All India Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) Group

Given that a feedback network is shunt-series, and output load is 10kΩ, what is the output voltage across it given that transfer gain is 10, source current is 20mA and feedback current is 10mA?
  • a)
    1V
  • b)
    2V
  • c)
    10V
  • d)
    20V
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Dhruv Kumar answered  •  9 hours ago
Understanding the Problem
To determine the output voltage across a 10kΩ load in a shunt-series feedback network, we need to consider the given parameters:
- Transfer gain (A) = 10
- Source current (I_s) = 20mA
- Feedback current (I_f) = 10mA
- Load resistance (R_L) = 10kΩ
Calculating the Output Current
1. Determine the Output Current (I_out)
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Difference between 1st order and 2nd order control system?

Adarsh Chauhan answered  •  15 hours ago
Introduction to Control Systems
Control systems are essential in engineering for managing and regulating the behavior of dynamic systems. They can be classified into different orders, primarily first-order and second-order systems.
1st Order Control System
A first-order control system is characterized by a single energy storage element and is described by a first-order
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Difference between open loop & closed loop control system?

Jiyaan Chopra answered  •  15 hours ago
Open Loop Control System
 
- Definition: An open loop control system is a type of control system where the output is not measured or fed back to the input for correction. The control action is independent of the desired output.
- Characteristics:
- No Feedback: There is no feedback mechanism to adjust the input based on the output.
- S
... more: Generally simpler to design and implement, requiring less complex components.
- Stability: Often stable, but may not adapt well to changes in external conditions or disturbances.
- Examples: Washing machines, toasters, and microwave ovens.
 
Closed Loop Control System
 
- Definition: A closed loop control system, also known as a feedback control system, uses feedback to compare the actual output with the desired output and makes adjustments accordingly.
- Characteristics:
- Feedback Mechanism: The system continuously monitors the output and adjusts the input to achieve the desired result.
- Complexity: More complex due to the feedback loop, which requires additional sensors and processing elements.
- Adaptability: Can adapt to changes and disturbances, providing better accuracy and performance.
- Examples: Thermostats, cruise control in vehicles, and automated industrial processes.
 
Key Differences
 
- Feedback: Open loop systems lack feedback; closed loop systems utilize feedback for accuracy.
- Performance: Open loop may be less accurate; closed loop offers improved performance due to adjustments.
- Cost and Complexity: Open loop systems are generally cheaper and easier to build; closed loop systems are more intricate and expensive due to additional components.
In summary, the choice between open loop and closed loop control systems depends on the specific application requirements, including accuracy, complexity, and cost considerations.

What is a control system? Structure of control system.
Examples of control system in daily life.?

Pranav Bhatia answered  •  15 hours ago
What is a Control System?
A control system is a set of devices or algorithms that manage, command, direct, or regulate the behavior of other devices or systems. They are essential for maintaining desired outputs in various applications by manipulating inputs according to specific rules.
Structure of Control System
The basic structure of a control system can be divided
... more

Open loop control system & closed loop control system, their examples?

Aditya Sharma answered  •  15 hours ago
Open Loop Control System
An open loop control system operates without feedback. The output is not compared to the input, and the system does not adjust based on the output's performance.
  • Example: A simple toaster. It toasts bread for a set time regardless of the actual browning of the bread.
  • Advantages:
    • Simplicity in design and implement... more
    • Cost-effective due to fewer components.

  • Disadvantages:
    • Lack of accuracy due to no feedback mechanism.
    • Performance can be affected by external factors (e.g., voltage fluctuations).


Closed Loop Control System
A closed loop control system uses feedback to compare the actual output with the desired output. It adjusts its performance based on the feedback received.
  • Example: A thermostat controlling a heating system. It measures the room temperature and adjusts the heating based on the set temperature.
  • Advantages:
    • Higher accuracy due to feedback.
    • Can adapt to changes in the environment or system disturbances.

  • Disadvantages:
    • More complex design and implementation.
    • Higher cost due to additional components for feedback.


In summary, open loop systems are simpler and cost-effective but lack accuracy and adaptability. In contrast, closed loop systems offer precision and adaptability but come with increased complexity and cost.

Block diagram of a 2nd order control system.Write simply block diagram reduction techniques?

Jayant Chopra answered  •  15 hours ago
Block Diagram of a 2nd Order Control System
A 2nd order control system can be represented as a block diagram consisting of a controller, a process, and feedback.
- Components:
- Controller: Generates the control signal based on the error.
- Process (Plant): Represents the system being controlled.
- Feedback Loop: Measures the output an
... more

Signal flow graph of control system.Examples.Touching & non-touching loop example?

