What are the two main processes that combine to form development in plants?

Growth and differentiation

Fill in the blank: Growth is a _____ and _____ increase in size of an organ.

Permanent and irreversible

True or False: The swelling of wood in water is considered growth.

False. This is imbibition, a physical process, not growth which requires metabolic processes.

Which type of meristems are responsible for primary growth in plants?
A) Lateral meristems
B) Apical meristems
C) Cork cambium
D) Vascular cambium

B) Apical meristems

What is the main characteristic that allows plants to show indeterminate growth?

Presence of meristems with self-perpetuating dividing cells

Name three parameters used to measure plant growth.

Fresh weight, dry weight, length (or area, volume, cell number)

In which phase of growth do cells have thin cellulosic walls and large nuclei?

Meristematic phase

What happens to cells during the elongation phase of growth?

Increased vacuolation, cell enlargement, and new cell wall deposition

True or False: In arithmetic growth, both daughter cells continue to divide after mitosis.

False. Only one daughter cell continues to divide while the other differentiates.

Which type of growth produces an S-shaped or sigmoid curve?
A) Arithmetic growth
B) Geometric growth
C) Linear growth
D) Exponential decline

B) Geometric growth

Fill in the blank: The mathematical expression for geometric growth is W₁ = W₀ _____.

E^(rt)

What is the difference between absolute and relative growth rates?

Absolute measures total growth per unit time; relative measures growth per unit initial parameter

Name the five essential conditions required for plant growth.

Water, oxygen, nutrients, optimum temperature, environmental signals

Why is water crucial for plant growth?

Needed for cell enlargement, turgidity, and provides medium for enzymatic activities

What is differentiation in plant development?

Process by which cells mature to perform specific functions with structural changes

True or False: Dedifferentiation is the process where differentiated cells regain dividing ability.

True

Which process follows dedifferentiation where cells lose dividing capacity again?
A) Differentiation
B) Redifferentiation
C) Growth
D) Maturation

B) Redifferentiation

What are callus cells in plant tissue culture?

Parenchyma cells induced to divide under controlled laboratory conditions

Fill in the blank: Plant development is influenced by _____ and _____ factors.

Intrinsic and extrinsic

What is plasticity in plants?

Ability to respond to environment by forming different structures at different life stages

Name the five major groups of plant growth regulators.

Auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene

True or False: All plant growth regulators promote growth.

False. Some like ABA inhibit growth and help in stress responses.

Who first isolated auxin and from which plant part?
A) Darwin from grass tips
B) F.W. Went from oat coleoptiles
C) Skoog from tobacco
D) Kurosawa from rice

B) F.W. Went from oat coleoptiles

What does the term 'auxin' mean in Greek?

To grow

Why does removing the apical bud promote lateral bud growth?

Apical dominance is broken as auxin production from growing tip stops

Fill in the blank: Gibberellins promote _____ in plants like beet and cabbage before flowering.

Bolting

Which plant growth regulator is used in brewing industry to accelerate malting?

Gibberellic acid (GA₃)

True or False: Cytokinins are produced where rapid cell division occurs.

True

What is the main effect of cytokinins on plant development?

Promote cell division and overcome apical dominance

Which plant hormone is gaseous in nature?
A) Auxin
B) Gibberellin
C) Cytokinin
D) Ethylene

D) Ethylene

Why is ethylene called a ripening hormone?

It enhances respiration rate during fruit ripening causing respiratory climactic

Fill in the blank: Abscisic acid is also called the _____ hormone.

Stress