What is the approximate radius of Earth in kilometers?

6,370 km

True or False: Most knowledge about Earth's interior comes from direct observation of the core.

False. Most knowledge is based on estimates and inferences since no one can reach the center.

The deepest gold mines in South Africa reach depths of _____ kilometers.

3-4 km

Which drilling project in the Arctic Ocean reached the deepest depth of 12 km?
A) Deep Ocean Drilling Project
B) Kola drilling project
C) Integrated Ocean Drilling Project
D) Antarctic Ice Project

B) Kola drilling project

What happens to temperature and pressure as you go deeper into Earth?

Both temperature and pressure increase with depth.

Why is gravitational force stronger at the poles than at the equator?

The distance from Earth's center is smaller at poles than at the equator.

What is a gravity anomaly?

The difference between actual gravity readings and expected values at different locations.

True or False: S-waves can travel through both solid and liquid materials.

False. S-waves can only travel through solid materials, not liquids.

The point inside Earth where earthquake energy is released is called the _____.

Focus or hypocenter

Which earthquake waves arrive first at the surface?
A) S-waves
B) Surface waves
C) P-waves
D) Body waves

C) P-waves

What is the shadow zone for earthquake waves?

Areas between 105° and 145° from epicenter where certain waves aren't detected.

Why can't S-waves travel through Earth's outer core?

Because the outer core is liquid and S-waves only travel through solids.

The Richter scale measures earthquake _____ from 0-10.

Magnitude

True or False: Oceanic crust is thicker than continental crust.

False. Oceanic crust averages 5 km while continental crust averages 30 km thick.

What type of rock is primarily found in oceanic crust?

Basalt

The weak zone in the upper mantle is called the _____.

Asthenosphere

At what depth does the core-mantle boundary occur?
A) 1,000 km
B) 2,900 km
C) 4,500 km
D) 6,370 km

B) 2,900 km

What elements primarily make up Earth's core?

Nickel and iron

True or False: The inner core is liquid while the outer core is solid.

False. The inner core is solid while the outer core is liquid.

When magma reaches Earth's surface, it becomes _____.

Lava

Which type of volcano is characterized by very fluid basalt lava and low explosivity?

Shield volcanoes

What are the collapsed depressions from extremely explosive volcanic eruptions called?
A) Craters
B) Calderas
C) Vents
D) Cones

B) Calderas

The Deccan Traps are an example of which volcanic landform?

Flood basalt province

True or False: Intrusive igneous rocks cool at Earth's surface.

False. Intrusive rocks cool within the crust; volcanic rocks cool at the surface.

Large dome-shaped bodies of cooled magma in the crust are called _____.

Batholiths

What is the difference between a sill and a dyke?

Sills are horizontal intrusive bodies; dykes are vertical wall-like structures.

Which intrusive form resembles a saucer shape concave to the sky?
A) Laccolith
B) Lopolith
C) Phacolith
D) Batholith

B) Lopolith

What instrument records earthquake waves reaching Earth's surface?

Seismograph

True or False: Reservoir-induced earthquakes occur near large water bodies.

True. They occur in areas of large reservoirs.

Riddle: I vibrate parallel to my direction and travel through all states of matter. What am I?

P-waves (primary waves)