What are the four main categories of biofuels based on their characteristics?

Biodiesel, bioalcohol, biogas, and biomass

True or False: Biodiesel contains less hydrogen and oxygen than fossil fuels.

False. Biodiesel contains higher hydrogen and oxygen and less carbon than fossil fuels.

Which process is used to produce biodiesel from vegetable oils and animal fats?

Trans-esterification

Fill in the blank: India permits up to _____% ethanol blending in petrol.

10

What is the primary composition of biogas?
A) Methane and nitrogen
B) Methane and carbon dioxide
C) Carbon dioxide and hydrogen
D) Oxygen and methane

B) Methane and carbon dioxide

Which bacteria is used commercially to produce polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)?

Alcaligenes eutropus

What process uses lignin-degrading fungi to enhance pulp making in paper industry?

Biopulping

True or False: Bioplastics are made exclusively from synthetic polymers.

False. Bioplastics are made from plant sources and natural biopolymers.

Which enzyme is used in biobleaching to reduce chlorine use?

Xylanase

What does EOR stand for in oil recovery biotechnology?

Enhanced Oil Recovery

Fill in the blank: _____ crops are adopted in 29 countries worldwide.

GM (Genetically Modified)

Which protein do Bt crops express to kill insect pests?
A) Lysozyme
B) Defensin
C) Cry protein
D) Resveratrol

C) Cry protein

What is the name of the glyphosate-resistant GM crop series?

Roundup Ready

True or False: Golden Rice synthesizes beta-carotene as a vitamin A source.

True

Which technique uses guide RNA and Cas9 for gene editing?

CRISPR-Cas9

What are the three types of organ transplantation based on donor source?

Autografts, allografts, and xenografts

Fill in the blank: Organoids are _____ self-organized tissue models derived from stem cells.

3D

What does EPR effect stand for in nanomedicine?
A) Enhanced Protein Retention
B) Enhanced Permeability and Retention
C) Elevated Particle Response
D) Extended Pharmaceutical Release

B) Enhanced Permeability and Retention

Which nanoparticles change from ruby red to pink based on size?

Gold nanoparticles

True or False: Quantum dots are cadmium-selenium nanocrystals that fluoresce in different colors.

True

What size range defines nanoscale materials?

10⁻⁹ to 10⁻¹² meters (less than one micron)

Fill in the blank: The '_____ on a Chip' concept uses nanotechnology for multi-test diagnostics.

Lab

Which university introduced synthetic biology in 2004?
A) Harvard
B) Stanford
C) MIT
D) Johns Hopkins

C) MIT

What approach does synthetic biology use to build organisms?

Engineering approach to construct biomolecular networks and pathways from scratch

True or False: Bioremediation can only remove organic pollutants, not heavy metals.

False. Bioremediation can remove both organic pollutants and heavy metals like As, Cr, Hg.

What is the target period for India's Draft National Biotech Development Strategy?

2020-2024