What is learning defined as in psychology?

A relatively permanent change in behaviour or behaviour potential that occurs as a result of experience or practice.

True or False: Changes in behaviour due to fatigue are considered learning.

False. 
Changes due to fatigue are temporary, while learning involves relatively permanent changes in behaviour.

Which scientist discovered classical conditioning while studying _____ in dogs?

Digestion

What are the two main types of conditioning?
A) Classical and Social
B) Classical and Operant
C) Operant and Cognitive
D) Social and Verbal

B) Classical and Operant

In Pavlov's experiment, what was the unconditioned stimulus (US)?

Food (meat powder)

Riddle: I am a learned response to a bell that originally meant nothing. What am I?

Conditioned response (salivation to the bell)

Which type of conditioning timing is MOST effective for learning?

Delayed conditioning (CS starts before US and continues until US appears)

True or False: Aversive stimuli require more repetitions to learn than appetitive stimuli.

False. 
Aversive stimuli cause learning very quickly, sometimes within one to three trials.

What is the key difference between classical and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning involves responses controlled by stimuli; operant conditioning involves responses controlled by the organism.

In a Skinner box experiment, what happens when a hungry rat accidentally presses the _____?

Lever

What are the two types of reinforcement in operant conditioning?
A) Primary and Secondary
B) Positive and Negative
C) Continuous and Partial
D) Immediate and Delayed

B) Positive and Negative

Scenario: A student stops trying on tests after failing repeatedly. What psychological condition is this?

Learned helplessness

What happens during extinction in classical conditioning?

The conditioned response weakens when the conditioned stimulus is not followed by the unconditioned stimulus.

True or False: Partial reinforcement creates greater resistance to extinction than continuous reinforcement.

True. 
Partial reinforcement leads to more persistent behaviours than continuous reinforcement.

When an organism responds to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus, this is called _____.

Generalisation

Which psychologist studied observational learning using the Bobo doll experiment?
A) Pavlov
B) Skinner
C) Bandura
D) Kohler

C) Bandura

What determines whether children imitate aggressive behaviour they observe?

Whether the model was rewarded or punished for the aggressive behaviour.

Insight learning is characterised by _____ moments of clarity rather than gradual progress.

Sudden

What are cognitive maps in latent learning?

Mental representations of surroundings that organisms create through experience.

In paired-associates learning, what serves as the measure of learning?
A) Time taken per trial
B) Number of errors made
C) Total trials needed to reach goal
D) Speed of responses

C) Total trials needed to reach goal

True or False: In free recall, participants must remember items in the exact presentation order.

False. 
In free recall, participants can recall words in any order they choose.

What are the three phases of skill acquisition in order?

Cognitive phase, associative phase, autonomous phase

Scenario: A child with learning disability confuses 'b' and 'd' while reading. What condition is this?

Dyslexia