Mendel's experiments primarily focused on the inheritance of traits in ___ plants.

Pea

True or False: Mendel's findings were based on conjecture rather than statistical analysis.

False. Mendel's findings were supported by statistical analysis and careful experimentation.

Fill in the blank: A true-breeding line consistently produces offspring with the same ___ traits over many generations.

Stable

True or False: A recessive trait appears in the phenotype only when both alleles are dominant.

False. A recessive trait appears in the phenotype only when both alleles are recessive.

The genotype of an organism is represented by ___, while the phenotype is represented by ___.

The alleles it carries; the observable traits of the organism

What is the significance of Mendel's hybridization experiment with pea plants in genetics?

Mendel's experiment demonstrated the basic principles of inheritance, showing how traits are passed from parents to offspring and establishing the foundational concepts of dominant and recessive traits.

Mendel observed that all F1 progeny plants resembled one parent and did not show the trait of the other parent. This phenomenon is known as ___.

Dominance

True or False: In the F2 generation, Mendel found that the ratio of tall to dwarf plants was 1:1.

False. The ratio was 3:1.

What is the significance of the Punnett Square in Mendelian genetics?

The Punnett Square is used to predict the probability of different genotypes and phenotypes in the offspring by visualizing the possible combinations of gametes from the parents.

The Law of Dominance states that when a pair of factors is dissimilar, one factor ___ over the other.

Dominates

True or False: In the F1 generation of a monohybrid cross, both parental traits are expressed due to the dominance of one allele.

False; only one parental trait is expressed in the F1 generation.

What is the phenotypic ratio observed in the F2 generation according to the Law of Segregation?

The phenotypic ratio observed in the F2 generation is 3:1.

Incomplete dominance results in a phenotype that is a blend of parental traits, such as in the case of flower color in ___ flowers.

Snapdragon

In a cross between true-breeding red-flowered plants (RR) and true-breeding white-flowered plants (rr), the F1 generation exhibits a pink phenotype. This phenomenon illustrates which genetic concept?

Incomplete dominance

True or False: In incomplete dominance, the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation follows the typical 3:1 dominant to recessive ratio.

False; the phenotypic ratio is 1 Red (RR): 2 Pink (Rr): 1 White (rr).

Co-dominance is a genetic phenomenon where offspring exhibit traits from both parents equally. True or False?

True

The ABO blood group system demonstrates ___ alleles controlling the same trait.

Multiple

Explain how the presence of alleles IA, IB, and i determines the ABO blood groups in humans.

The dominant traits observed in the F1 generation of Mendel's pea plant experiments were ___ and ___.

Yellow color and round shape

True or False: In Mendel's experiments, the segregation ratio of yellow to green seeds in the F2 generation was found to be 1:2.

False; the correct segregation ratio is 3:1.

What genotypes did the parent plants have in Mendel's experiments?

The parent plants had genotypes RRYY for homozygous dominant and rryy for homozygous recessive.

The phenotypic ratio observed in a dihybrid cross is ___ for dominant and recessive traits.

9:3:3:1

True or False: Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment states that the segregation of one pair of traits is dependent on the segregation of another pair.

False. The Law of Independent Assortment states that the segregation of one pair of traits is independent of the other pair.

What are the four types of gametes produced by the F1 plant with genotype RrYy?

RY, Ry, rY, and ry

Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment states that the segregation of one pair of traits is ___ of the other pair in a hybrid.

Independent

True or False: Mendel's ideas were widely accepted immediately after he published his research on inheritance.

False. Mendel's work went unrecognized until 1900 due to communication difficulties and the rejection of his ideas by contemporaries.

What did Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri contribute to the understanding of inheritance?

They proposed that the behavior of chromosomes during cell division corresponds to the segregation of genetic factors (alleles), leading to the formulation of the chromosomal theory of inheritance.

Morgan introduced the term 'linkage' to describe ___ on a chromosome.

The physical association of genes

True or False: Non-parental gene combinations are more common than parental combinations when genes are on the same chromosome.

False. Parental gene combinations are more common.

Recombination frequencies can be used to estimate the distance between genes on a chromosome and create ___ maps.

Genetic

Polygenic traits are controlled by ___ or more genes.

Three

True or False: Environmental factors do not influence polygenic inheritance.

False. Environmental factors do influence polygenic inheritance.

In the context of skin color, a genotype with the alleles AABBCC would result in ___ skin compared to aabbcc.

Darker

Pleiotropy refers to a situation where a single gene can affect ___ traits.

Multiple

True or False: In XO type sex determination, males have two X chromosomes.

False. Males have one X chromosome (XO), while females have two X chromosomes (XX).

In XY type sex determination, males have one X chromosome and one ___ chromosome.

Y

Male heterogamety refers to the production of two different types of gametes by males in terms of ___ chromosomes.

Sex

True or False: In humans, females produce two types of eggs during oogenesis.

False; females produce only one type of egg that carries the X chromosome.

What are the sex chromosome combinations for males and females in humans?

Males have XY chromosomes, while females have XX chromosomes.

The sex of honey bees is determined by the number of ___ they receive from their parents.

Sets of chromosomes

True or False: In honey bees, males are produced from fertilized eggs.

False. Males are produced from unfertilized eggs through parthenogenesis.

In birds, the ZW sex-determination system indicates that females have ___ chromosomes while males have ___ chromosomes.

ZW; ZZ

Mutation involves changes in the ___ sequence, leading to alterations in an organism's genotype and phenotype.

DNA

True or False: Chromosomal aberrations are commonly observed in normal, healthy cells.

False. Chromosomal aberrations are often seen in cancer cells.

What is a point mutation and provide an example?

A point mutation is a change in a single base pair of DNA. An example is sickle cell anemia.

Pedigree analysis is a method used to represent the inheritance of a specific trait in a family tree over multiple generations. True or False?

True

Changes in DNA that can lead to genetic disorders are known as ___.

Mutations

Explain the significance of pedigree analysis in human genetics.

Mendelian disorders are caused by alterations in ___ gene(s).

A single gene

True or False: Haemophilia is an autosomal dominant disorder.

False; haemophilia is an X-linked recessive disorder.

What is the inheritance pattern of colour blindness in males?

Colour blindness is inherited as a sex-linked recessive trait, meaning males with one affected X chromosome will express the disorder, while females require two affected X chromosomes.

Haemophilia is a sex-linked recessive disorder caused by a deficiency in a crucial protein in the blood clotting process. True or False?

True

Fill in the blank: Sickle-cell anaemia is caused by a mutation in the ___ gene.

Haemoglobin

What is the consequence of the accumulation of phenylalanine in individuals with Phenylketonuria?

It leads to mental retardation due to the buildup of phenylpyruvic acid and other derivatives in the brain.

Thalassemia is caused by a mutation or deletion affecting the synthesis rate of ___ or ___.

Α or β globin chains

True or False: Thalassemia is primarily a qualitative issue resulting in faulty globin molecules.

False. Thalassemia is a quantitative problem of producing insufficient globin molecules.

What chromosome is involved in the production of α globin chains in α Thalassemia?

Chromosome 16

Aneuploidy is characterized by ___ or ___ of one or more chromosomes.

The gain or loss

True or False: Turner’s syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.

False. Turner’s syndrome is caused by the loss of one X chromosome.

What is the karyotype associated with Klinefelter’s syndrome?

47, XXY