What phenotype did Mendel observe in F1 generation when crossing yellow-round with green-wrinkled pea seeds?

Yellow and round seeds (both dominant traits expressed)

True or False: The Law of Independent Assortment states that alleles of different genes are inherited together.

False. Alleles of different genes are inherited independently during sexual reproduction.

The phenotypic ratio in F2 generation of a dihybrid cross is _____.

9:3:3:1

Which cellular process is responsible for independent assortment of chromosomes?

Meiosis

What are the four types of gametes produced by a RrYy individual?
A) RY, RY, ry, ry
B) RY, Ry, rY, ry
C) RR, YY, rr, yy
D) Rr, Yy only

B) RY, Ry, rY, ry

Who proposed the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance and when?

Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri in 1902

Riddle: I connect generations, carry hereditary information, and am found in equal numbers from both parents. What am I?

Gametes

True or False: Sex determination in most organisms involves specific chromosomes called autosomes.

False. Sex determination involves sex chromosomes, not autosomes.

What happens to chromosome number during meiosis in gamete formation?

Chromosomes are halved, becoming haploid from diploid

In a dihybrid cross AaBb × AaBb, what percentage of offspring will show both recessive traits?
A) 25%
B) 12.5%
C) 6.25%
D) 3.125%

C) 6.25%

The collective inheritance of characters located on the same chromosome is called _____.

Linkage

Who first discovered sex linkage and in which organism?

Morgan discovered sex linkage in Drosophila

What is the relationship between gene distance and linkage strength?

Linkage strength is inversely proportional to distance between genes

True or False: Crossing over is completely absent in male Drosophila.

True. Male Drosophila show no crossing over.

In cis-arrangement of linked genes, gametes produced are _____ and _____.

AB and ab

What type of linkage shows only parental combinations with no crossing over?
A) Incomplete linkage
B) Complete linkage
C) Sex linkage
D) Autosomal linkage

B) Complete linkage

How many linkage groups does an organism with 2n=14 chromosomes have?

7 linkage groups (equal to haploid number)

The unit for measuring genetic distance in chromosomal mapping is _____.

centimorgan (cM)

What type of inheritance involves multiple genes affecting a single quantitative trait?

Polygenic inheritance

True or False: In polygenic inheritance, each gene has a large, easily detectable effect on phenotype.

False. Each gene has a small, additive effect that's difficult to detect individually.

Approximately how many loci contribute to human skin pigmentation?
A) 6
B) 20
C) 60
D) 400

A) 6

In wheat kernel color inheritance, what phenotypic ratio appears in F2 generation?

63 red kernels (various shades) : 1 white kernel

The range of phenotypes possible from same genotype under different environmental conditions is called _____.

Norm of reaction

What environmental factor affects flower color in Hydrangea shrubs?

Aluminum level in soil

True or False: Pleiotropy occurs when one gene affects multiple unrelated traits.

True. One gene influences multiple phenotypic characteristics.

Which genetic disorder mentioned is caused by low phenylalanine metabolism?
A) Marfan syndrome
B) Phenylketonuria
C) Sickle cell anemia
D) Huntington's disease

B) Phenylketonuria

What did Mendel observe about seed coat color and other plant features?

Colored seed coats correlated with colored axils and flowers

Name three symptoms of Marfan syndrome affecting different body systems.

Abnormal tall height, eye lens dislocation, heart problems