What does WBS stand for in project management?

Work Breakdown Structure

True or False: Free float can be greater than total float for an activity.

False. Free float is always less than or equal to total float.

Which dependency type allows successor activity to start before predecessor finishes?
A) Finish-to-Start
B) Start-to-Start
C) Finish-to-Finish
D) Start-to-Finish

B) Start-to-Start

The longest path through a project network is called the _____.

Critical path

What happens to project duration when resource leveling is applied?

It may extend the project duration to resolve resource conflicts.

In PERT analysis, te = (to + 4tm + tp) / _____.

6

Which scheduling technique uses three time estimates for each activity?
A) CPM
B) PERT
C) Gantt
D) AON

B) PERT

True or False: Activities on the critical path have zero total float.

True. Critical path activities cannot be delayed without affecting project completion.

What does ES stand for in CPM calculations?

Early Start

Scenario: Activity A has ES=5, Duration=3. What is its Early Finish?

8 (EF = ES + Duration = 5 + 3)

The formula for Total Float is TF = LS - _____ or LF - _____.

ES, EF

Which compression technique adds resources to reduce activity duration?
A) Fast tracking
B) Crashing
C) Resource leveling
D) Resource smoothing

B) Crashing

True or False: Fast tracking increases project cost but not risk.

False. Fast tracking increases risk but not necessarily cost.

In earned value management, what does SPI measure?

Schedule Performance Index - measures schedule efficiency (EV/PV)

What type of dependency is most commonly used in project scheduling?

Finish-to-Start (FS)

If SPI = 0.85, the project is _____ schedule.

Behind

In AOA diagrams, what do dashed arrows represent?
A) Critical activities
B) Dummy activities
C) Resource constraints
D) Milestones

B) Dummy activities

True or False: Resource smoothing can change the critical path.

False. Resource smoothing works within available float without changing critical path.

What is the lowest level of WBS called?

Work packages

If an activity has multiple predecessors, ES equals the _____ EF value.

Maximum

Which earned value metric indicates cost performance?
A) SV
B) SPI
C) CPI
D) ETC

C) CPI (Cost Performance Index)

True or False: Lag represents negative float between activities.

False. Lag is a delay; lead represents negative lag.

In PERT, standard deviation formula is σ = (tp - to) / _____.

6

Scenario: CPI = 0.90. For every dollar earned, how much is spent?

$1.11 (project is over budget)

What does BAC represent in earned value management?

Budget at Completion - total planned budget for project

If multiple critical paths exist, all critical activities have _____ total float.

The same minimum