What are the two main categories of pumps?

Dynamic pumps (centrifugal) and positive displacement pumps.

True or False: Centrifugal pumps are suitable for high pressure, viscous fluid applications.

False. Centrifugal pumps are suitable for high flow rate, moderate pressure applications.

Fill in the blank: The formula for total head is H = (P₂-P₁)/ρg + (V₂²-V₁²)/2g + _____.

(z₂ - z₁)

Which type of pump produces pulsating flow?
A) Centrifugal
B) Mixed flow
C) Positive displacement
D) Axial flow

C) Positive displacement

What does NPSH stand for in pump terminology?

Net Positive Suction Head

Why is cavitation harmful to pumps?

Causes noise, vibration, and material damage from violent bubble collapse.

True or False: In the affinity laws, power varies with the cube of speed change.

True. Power ratio equals (N₂/N₁)³ for speed changes.

What happens to flow rate when pump speed doubles according to affinity laws?

Flow rate doubles (Q₂/Q₁ = N₂/N₁).

Fill in the blank: Specific speed ranges of 500-1000 indicate _____ flow centrifugal pumps.

Radial

Which pump configuration adds heads together?
A) Series
B) Parallel
C) Both
D) Neither

A) Series

What is the criterion for preventing cavitation in pumps?

NPSHA > NPSHR with adequate safety margin.

True or False: Pumps in parallel operation have the same flow rate through each pump.

False. Pumps in parallel have the same head, but flow rates add.

What are the two main classifications of turbines?

Impulse turbines and reaction turbines.

Fill in the blank: Impulse turbines transfer energy through _____ energy change.

Kinetic

Which turbine type is best for high head applications?
A) Francis
B) Kaplan
C) Pelton
D) Propeller

C) Pelton

What is the optimal bucket speed for a Pelton wheel turbine?

0.45 to 0.48 times the jet velocity.

True or False: Francis turbines are used for low head, high flow applications.

False. Francis turbines are for medium head applications (30-600 m).

What does a draft tube do in a turbine installation?

Recovers kinetic energy and allows installation above tailwater level.

Fill in the blank: Kaplan turbines use _____ flow design with adjustable runner blades.

Axial

Which parameter helps select the correct turbine type?
A) Temperature
B) Specific speed
C) Viscosity
D) Color

B) Specific speed

What happens to pump efficiency at the Best Efficiency Point (BEP)?

Pump efficiency reaches its maximum value.

True or False: In reaction turbines, fluid pressure remains constant throughout the runner.

False. In reaction turbines, fluid pressure drops as it passes through runner.

What is the typical efficiency range for large turbines?

0.80 to 0.95 (80% to 95%).

Fill in the blank: The Thomas cavitation parameter must be _____ than the critical value to prevent turbine cavitation.

Greater

In velocity triangles, what does 'u' represent?
A) Absolute velocity
B) Blade velocity
C) Relative velocity
D) Tangential velocity

B) Blade velocity

What is the relationship between absolute velocity, blade velocity, and relative velocity?

V⃗ = u⃗ + w⃗ (vectors add geometrically).

True or False: Higher suction-specific speed indicates better suction characteristics and lower cavitation tendency.

True. Higher suction-specific speed means better cavitation resistance.