Criminal conspiracy is recognized as a substantive offense under which legal code?

Indian Penal Code (I.P.C.)

True or False: Before the introduction of Chapter V-A in 1913, conspiracy was considered a crime under the Indian Penal Code.

False. Before 1913, conspiracy was not recognized as a crime under the IPC.

The Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1913 established criminal conspiracy as a ___ offense.

Substantive

What was the significance of Section 121A introduced in the IPC in 1870?

It provided punishment for conspiracy to commit offenses punishable under Section 121, specifically conspiracy to wage or attempt to wage war against the Government of India.

Fill in the blank: The Poulterer’s case was significant because it established conspiracy as a ___ offense.

Criminal

In Mulcahy v. R. (1868), what did the House of Lords define conspiracy as?

The agreement of two or more individuals to commit an unlawful act by unlawful means.

True or False: Under Indian law, a conspiracy can be prosecuted even if the intended crime is not carried out.

True. Conspiracy is punishable even if the act itself does not occur.

Before the introduction of Chapter V-A, conspiracy could only be punished under which sections of the IPC?

Section 107 (abetment) and Sections 400, 401 (certain offenses).

What is required for an agreement to be considered indictable in terms of criminal conspiracy?

There must be an agreement to carry the act into effect; mere intention is not sufficient.

Fill in the blank: The introduction of Chapter V-A allowed the prosecution of individuals for conspiracy to commit ___ acts.

Criminal

What is the definition of criminal conspiracy under Section 120A of the IPC?

Criminal conspiracy is defined as an agreement between two or more persons to do an illegal act or to do an act that is not illegal by illegal means.

True or False: An overt act must be proven for all criminal conspiracies under Section 120A.

False. An overt act is only required when the conspiracy aims at an illegal act that is not an offence.

Criminal conspiracy requires ___ and ___ among the conspirators.

Agreement and joint intent

What does Section 43 of the IPC imply about the term 'illegal'?

'Illegal' includes anything that is an offence, prohibited by law, or grounds for civil action.

True or False: A person can be indicted for criminal conspiracy even if the other conspirators are unknown, missing, or dead.

True. A person can still be indicted alone for the offence of criminal conspiracy.

What is the punishment for criminal conspiracy to commit a serious offence under Section 120B?

Every person involved will be punished as if they had abetted the offence if the conspiracy is to commit a serious offence punishable by death, life imprisonment, or rigorous imprisonment for two years or more.

Fill in the blank: If a conspiracy is to commit offences not covered as serious offences, the punishment shall not exceed ___ months.

Six

What is the maximum penalty for participating in a conspiracy to commit a lesser offence?

Imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months, or with a fine, or with both.

Fill in the blank: Merely agreeing to commit an offence constitutes ___ under Section 120A.

Criminal conspiracy

What type of evidence is primarily relied upon to prove a conspiracy due to its secretive nature?

Inferences are primarily relied upon to prove a conspiracy due to its secretive nature.

Fill in the blank: Under Section 10 of the Indian Evidence Act, the actions of one conspirator are attributed to ___ .

All conspirators. This means that once a conspiracy is established, any action taken by one conspirator can be used as evidence against all involved.

True or False: Section 10 of the Indian Evidence Act allows statements made by conspirators before the conspiracy was formed to be used as evidence against others.

False. Statements made by conspirators are only admissible against others if they occur after the intention to conspire was formed.

What must be established for evidence from one conspirator to be admissible against others under Indian law?

There must be reasonable grounds to believe that two or more individuals have conspired to commit an offence or actionable wrong.

Fill in the blank: The offence of criminal conspiracy can be established through either ___ or ___ evidence.

Direct or circumstantial evidence. This reflects the difficulty in obtaining concrete evidence due to the secretive nature of conspiracies.

True or False: In a conspiracy, the objectives and methods planned can often be easily proven with direct evidence.

False. Due to the secretive nature of conspiracies, it is nearly impossible to present concrete evidence regarding the objectives and methods planned.