Define the concept of development in terms of physical and cognitive changes.

Development refers to the progressive, orderly changes observed from conception to death, including physical changes and alterations in thinking, language use, and social relationships.

True or False: Development is a linear process that only involves growth until adulthood.

False. Development is not linear; it involves both growth and decline throughout the life-span.

Fill in the blank: The Life-Span Perspective on Development emphasizes that development occurs ___ and involves both gains and losses.

Throughout all age groups

What are the three interconnected processes of development as described in the Life-Span Perspective?

Biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional processes.

Explain the term 'multi-directional development' in the context of aging.

Multi-directional development refers to the idea that as individuals age, some abilities may improve, such as wisdom, while others may decline, such as speed-related tasks.

True or False: Individual development is solely determined by inherited traits.

False. Individual development is influenced by a combination of inherited traits, physical surroundings, social settings, and cultural influences.

Fill in the blank: Development is highly ___, meaning that skills and abilities can be enhanced at any stage of life.

Modifiable

What role do environmental factors play in human development?

Environmental factors interact with genetic predispositions to influence an individual's development within genetic limits, shaping unique characteristics from infancy to adolescence.

Fill in the blanks: Genetic transmission involves combinations of numerous genes, forming an individual's ___, with not all genetic material visibly expressed in ___ .

Genotype; phenotype

True or False: The phenotype is solely determined by environmental influences.

False. The phenotype is influenced by both genetic factors and environmental conditions.

How do parents influence their children's development beyond genetic material?

Parents create environments that may align with their genetic predispositions, thereby influencing their children's development through both genetics and the environment.

What is the significance of understanding the interplay between genes and environment in relation to academic success?

Understanding this interplay helps explain individual outcomes like academic success and job attainment, highlighting how both inherited traits and external circumstances shape opportunities.

Fill in the blank: Genes provide a blueprint for development, but ___ factors play a crucial role in shaping an individual's unique characteristics.

Environmental

What are the main components of Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory?

The main components are the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.

Fill in the blank: The ___ includes the immediate environment where interactions with family, peers, teachers, and neighbors occur.

Microsystem

True or False: The exosystem includes social settings that directly involve the individual.

False. The exosystem includes events in social settings that do not directly involve the individual but affect their immediate context.

What does the macrosystem encompass in Bronfenbrenner's model?

The macrosystem encompasses the cultural environment in which an individual resides.

In Durganand Sinha's ecological model, what layers significantly influence a child's development?

The upper layers such as home, school, and peer groups significantly influence a child's development.

Fill in the blanks: Transitions in life, such as ___, ___, and ___, result from a combination of biological changes and environmental influences.

School entry, marriage, parenthood

What role does the chronosystem play in individual development according to Bronfenbrenner?

The chronosystem encompasses life events and historical circumstances that impact the individual.

What is the duration of the prenatal stage of human development?

The prenatal stage lasts around 40 weeks.

Fill in the blank: Maternal characteristics such as the mother's age, nutrition, and emotional well-being influence ___ development.

Prenatal

True or False: Environmental pollutants pose no threat to the unborn child during prenatal development.

False. Environmental pollutants like carbon monoxide, mercury, and lead endanger the unborn child.

What are teratogens and how do they affect prenatal development?

Teratogens are environmental factors that disrupt normal development and can cause severe abnormalities or even death, affecting the fetus during prenatal development.

Fill in the blank: Diseases such as ___ and ___ can impact prenatal development.

Rubella and HIV