What does the continuity equation A₁V₁ = A₂V₂ = Q represent in fluid flow?

Conservation of mass for steady, incompressible flow through a pipe system.

True or False: Reynolds number greater than 4000 always indicates turbulent flow.

True. Reynolds number above 4000 indicates turbulent flow in pipe systems.

The friction factor for laminar flow is f = _____/Re.

64

Which flow regime occurs when Reynolds number is between 2300 and 4000?
A) Laminar
B) Transition
C) Turbulent
D) Critical

B) Transition

What happens to pump power requirement when speed doubles using fan laws?

Power increases by factor of 8 (proportional to speed cubed).

Define specific gravity in terms of fluid density.

Ratio of fluid density to water density at standard conditions.

True or False: Minor losses in pipes are calculated using K(V²/2g) formula.

True. Minor losses use loss coefficient K times velocity head.

For pipes in series, total head loss equals the _____ of individual losses.

Sum

What occurs when NPSH available is less than NPSH required?
A) Increased efficiency
B) Cavitation
C) Higher flow
D) Lower power

B) Cavitation

Why does cavitation damage occur in pumps operating below required NPSH?

Vapor bubbles form and violently collapse, causing erosion and performance loss.

The Darcy-Weisbach equation calculates _____ losses due to pipe wall friction.

Major

True or False: Hazen-Williams equation applies to all fluid types in pipes.

False. Hazen-Williams equation is specifically designed for water flow only.

What parameter determines whether flow is laminar, transitional, or turbulent?

Reynolds number (Re = VD/ν)

For parallel pipes, which property remains constant across all branches?
A) Flow rate
B) Velocity
C) Head loss
D) Diameter

C) Head loss

How does doubling pipe diameter affect head loss in turbulent flow?

Head loss decreases by factor of 32 (inversely proportional to D⁵).

Bernoulli's equation assumes _____, incompressible, frictionless flow along a streamline.

Steady

True or False: Gate valves have higher loss coefficients than globe valves.

False. Gate valves (K=0.2) have much lower losses than globe valves (K=10).

What happens at the operating point of a pump system?

Pump curve intersects system curve, determining actual flow rate and head.

The energy equation for real flows includes pump head (hₚ) and _____ losses.

Friction

Which method expresses minor losses as equivalent lengths of straight pipe?
A) K-factor
B) Darcy-Weisbach
C) Equivalent length
D) Moody diagram

C) Equivalent length

Why does relative roughness (ε/D) affect friction factor in turbulent flow?

Surface roughness disrupts boundary layer, increasing friction as roughness becomes significant.

Water hammer maximum pressure rise equals ρc times velocity _____ rate.

Change

True or False: Kinematic viscosity equals dynamic viscosity divided by density.

True. Kinematic viscosity ν = μ/ρ relates viscosity to density.

What design margin is typically recommended between NPSH available and required?

2-3 feet safety margin to prevent cavitation under varying conditions.

For compressible gas flow, which assumption allows using incompressible flow equations?
A) High temperature
B) Low pressure drop
C) Large diameter
D) High velocity

B) Low pressure drop

How does system curve equation h = hₛₜₐₜᵢc + KQ² represent pump selection?

Shows total head requirement versus flow rate for proper pump sizing.