What is the definition of motivation as described in the text?

Motivation is defined as the process whereby goal-directed activities are initiated and sustained.

The term 'motivation' is derived from which Latin word, and what does it mean?

'Motivation' is derived from the Latin word 'movere', which means 'to move'.

The Expectancy-Value Theory suggests that motivation is a function of ___ and ___.

The expectation of success and perceived value.

True or False: Instincts, drives, needs, goals, and incentives are key components of motivation.

True.

Fill in the blank: A lack of some necessity is the definition of a ___.

Need.

Describe the motivation cycle in terms of need and drive.

A lack of necessity creates a need, which results in a drive that energizes action towards achieving a goal. Once the goal is achieved, the drive reduces, leading to a balanced state.

What happens to the drive once the goal is achieved?

Once the goal is achieved, the drive reduces and the organism achieves a balanced state as its needs are fulfilled.

Identify two key elements that influence motivation according to expectancy-value theory.

Expectation of success and perceived value.

What are the two regions of the hypothalamus involved in hunger regulation?

The two regions are the Lateral Hypothalamus, which stimulates hunger, and the Ventromedial Hypothalamus, which inhibits hunger.

The motivation to drink water is primarily triggered by conditions such as ___ and ___.

Loss of water from cells and reduction of blood volume.

True or False: Sexual activity is essential for human survival.

False. Sexual activity, unlike hunger and thirst, is not necessary for survival.

Fill in the blank: The need for affiliation refers to the motivation for ___ with others.

Social contact.

What is the main goal of the need for power motivation?

To influence, control, persuade, lead, and enhance one's reputation in the eyes of others.

Achievement motivation, or n-Ach, is developed during which stage of a person's life?

During their formative years, influenced by parents, role models, and socio-cultural factors.

True or False: Curiosity and exploration are driven by the desire to achieve specific goals.

False. Curiosity describes behavior motivated by pleasure in the activities themselves, without specific goals.

Which biological motive is primarily regulated by the anterior hypothalamus?

Thirst.

What are the physiological needs according to Maslow's hierarchy?

Physiological needs are the basic necessities for survival, including food, water, and warmth.

Safety needs in Maslow's hierarchy include ___ and ___.

Protection from harm and job security

True or False: Esteem needs focus solely on financial stability.

False. Esteem needs focus on self-worth, pride, and accomplishment.

Belongingness needs are primarily concerned with ___ and ___.

Positive relationships and companionship

At what level of Maslow's hierarchy do self-actualization needs fall?

Self-actualization needs fall at the fifth and final level of Maslow's hierarchy.

Fill in the blank: A self-actualized person is ___ and socially responsive.

Self-aware

Which level of Maslow's hierarchy involves feelings of self-esteem and accomplishment?

Esteem needs.

What are the three components involved in the experience of emotions?

Arousal, subjective feelings, and cognitive interpretation.

Fill in the blanks: Basic emotions include ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___

Anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.