What is the primary moral and political significance of the concept of equality?

The primary significance of equality is that it asserts every individual possesses equal worth, regardless of gender, race, color, or nationality.

Fill in the blank: The paradox of equality highlights that while the ideal of equality is widely accepted, ___ still persists in various forms.

Inequality

True or False: The ideal of equality is fully realized in all societies today.

False. The ideal of equality is not fully realized, as inequality is still prevalent in various aspects of life.

What are some forms of inequality that challenge the ideal of equality?

Forms of inequality include unequal distribution of wealth, limited opportunities, discriminatory work practices, and unequal distribution of power.

Fill in the blank: Efforts to address the paradox of equality must involve a comprehensive approach that promotes ___ and justice.

Fairness

What does the principle of equality emphasize about human beings?

The principle of equality emphasizes that human beings merit equal consideration and regard due to their shared humanity.

What does treating people with equal respect imply in the context of equality?

It implies that while individuals may be treated differently based on their roles or contributions, such treatment should not be based on unacceptable factors like religion, race, caste, or gender.

Fill in the blank: The commitment to the ideal of equality does not entail the elimination of all differences; it simply means that treatment must not be predetermined by ___ or ___ circumstances.

Birth or social

True or False: Equality of opportunity means that all individuals must achieve the same level of success in their careers.

False: Equality of opportunity means that all individuals have the same rights and opportunities to pursue their goals, not that they will achieve the same outcomes.

What is considered an unacceptable form of inequality?

When individuals are treated differently solely based on their religion, race, caste, or gender.

List two basic goods that access to which can create an unjust and unequal society.

Education and healthcare.

Fill in the blank: A smoothly functioning society requires the division of labor and functions, which often leads to individuals having different ___ and ___ because of it.

Statuses and rewards

Natural inequalities arise from ___ and ___.

Diverse capabilities and talents

What distinguishes natural inequalities from socially produced inequalities?

Natural inequalities are based on inherent characteristics and abilities, while socially produced inequalities arise from disparities in opportunity and exploitation within society.

True or False: Socially produced inequalities are justified if they are based on natural differences.

False. Justification of socially produced inequalities based on natural differences is often contested and can be viewed as unjust.

Fill in the blank: Certain societies may reward ___ work more highly than ___ labor.

Intellectual; manual

What has made it possible for many individuals with disabilities to function effectively in society?

Advances in medical science and technology.

Fill in the blank: The belief that women were the weaker sex justified denying them ___ rights.

Equal

Short Answer: Why is the distinction between natural and socially produced inequalities complex?

Because long-standing inequalities may appear justifiable based on natural differences, and advancements in technology challenge the idea that certain characteristics are immutable.

What are the three main dimensions of equality identified by various thinkers and ideologies?

Political, social, and economic equality.

Political equality in democratic societies grants citizens equal access to what fundamental rights?

The right to vote, freedom of expression, movement and association, and freedom of belief.

Fill in the blank: Economic inequality exists when there are significant differences in ___, ___, or ___ between individuals or classes.

Wealth, property, income.