True or False: The principles of State responsibility apply differently depending on the source of the obligation.

False. The principles of State responsibility apply uniformly regardless of the source of the obligation.

What principle indicates that special rules take precedence over general rules in the context of State responsibility?

Lex specialis

True or False: ARSIWA was completed in less than twenty years.

False. ARSIWA took over forty years to complete.

What does the law of State responsibility determine regarding a breach of international obligation?

It determines when an obligation is considered breached and outlines the consequences and responses available to other States.

Fill in the blank: Unlike national laws, international law applies the same rules regardless of whether the obligation arises from a treaty, customary law, a unilateral declaration, or a ___ judgment.

Court

An internationally wrongful act of a State requires two conditions: a breach of an international obligation and ___ to the State.

Attribution

True or False: A State is responsible for the acts of private individuals under all circumstances.

False. A State is generally not responsible for acts of private individuals unless certain conditions apply, such as those individuals acting on the instructions of the State.

What is the significance of Article 10 concerning insurrectional movements?

Article 10 attributes the conduct of an insurrectional movement to the State if the movement becomes the new government or establishes a new State, retrospectively considering its actions as those of the State.

True or False: Countermeasures taken by a State in response to a wrongful act always justify a breach of international obligations.

False. Certain obligations, such as the protection of fundamental human rights, cannot be the subject of countermeasures.

What are 'circumstances precluding wrongfulness' in international law?

These are situations that can prevent a breach of international law from being considered wrongful, such as consent of the other State, force majeure, distress, necessity, and certain limited conditions for countermeasures.

Fill in the blank: The obligation of a State to punish those responsible for genocide is outlined in ___ of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.

Article V

Explain how the acts of private individuals may be attributed to a State.

Acts of private individuals can be attributed to a State if they act on the instructions of the State, under its effective direction or control, or if they perform necessary governmental functions in the absence of governmental authority.

What is the general rule regarding the attribution of acts by State organs?

The acts of State organs, such as police and military, are attributed to the State even if those acts contravene their instructions or exceed their authority.

What are the three forms of reparation that a State is obligated to provide for an internationally wrongful act?

Restitution, compensation, or satisfaction.

True or False: A State can only demand reparation if it is directly injured by an internationally wrongful act.

True.

In the context of international law, what has marked a shift from traditional bilateralism to a concept of 'community interest'?

The Articles that allow other States to react to breaches of internationally wrongful acts.

Fill in the blank: Reparation may take one of three forms: restitution, compensation, or ___.

Satisfaction.

True or False: The concept of countermeasures in international law is restricted to injured States.

True.

What might a responsible State be required to provide in addition to reparation to prevent future wrongful acts?

Assurances and guarantees of non-repetition.

Fill in the blank: Traditionally, restitution has played the primary role in ___ for internationally wrongful acts.

Reparation.