Which force controls all downslope movements and influences erosion on Earth's surface?
A. Wind
B. Gravity
C. Solar radiation
D. Coriolis force

Ans: B

• It pulls materials downwards.

• Influences erosion and transport.

• Key in landscape formation.

True/False: Gradation is the wearing down of relief through erosion on Earth's surface.

True

Gradation involves erosion and relief alteration.

• Gradation is a geological process.

• It smooths landscapes over time.

• It reduces elevation differences.

Fill in the blank: The major endogenic processes include diastrophism and ___.

Volcanism

How does unequal heat distribution create an uneven crustal surface?

• Variable uplift and subsidence
• Differing crustal strength causing deformation
• Horizontal plate movements change elevations

Which climatic factor most accelerates chemical weathering intensity in rocks?
A. Vegetation cover
B. Rock structure
C. Temperature and moisture
D. Slope steepness

Ans: C

• Higher heat increases reaction rates.

• Moisture aids in chemical reactions.

• Promotes various weathering processes.

True/False: Exfoliation results primarily from thermal expansion and pressure release processes.

True
Explanation: Exfoliation occurs where rocks peel into curved sheets due to temperature cycles and unloading pressure.

Fill in the blank: Denudational processes include weathering, erosion, transportation and ___.

Deposition

Why do endogenic processes maintain relief despite continuous exogenic erosion?

• They uplift land continuously
• Create new elevations faster
• Introduce repeated tectonic deformation

Which sequence best represents weathering leading to soil formation in landscapes?
A. Disintegration → regolith → soil → supports vegetation
B. Erosion → soil → regolith → mineral concentration
C. Deposition → regolith → soil → weathering
D. Volcanism → soil → regolith → weathering

Ans: A

• Disintegration leads to regolith.

• Regolith transforms into soil.

• Soil supports vegetation growth.

Which geomorphic agent transports sediment and chemically active solutions?

• Water (surface streams)
• Groundwater dissolves ions
• Also carries suspended load