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What does the principle of criminal liability suggest regarding individual responsibility? |
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The principle of criminal liability suggests that an individual is solely responsible for their criminal actions and can be held guilty for them. |
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True or False: Under the Indian Penal Code, individuals can be held liable for crimes they did not directly commit. |
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Common Intention (Section 34) allows individuals to be held jointly liable if they ___ to commit a crime. |
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In the context of group liability, what is the significance of Common Object (Section 149)? |
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Members of an unlawful assembly can be held liable for crimes committed in furtherance of a common object, regardless of their individual participation. |
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Fill in the blank: Criminal Conspiracy (Section 120-A) allows individuals involved in a conspiracy to be held liable for offenses committed in furtherance of the ___. |
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True or False: Vicarious liability applies only to individuals who physically commit a crime. |
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False: Vicarious liability allows for holding individuals accountable for crimes committed by others in certain circumstances. |
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Joint liability refers to the legal principle where individuals can be held responsible for crimes committed by a group, based on shared intentions or actions that contribute to the crime. |
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What is the role of 'criminal conspiracy' in establishing liability among individuals? |
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'Criminal conspiracy' establishes that individuals can be held liable for crimes committed in furtherance of the conspiracy, even if they did not directly engage in the criminal act. |
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True or False: Under the principle of joint liability, individuals involved in a crime are held accountable based on their individual actions only. |
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False. Joint liability means that all involved are equally responsible, regardless of individual actions. |
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To establish that individuals acting together with a common intention are equally liable for the criminal act. |
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True or False: The principle of joint liability applies only when all members of the group participate in the act that constitutes the crime. |
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False. The principle applies even if not all members directly participate in the act, as long as they share a common intention. |
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What does the term 'common intention' refer to in relation to joint liability? |
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Common intention refers to the shared objective among individuals to commit a crime together, which makes each member equally liable for the outcome. |
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What are the three essential conditions that must be met to apply Section 34 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC)? |
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1) A criminal act done by several persons, 2) Act done in furtherance of common intention, 3) Participation of all in furtherance of common intention. |
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Explain the difference between common intention and similar intention in the context of criminal liability under Section 34. |
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Common intention requires a pre-arranged plan and mutual agreement among individuals to commit a crime, whereas similar intention refers to individuals having the same goal but not necessarily planning or agreeing together. |
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Participation implies that all individuals involved contribute in some manner to the commission of the criminal act, which may include physical presence, assisting, or alerting others about potential dangers. |
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True or False: Physical presence at the crime scene is mandatory for all individuals involved under Section 34. |
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False. While physical presence can be important, it is not mandatory; what matters is that each member participates in some way in the commission of the act. |