All India GMAT Group

Directions: Read the Passage carefully and answer the question as follow.
Caffeine, the stimulant in coffee, has been called 
“the most widely used psychoactive substance on Earth .”
Synder, Daly and Bruns have recently proposed that 
caffeine affects behavior by countering the activity in 
(5) the human brain of a naturally occurring chemical called 
adenosine. Adenosine normally depresses neuron firing 
in many areas of the brain. It apparently does this by 
inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters, chemicals 
that carry nerve impulses from one neuron to the next.
(10) Like many other agents that affect neuron firing,
adenosine must first bind to specific receptors on 
neuronal membranes. There are at least two classes 
of these receptors, which have been designated A1 and 
A2. Snyder et al propose that caffeine, which is struc-
(15)  turally similar to adenosine, is able to bind to both types 
of receptors, which prevents adenosine from attaching 
there and allows the neurons to fire more readily than 
they otherwise would.For many years, caffeine’s effects have been attri-
(20)  buted to its inhibition of the production of phosphodi-
esterase, an enzyme that breaks down the chemical 
called cyclic AMP.A number of neurotransmitters exert 
their effects by first increasing cyclic AMP concentra-
tions in target neurons. Therefore, prolonged periods at 
(25)  the elevated concentrations, as might be brought about 
by a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, could lead to a greater 
amount of neuron firing and, consequently, to behav-
ioral stimulation. But Snyder et al point out that the 
caffeine concentrations needed to inhibit the production 
(30)  of phosphodiesterase in the brain are much higher than 
those that produce stimulation. Moreover, other com-
pounds that block phosphodiesterase’s activity are not 
stimulants.
To buttress their case that caffeine acts instead by pre-
(35)  venting adenosine binding, Snyder et al compared the 
stimulatory effects of a series of caffeine derivatives with 
their ability to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in 
the brains of mice. “In general,” they reported, “the 
ability of the compounds to compete at the receptors 
(40) correlates with their ability to stimulate locomotion in 
the mouse; i.e., the higher their capacity to bind at the 
receptors, the higher their ability to stimulate locomo-
tion.” Theophylline, a close structural relative of caffeine 
and the major stimulant in tea, was one of the most 
(45) effective compounds in both regards.
There were some apparent exceptions to the general 
correlation observed between adenosine-receptor binding
and stimulation. One of these was a compound called 
3-isobuty1-1-methylxanthine(IBMX), which bound very 
(50) well but actually depressed mouse locomotion. Snyder 
et al suggest that this is not a major stumbling block to 
their hypothesis. The problem is that the compound has 
mixed effects in the brain, a not unusual occurrence with 
psychoactive drugs. Even caffeine, which is generally 
(55) known only for its stimulatory effects, displays this 
 property, depressing mouse locomotion at very low  
 concentrations and stimulating it at higher ones.
Q. Snyder et al suggest that caffeine’s ability to bind to A1 and A2 receptors can be at least partially attributed to which of the following?
(a) The chemical relationship between caffeine and phosphodiesterase 
(b) The structural relationship between caffeine and adenosine 
(c) The structural similarity between caffeine and neurotransmitters 
(d) The ability of caffeine to stimulate behavior 
(e) The natural occurrence of caffeine and adenosine in the brain
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Geetika Sarkar answered  •  6 hours ago
Understanding Caffeine's Mechanism
Snyder et al. propose that caffeine's effects on behavior stem from its ability to bind to adenosine receptors, specifically A1 and A2, in the brain. This binding is primarily attributed to the structural relationship between caffeine and adenosine.
Key Points of Explanation
- Structural Similarity:
Caffeine is structura
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If M(m) is defined by the equation M(m) = (m − 1)*M(m − 1) for all positive values of m that are greater than 1, and if M(4) = 24, then M(3) =
  • a)
    6
  • b)
    8
  • c)
    12
  • d)
    72
  • e)
    96
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Sonal Banerjee answered  •  7 hours ago
Understanding the Function M(m)
The function M(m) is defined recursively as follows:
- M(m) = (m - 1) * M(m - 1) for all m > 1.
