What are the smallest indivisible particles called according to Maharishi Kanad?

Parmanu

The Law of Conservation of Mass states that mass can be ___ or ___ in chemical reactions.

Neither created nor destroyed

True or False: Pure water always contains hydrogen and oxygen in mass ratio 1:8.

True. This demonstrates the Law of Constant Proportion regardless of water's source.

Which scientist proposed the atomic theory that explained chemical combination laws?
A) Antoine Lavoisier
B) John Dalton
C) Democritus
D) Joseph Proust

B) John Dalton

What is the smallest particle retaining an element's chemical properties?

An atom

If carbon has valency 4 and chlorine has valency 1, what is carbon tetrachloride's formula?

CCl₄

Riddle: I'm made of two or more atoms bonded together. I'm the smallest unit that retains compound properties. What am I?

A molecule

What does atomicity measure in molecules?

The number of atoms present in one molecule of an element

True or False: Oxygen exists as O₃ molecules in nature.

False. Oxygen exists as diatomic O₂ molecules in nature.

An atom that gains or loses electrons becomes a ___.

Ion

Which type of ion has a positive charge?
A) Anion
B) Cation
C) Polyatomic ion
D) Neutral atom

B) Cation

Calculate the molecular mass of water (H₂O). Atomic masses: H=1u, O=16u.

18u (2×1 + 1×16 = 18u)

Why do most atoms not exist freely under normal conditions?

They combine to form molecules or aggregate into ionic structures for stability.

What is the international standard used for measuring atomic mass?

1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom

True or False: Sulphur exists as S₄ molecules.

False. Sulphur exists as S₈ (octatomic) molecules.

Calculate formula unit mass of CaCl₂. Atomic masses: Ca=40u, Cl=35.5u.

111u (40 + 2×35.5 = 111u)

Which rule must be followed when writing chemical formulae for ionic compounds?

Total positive and negative charges must balance to form neutral compounds.