What is the primary role of the General Medical Council (GMC) in the UK medical profession?

To ensure the highest standards of medical ethics, education, and practice.

In Kantian ethics, actions are judged based on what criterion?

Whether they adhere to a universal principle.

What is the principle of beneficence in medical ethics?

The obligation to act in the best interests of patients.

Which moral theory emphasizes the outcomes of actions to determine their ethical value?

Consequentialism.

What is the key ethical dilemma in the case of Mrs. AB regarding blood transfusion?

Respecting her autonomy versus the risk to her life.

Identify one major criticism of consequentialist ethical theories.

They can justify morally questionable actions if the outcomes are favorable.

Under which ethical principle must healthcare providers avoid causing harm to patients?

Non-maleficence.

What is the primary focus of deontological theories in ethics?

Inherent duties and principles that govern actions.

What does the ethical term 'autonomy' refer to in a clinical context?

The right of patients to make informed decisions about their own medical treatment.

What ethical issue arises when a patient refuses a life-saving intervention?

Balancing patient autonomy with the duty to provide care.

Which principle advocates for fairness and equality in healthcare?

Justice.

How does the Four Principles approach aid in ethical decision-making?

By providing a framework to evaluate ethical dilemmas in healthcare.

What is the moral status of a fetus according to the view that it has full moral status from fertilization?

It should be treated as a fully human being with a right to life.

What ethical considerations must be addressed when providing contraception to minors?

Competence, confidentiality, and the best interests of the minor.

What does the concept of 'potential viability' refer to in reproductive ethics?

The stage at which a fetus can survive outside the womb, influencing its moral status.

What is an ethical concern regarding the selection of embryos based on genetic traits?

It may lead to the commodification of human life and discrimination against certain traits.

What is the ethical dilemma involved in the case of a patient requesting a termination after 24 weeks gestation?

Navigating legal definitions of substantial risk versus the wishes of the pregnant woman.

What is the primary ethical concern when discussing prenatal testing?

The potential for discrimination against individuals with disabilities.

What role does counseling play before prenatal testing?

To ensure informed decision-making regarding the implications of test results.

How do societal values influence the ethical considerations surrounding sex selection in reproductive medicine?

Concerns about gender bias and the implications for societal norms.

In the context of assisted reproduction, what is a key ethical principle regarding the welfare of future children?

Doctors must consider the potential welfare of any child born from treatment.

What is the 'non-identity problem' in reproductive ethics?

The ethical dilemma of assessing the existence of future children based on parental choices.

What principle must be upheld when a competent patient refuses treatment?

Respect for patient autonomy.

What ethical issue arises from the practice of surrogacy?

The potential exploitation of women's bodies and emotional attachment to the child.

What is the primary responsibility of healthcare professionals in assisted reproduction?

To ensure the welfare of any resulting child while respecting parental rights.

What ethical consideration is central to the concept of 'saviour siblings'?

The emotional burden placed on the donor child and potential exploitation.

What is the ethical justification for pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)?

To prevent serious genetic disorders in the offspring.

What must be documented when a patient refuses treatment?

Full and contemporaneous notes regarding the patient's decision and circumstances.

What are the ethical implications of performing a Caesarean section on a competent woman without her consent?

It would be considered an assault regardless of the potential outcomes.

What is the primary ethical challenge in gynecological oncology regarding treatment options?

Respecting patient autonomy while considering the effectiveness of treatment.