What are the four Ds that characterize abnormal behavior?

Deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger.

Fill in the blanks: The historical understanding of psychological disorders has evolved from viewing them as a result of ___ during the Middle Ages to recognizing the need for ___ during the Renaissance.

Demons and superstition; medical treatment.

True or False: The organismic approach suggests that disturbed behavior is solely the result of biological factors.

False. The organismic approach emphasizes conflicts between emotions and reasoning.

In the context of psychological disorders, what does the term 'maladaptive behavior' refer to?

Behavior that hinders the individual's well-being and growth.

During which period did the Age of Reason and Enlightenment lead to the emergence of the scientific method in understanding psychological disorders?

17th and 18th centuries.

Fill in the blanks: Stigma surrounding psychological disorders often leads to individuals feeling ___ about seeking help.

Ashamed.

What is the significance of Johann Weyer's contributions to the understanding of mental disorders?

He suggested that psychic disorders were related to troubled interpersonal relationships and required medical treatment.

What are neurotransmitters, and how are they linked to psychological disorders?

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit messages between neurons. Abnormal activity of neurotransmitters, such as low gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) in anxiety disorders or low serotonin in depression, can lead to psychological disorders.

Fill in the blank: Biological factors alone cannot account for a ___ disorder.

Mental

True or False: There is a single gene responsible for specific psychological behaviors.

False. Scientific evidence shows links between genetic factors and mental disorders, but no single gene has been identified as responsible for a particular behavior.

What role do psychological and interpersonal factors play in abnormal behavior?

Psychological and interpersonal factors such as maternal deprivation, faulty parent-child relationships, maladaptive family structures, and severe stress can significantly affect abnormal behavior.

Identify two biological factors that can affect normal development and functioning.

Faulty genes and endocrine imbalances.

What are the benefits of classifying psychological disorders?

Classifying psychological disorders facilitates communication between professionals and assists in understanding the origins and mechanisms involved in the development and persistence of these disorders.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is published by ___ and provides ___ for identifying psychological disorders.

The American Psychiatric Association; specific clinical criteria

True or False: The International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) is published by the American Psychiatric Association.

False; it is published by the World Health Organization.

What is the purpose of the descriptions and diagnostic guidelines provided in psychological disorder classifications?

They provide an understanding of the primary clinical features or symptoms of each disorder, along with any associated features and guidelines for diagnosis.

Fill in the blank: The DSM-5 is currently in its ___ edition.

5th

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a classification manual for psychological disorders? A) DSM-5 B) ICD-10 C) APA Guidelines D) None of the above

C) APA Guidelines

What biological factors can contribute to abnormal behavior?

Biological factors include genetic abnormalities, endocrine imbalances, malnutrition, injuries, and issues with neurotransmission.

Low levels of which neurotransmitter are associated with anxiety disorders?

Low levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are associated with anxiety disorders.

The Diathesis Stress Model suggests that psychological disorders develop from a combination of ___ and ___ factors.

A biological predisposition (diathesis) and a stressful situation.

True or False: A single gene is solely responsible for psychological disorders.

False. Most psychological disorders are believed to be influenced by a combination of many genes.

Fill in the blank: The Humanistic-Existential Model asserts that individuals who lack meaning in their lives tend to feel ___ and ___ .

Empty and depressed.

What is the primary focus of the Cognitive Model in understanding psychological disorders?

The Cognitive Model focuses on faulty thinking and negative beliefs leading to abnormal behavior.

According to the Behavioral Model, abnormal behavior is a result of ___ that are learned.

Maladaptive ways of behaving.