Class 10

Read the source given below and answer the questions by choosing the most appropriate option:

Countries with higher income are more developed than others with less income. This is based on the understanding that more income means more of all things that human beings need. Whatever people like, and should have, they will be able to get with greater income. So, the greater income itself is considered to be one important goal. Now, what is the income of a country? Intuitively, the income of the country is the income of all the residents of the country. This gives us the total income of the country. However, for comparison between countries, total income is not such a useful measure. Since, countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell us what an average person is likely to earn. However, for comparison between countries, total income is not such a useful measure. Since, countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell us what an average person is likely to earn. Are people in one country better off than others in a different country? Hence, we compare the average income which is the total income of the country divided by its total population. The average income is also called per capita income.

In World Development Reports, brought out by the World Bank, this criterion is used in classifying countries. Countries with a per capita income of US$ 49,300 per annum and above in 2019, are called high income or rich countries and those with a per capita income of US$ 2500 or less are called lowincome countries. India comes in the category of low middle-income countries because its per capita income in 2019 was just US$ 6700 per annum. The rich countries, excluding countries of the Middle East and certain other small countries, are generally called developed countries.

According to the World Development Report 2006, countries with per capita income of ₹ 4,53,000 per annum and above in 2004 are called:

Read the passage given below.

बागो में फूल खिलते हैं।

Direction: He discovered the joys of being bowled over, tramped on and squashed every few minutes. He became an accepted member of the gang, an unlikely, silky little object among the shaggy crew, fighting like a tiger for his share at meal times and hunting rats in the old hen house at night. He had never had such a time in his life. All the while, Mrs. Pumphrey hovered anxiously in the background, ringing a dozen times a day for the latest bulletins.

“All the while, Mrs. Pumphrey hovered anxiously in the background”.

Given below are different types of Pet Parenting styles described in Country Living, (an e-magazine).

Choose the option that best reflects the kind of Pet owner Mrs. Pumphrey was.

(i) Traffic Light Pet owners have a healthy balance of rules and freedom and give clear and consistent signals for ‘yes’ and ‘no’.

(ii) Entranced Pet owners have the best intentions, but as soon as their pet locks eyes with them and gives their command, they are at their pet’s back and call.

(iii) The Goose Pet owners go all-out in protecting their pet. They often limit their time away from their pet, especially puppies.

(iv) The Baggage Handler Pet owners love being close to their pets and going on adventures together. They are always mindful of the pet’s comfort and security.

Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows:

Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism. Conservatives believed that established traditional institutions of state and society – like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family – should be preserved. Most conservatives, however, did not propose a return to the society of pre- revolutionary days. Rather, they realised, from the changes initiated by Napoleon, that modernisation could in fact strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy. It could make the state's power more effective and stronger. A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe. In 1815, representatives of the European powers who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich. The delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars. The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon. A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option.

Which of the following statements correctly describes about European conservative ideology?

नीचे दिए गद्यांश को ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़िए और उस पर आधारित प्रश्नों के उत्तर सही विकल्प चुनकर दीजिए-
गंगा भारत की एक अत्यंत पवित्र नदी है। इसका जल काफी दिनों तक रखने के बावजूद भी अशुद्ध नहीं होता जबकि साधारण जल कुछ ही दिनों में सड़ जाता है। गंगा का उद्गम स्थल गंगोत्री या गोमुख है। गोमुख से भागीरथी नदी निकलती है और देवप्रयाग नामक स्थान पर अलकनंदा नदी से मिलकर आगे गंगा के रूप में प्रवाहित होती है। भागीरथी के देवप्रयाग तक आते-आते इसमें कुछ चट्टानें घुल जाती हैं जिससे इसके जल में ऐसी क्षमता पैदा हो जाती है जो उसके पानी को सड़ने नहीं देती । हर नदी के जल में कुछ खास तरह के पदार्थ घुले रहते हैं जो उसकी विशिष्ट जैविक संरचना के लिए उत्तरदायी होते हैं। वैज्ञानिक शोधों से पता चला है कि गंगा के पानी में भी ऐसे बैक्टीरिया हैं, जो उसके पानी में सड़न पैदा करने वाले कीटाणुओं को पनपने ही नहीं देते इसलिए गंगा का पानी काफी लंबे समय तक खराब नहीं होता और पवित्र माना जाता है। हमारा मन भी गंगा के पानी की तरह ही होना चाहिए तभी वह निर्मल माना जाएगा। जिस प्रकार पानी को सड़ने से रोकने के लिए उसमें उपयोगी बैक्टीरिया की उपस्थिति अनिवार्य है, उसी प्रकार मन में विचारों के प्रदूषण को रोकने के लिए सकारात्मक विचारों के निरंतर प्रवाह की भी आवश्यकता है। हम अपने मन को सकारात्मक विचारों रूपी बैक्टीरिया द्वारा आप्लावित करके ही गलत विचारों को प्रविष्ट होने से रोक सकते हैं। जब भी कोई नकरात्मक विचार उत्पन्न हो, सकारात्मक विचार द्वारा उसे समाप्त कर दीजिए।