This means that to calculate M(m), you multiply (m - 1) by the value of M at the previous integer (m - 1).
Given Information
- We know that M(4) = 24.
Calculating M(3)
To find M(3), we will use the recursive definiti
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A bag contains blue, red and green marbles only. If the ratio of blue marbles to red marbles is 4 to 5, and the ratio of green marbles to blue marbles is 4 to 3, what is the minimum number of marbles in the bag?
  • a)
    12
  • b)
    16
  • c)
    28
  • d)
    41
  • e)
    43
Correct answer is option 'E'. Can you explain this answer?

Sahana Mehta answered  •  9 hours ago
Understanding the Ratios
To determine the minimum number of marbles in the bag, we start by analyzing the given ratios:
1. Blue to Red Marbles Ratio:
- The ratio is 4:5.
- Let the number of blue marbles be 4x and red marbles be 5x.
2. Green to Blue Marbles Ratio:
- The ratio is 4:3.
- Let the number of green marbles be 4y and blue marbl
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If x and y are positive integers, what is the value of x + y ?
(1) 2x 3y = 72
(2) 2x 2y = 32
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Malavika Choudhury answered  •  yesterday
Understanding the Problem
We need to find the value of x + y, given that x and y are positive integers.
Analyzing Statement (1)
- From statement (1), we have the equation:
2x * 3y = 72
- Rearranging gives:
6xy = 72
Therefore, xy = 12
- The positive integer pairs (x, y) that satisfy xy = 12 are:
(1, 12), (2, 6), (3, 4), (4, 3), (6,
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If a, b, and c are positive integers, is (a + c)(b + c) an even integer?
(1) a is odd
(2) b is even
  • a)
    Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient
  • b)
    Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient
  • c)
    Both statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
  • d)
    EACH statement ALONE is sufficient
  • e)
    Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Abhishek Choudhury answered  •  yesterday
Understanding the Problem
We need to determine if the expression (a + c)(b + c) is an even integer, given that a, b, and c are positive integers.
Evaluating Statement (1)
- Statement (1): a is odd.
- If a is odd, we have two possibilities for c (odd or even):
- If c is odd, then a + c = odd + odd = even.
- If c is even, then a + c = odd + even =
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Are GMAT test centers available in all countries?

Abhishek Choudhury answered  •  yesterday
Availability of GMAT Test Centers Worldwide
The GMAT (Graduate Management Admission Test) is widely available across the globe, but not in every country. Here’s a detailed breakdown of GMAT test center availability:
Global Reach
- The GMAT is offered in over 100 countries.
- There are more than 600 test centers worldwide, making it accessible for many aspiring bus
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When positive integer m is divided by positive integer n, the remainder is 12. If m/n = 24.2, what is the value of n ?
  • a)
    120
  • b)
    60
  • c)
    30
  • d)
    24
  • e)
    12
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Abhishek Choudhury answered  •  yesterday
Understanding the Problem
When a positive integer m is divided by a positive integer n, the remainder is 12. This can be expressed as:
- m = kn + 12, where k is some integer.
Additionally, we know that the ratio m/n = 24.2. This can be rewritten as:
- m = 24.2n.
Setting Up the Equations
From the two expressions for m, we can set them equal to each other:
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Passage
In the fast-evolving landscape of artificial intelligence, recent debates have surfaced regarding the ethical implications of deploying advanced AI systems in critical domains such as healthcare and finance. The author, Sarah Thompson, explores the intersection of AI and ethics, highlighting the potential pitfalls and the urgent need for responsible development and deployment.
Thompson begins by addressing the increasing integration of AI in decision-making processes, emphasizing the risk of bias and discrimination inherent in algorithms trained on biased datasets. She points to instances where AI systems have perpetuated existing societal inequalities, raising concerns about the ethical implications of such unintentional consequences.