Devang Choudhary answered  •  15 hours ago
Signal Flow Graph of Control System
Signal flow graphs (SFGs) are graphical representations used to analyze control systems. They illustrate the flow of signals and the relationships between various system components. Each node represents a variable, while directed edges (or branches) indicate the influence of one variable on another.
Key Features of Signal Flow Graphs:
... more

C(s)/R(s)=16/(s^2+1.6s+16)
Damping ratio be 0.8
Derivative rate feedback constant kt & compare rise time,peak time,max overshoot & steady state error for unit ramp input without & with derivative feedback control?

Diya Choudhary answered  •  15 hours ago
System Analysis Without Derivative Feedback
The given transfer function is C(s)/R(s) = 16/(s^2 + 1.6s + 16). To analyze the system, we need to identify key parameters:
- Damping Ratio (ζ): 0.8
- Natural Frequency (ω_n): Can be derived from the characteristic equation.
Using standard formulas for a second-order system:
- Rise Time (Tr): Approxima
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The overall transfer function of a control system
C(s)/R(s)= 16/(s^2+16s+16)?

Aditi Verma answered  •  15 hours ago
Overview of the Transfer Function
The transfer function C(s)/R(s) = 16/(s^2 + 16s + 16) represents the relationship between the output of a control system (C(s)) and its input (R(s)) in the Laplace domain. It captures the dynamics of the system.
Structure of the Transfer Function
- Numerator (16): This indicates the system's gain. A gain of 16 means that the out
... more

Zero order hold? Derive the transfer function of zero order hold.?

Advika Yadav answered  •  15 hours ago
Zero Order Hold (ZOH) Overview
A Zero Order Hold (ZOH) is a device that converts a discrete-time signal into a continuous-time signal. It works by holding each sample value constant over the sample interval, effectively creating a staircase waveform.
Derivation of Transfer Function
To derive the transfer function of a ZOH, consider the following:
- Input Signal
... more: The input to the ZOH is a discrete-time signal, represented by x[n].
- Output Signal Representation: The output signal y(t) is constant for each sample period Ts, where y(t) = x[n] for nTs ≤ t < />
- Laplace Transform of Output: The output can be expressed as a piecewise function. The Laplace transform of y(t) can be derived using the integral of the hold function.
- Transfer Function: The transfer function of a ZOH can be derived as:
- H(s) = (1 - e^(-sTs)) / s
Where:
- Ts is the sampling period.
- s is the complex frequency variable.
Key Properties of ZOH
- Sample-and-Hold: The ZOH holds each sample for the entire duration of the sampling period, ensuring that the output remains constant until the next sample is received.
- Signal Reconstruction: It is an essential component in digital-to-analog conversion, allowing for the reconstruction of continuous signals from discrete samples.
- Stability: A ZOH can introduce phase delay and can affect the stability of control systems if not designed properly.
Applications of ZOH
- Control Systems: Used in digital control systems to convert digital signals to analog control signals.
- Signal Processing: Acts as an interface between digital and analog systems in various electronic applications.
Understanding the ZOH is crucial for designing effective digital control systems and ensuring accurate signal conversion.

G(s)H(s)=k/[s(s+6)(s^2+4s+13)]
Sketch the root locus & determine the breakaway points,the angle of departure from the complex poles,the stability condition?

Yashvi Mathur answered  •  15 hours ago
Root Locus Sketch
- The characteristic equation for the system is: 1 + G(s)H(s) = 0
- The poles of the open-loop transfer function are at s = 0, s = -6, and the roots of s^2 + 4s + 13.
- The complex poles can be calculated as s = -2 ± j3.
Breakaway Points
- To find breakaway points, calculate the derivative of the characteristic equation.
- Set dK/ds =
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Sketch the root locus for the open loop transfer function of a unity feedback control system .
G(s)=k/[s(s+1)(s+3)]
Find the value for k for damping ratio=0.5
The value of k for marginal stability of given cont
... more

Ojasvi Khurana answered  •  15 hours ago
Root Locus Sketch for G(s) = k/[s(s+1)(s+3)]
The open loop transfer function G(s) = k/[s(s+1)(s+3)] has poles at s = 0, -1, and -3. The root locus will begin at these poles and extend towards the zeros of the system as k varies.
Steps to Sketch Root Locus:
- Identify poles: s = 0, -1, -3
- There are no zeros, hence the root locus will approach infinity as k increa
... more

Salient features of root locus of a 2nd order control system?

