in life, such as ___, ___, and ___, result from a combination of biological changes and environmental influences. |
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School entry, marriage, parenthood  |
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What role does the chronosystem play in individual development according to Bronfenbrenner? |
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The chronosystem encompasses life events and historical circumstances that impact the individual.  |
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What is the duration of the prenatal stage of human development? |
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The prenatal stage lasts around 40 weeks.  |
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Fill in the blank: Maternal characteristics such as the mother's age, nutrition, and emotional well-being influence ___ development. |
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Prenatal  |
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True or False: Environmental pollutants pose no threat to the unborn child during prenatal development. |
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False. Environmental pollutants like carbon monoxide, mercury, and lead endanger the unborn child.  |
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What are teratogens and how do they affect prenatal development? |
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Teratogens are environmental factors that disrupt normal development and can cause severe abnormalities or even death, affecting the fetus during prenatal development.  |
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Fill in the blank: Diseases such as ___ and ___ can impact prenatal development. |
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Rubella and HIV  |
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 Completed! Keep practicing to master all of them. |
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