What hormone surge triggers ovulation in the menstrual cycle?

Luteinizing hormone (LH) surge.

How many primordial follicles are present in the ovaries at birth?

Approximately 1,000,000.

Which hormone primarily supports the growth of pre-antral follicles during the early follicular phase?

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

What is the role of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) in ovarian function?

It inhibits the growth of primordial follicles and regulates folliculogenesis.

What is the effect of the LH surge on the oocyte?

It triggers final maturation, completing meiosis and extruding the first polar body.

In Kallmann’s syndrome, what is the treatment used to stimulate follicle growth?

Combination of FSH and LH (human menopausal gonadotropins, HMG).

Which paracrine factors are involved in early follicle growth?

Growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9) and Bax family proteins.

What triggers the end of the menstrual cycle?

Declining progesterone levels after corpus luteum regression.

Which hormone is responsible for the vascular changes in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?

Oestradiol.

What defines the 'threshold concept' in follicle development?

Advanced follicle growth depends on FSH concentration exceeding a specific threshold.

What is the primary function of the corpus luteum post-ovulation?

To produce progesterone and oestradiol to prepare the endometrium for implantation.

Which cytokine attracts the fimbriae of the Fallopian tube during ovulation?

Ovarian cytokines.

What effect does high progesterone have on the endometrial lining during early pregnancy?

It transforms the endometrium into a secretory phase suitable for implantation.

Which hormones share the same alpha subunit but differ in their beta subunits?

FSH, LH, and hCG.

What regulates the secretion of FSH during the menstrual cycle?

GnRH pulses and factors like inhibins and activins.

What is the role of integrins and GlyCAM-1 in the implantation process?

They regulate adhesion of the blastocyst to the endometrium.

Which factors are involved in endometrial angiogenesis during the menstrual cycle?

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukins.

What is the outcome if progesterone is blocked during ovulation?

Efficient ovulation is prevented.

What happens to non-dominant follicles when FSH levels decline?

They undergo atresia, ensuring mono-ovulation.

What is the primary role of mifepristone in reproductive health?

To disrupt progesterone action, used for terminating early pregnancy.

How does the corpus luteum maintain its function during early pregnancy?

HCG from the trophoblast sustains corpus luteum function.

What is the source of fertilization in the female reproductive system?

The ampulla of the Fallopian tube.

How does the menstrual cycle reflect a hormonal feedback mechanism?

Oestradiol suppresses FSH secretion via negative feedback.

What cellular layers surround a pre-ovulatory follicle?

Granulosa and theca cell layers.

What characterizes the late secretory phase of the endometrium?

It is prepared for potential implantation, supported by high progesterone levels.

Which phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by an increase in oestradiol?

Follicular phase.

What are the consequences of low LH/FSH levels in conditions like anorexia nervosa?

It can lead to amenorrhea.

What is the significance of the zona pellucida during early embryonic development?

It is shed by the blastocyst to facilitate implantation.

What triggers the LH surge necessary for ovulation?

A rapid rise in oestradiol during the late follicular phase.

Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for stimulating theca cells to produce androgens? A) FSH B) LH C) hCG D) Progesterone

B) LH