Aarohi Sengupta answered  •  15 hours ago
Introduction to Root Locus
The root locus is a graphical method used in control systems to analyze and design the stability of a system as a function of a gain parameter. It shows the trajectories of the poles of the closed-loop transfer function in the complex plane as the gain varies from zero to infinity.
Characteristics of 2nd Order Control Systems
- Pole Locati
... more: The poles of a 2nd order system are represented as complex conjugates. Their positions determine the system's stability and transient response.
- Damping Ratio (ζ): The damping ratio influences the shape of the root locus and the system's response. A damping ratio between 0 and 1 indicates underdamped behavior, resulting in oscillations.
- Natural Frequency (ω_n): This affects the speed of response. Higher natural frequencies lead to faster responses.
Root Locus Rules
- Starting and Ending Points: The root locus starts at the open-loop poles and ends at the open-loop zeros. If there are more poles than zeros, the extra poles will go to infinity.
- Symmetry: The root locus is symmetric about the real axis in the complex plane.
- Real Axis Segments: The segments of the real axis that are part of the root locus can be determined by counting the number of poles and zeros to the right of any point on the axis.
Stability Criteria
- Left Half-Plane: Poles in the left half of the complex plane indicate a stable system; poles on the imaginary axis indicate marginal stability, while poles in the right half indicate instability.
- Gain Margin and Phase Margin: These are critical for evaluating system robustness, where gain margins are determined from the intersection of the root locus with the real axis.
Conclusion
Understanding the salient features of the root locus in a 2nd order control system is essential for effective control system design and analysis, ensuring desired performance and stability.

Explain Routh Hurtiz criterion with proper diagram & explain system is stable, unstable or marginally stable?

Bhavya Singh answered  •  15 hours ago
Routh-Hurwitz Criterion
The Routh-Hurwitz criterion is a mathematical approach used to determine the stability of a linear time-invariant (LTI) system by analyzing its characteristic equation. The criterion provides a systematic way to establish whether all roots of the characteristic polynomial have negative real parts, which indicates system stability.
Constructing the Routh
... more
- To apply the Routh-Hurwitz criterion, follow these steps:
- Write the characteristic polynomial in descending powers of 's'.
- Construct the Routh array using coefficients of the polynomial.
- Start with the first two rows:
- Row 1: Coefficients of s^n, s^(n-2), s^(n-4), etc.
- Row 2: Coefficients of s^(n-1), s^(n-3), s^(n-5), etc.
- Fill subsequent rows using determinants derived from the previous two rows until reaching the last row.
Stability Analysis
- The system can be classified based on the signs of the first column of the Routh array:
- Stable System:
- All elements in the first column are positive.
- All roots of the characteristic equation lie in the left half of the s-plane.
- Unstable System:
- At least one element in the first column is negative.
- This indicates that at least one root has a positive real part, leading to instability.
- Marginally Stable System:
- One or more elements in the first column are zero while others are positive.
- This indicates purely imaginary roots, which can lead to sustained oscillations without decay.
Conclusion
The Routh-Hurwitz criterion is essential for stability analysis in control systems, allowing engineers to design stable systems by ensuring appropriate parameter selections.

Damping ratio is increased & steady state error will remain same for a unit ramp input.Find derivative control action .?

Surya Iyer answered  •  15 hours ago
Understanding Damping Ratio and Steady-State Error
The damping ratio is a crucial parameter in control systems that influences the system's response to inputs. An increased damping ratio can lead to a more stable system; however, it does not necessarily affect the steady-state error for certain types of inputs, such as a unit ramp input.
Steady-State Error for Unit Ramp Input... more

What is wd & Mp in a 2nd order control system?

Saanvi Joshi answered  •  15 hours ago
Understanding wd and Mp in a Second Order Control System
In control systems, particularly second-order systems, two important performance metrics are the damped natural frequency (wd) and the percent overshoot (Mp). These parameters play a crucial role in determining the system's response characteristics.
1. Damped Natural Frequency (wd)
- Definition... more

What is peak time expression for a 2nd order control system?

Chhavi Gupta answered  •  15 hours ago
Understanding Peak Time in a 2nd Order Control System
Peak time (Tp) is a crucial performance metric in second-order control systems, representing the time it takes for the system's response to reach its first peak after a step input is applied.
Factors Influencing Peak Time
- Damping Ratio (ζ): The damping ratio significantly affects the peak time. A lower damp
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Expression of time response & steady state error for 2nd order control system?

Akshay Nair answered  •  15 hours ago
Expression of Time Response in 2nd Order Control Systems
The time response of a second-order control system is characterized by its transient and steady-state behavior. The standard form of a second-order transfer function is given by:
- G(s) = ω_n^2 / (s^2 + 2ζω_ns + ω_n^2)
Where:
- ω_n = natural frequency
- ζ = damping ratio
The time response can be an
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Transfer function for Mason gain formula for defined control system?

Siddharth Malhotra answered  •  15 hours ago
Understanding Mason's Gain Formula
Mason's Gain Formula is a powerful tool used in control system analysis to determine the overall transfer function of a system represented by a block diagram. It simplifies the process of finding the transfer function by using signal flow graphs.
Key Components of Mason's Gain Formula:
- Signal Flow Graph: A graphical represent
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