Moving beyond biases, Thompson delves into the issue of transparency in AI systems. She argues that the opacity of many advanced AI algorithms poses a significant ethical challenge, as users, and even developers, struggle to understand the decision-making processes of these complex systems. The lack of transparency, she contends, hinders accountability and exacerbates ethical concerns surrounding AI applications.
The exposé then shifts to the ethical considerations in AI-driven automation, particularly in industries where jobs are at risk of displacement. Thompson asserts that responsible AI development should prioritize the well-being of workers and ensure that the benefits of automation are equitably distributed. The ethical framework, she argues, should extend beyond mere technological advancements to encompass the broader societal impact of AI implementation.
Q. The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions?
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Abhishek Choudhury answered  •  yesterday
Importance of Transparency in AI Algorithms
The author, Sarah Thompson, emphasizes the critical need for transparency in AI systems for several compelling reasons:
1. Ethical Challenges
- Thompson identifies the opacity of advanced AI algorithms as a significant ethical challenge.
- Users and even developers often struggle to understand how these complex systems
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The recruitment and development of talent is a growing priority for many organizations, and is increasingly regarded as an important competitive advantage. One example of this emphasis on talent development is the creation of so-called ‘C’ level executive roles—Chief Talent or Personnel Officer—that represent the interests of the Human Resources department. This is a significant change from past years, during which Human Resources was generally considered a lower priority, even a necessary evil, and a destination for executives that did not thrive in other departments.
This change has had an important beneficiary—women.
An extraordinarily high proportion of Human Resources departments are run by women, reflecting the composition of the departments themselves. For better or worse, Human Resources positions have long been perceived as natural roles for women, as women are generally regarded as more nurturing and service-oriented than their male counterparts. As these traits are considered core to the functioning of effective Human Resources personnel, the advancement of women within HR departments has been routine and that, in turn, has attracted more women. Additionally, the lifestyle of workers in the Human Resources department is often not as demanding in terms of hours and weekends worked as it is for workers in other departments; many women with children find this appealing.
The preponderance of female heads of Human Resources departments and the higher prioritization of talent development have combined to give many female executives increased authority and influence. Many women, after performing well in a Human Resources capacity, have been given additional responsibilities in other departments. Also, more female executives have been asked to represent their organizations at industry conferences, further increasing their visibility.
Q.
The passage suggests which of the following about the “additional responsibilities” cited in the second sentence of the third paragraph?
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Palak Yadav answered  •  2 days ago
Explanation of the Correct Answer (Option A)
The passage discusses the evolving role of women in Human Resources (HR) and their subsequent rise to authority within organizations. The reference to “additional responsibilities” highlights the shift in perception of HR roles and the increasing influence of women in these positions.
Key Points Supporting Option A:
- No
... more The passage implies that as women excel in HR roles, they are often given responsibilities that extend beyond traditional HR functions. This suggests that these additional roles may not be in the conventional domains typically associated with female leadership, which often includes nurturing or service-oriented tasks.
- Expansion of Roles: The text indicates that women have been performing well in HR and are then assigned roles in other departments, which hints at the possibility of venturing into areas that have historically been male-dominated, such as finance, marketing, or operations.
- Shift in Perception: The mention of increased authority and influence suggests that organizations are beginning to recognize the value of diverse leadership styles. Thus, the new responsibilities could challenge traditional gender roles within corporate structures.
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
- Option B: There's no indication that these responsibilities are exclusively in departments previously led by men; the passage does not provide this context.
- Option C: While the new roles may build on skills from HR, the passage does not explicitly state that they are similar to prior responsibilities.
- Option D: Speaking at industry conferences is mentioned but is categorized separately from additional responsibilities, thus not directly aligning with the question.
- Option E: The passage does not suggest that the new responsibilities are more important; the focus is on the evolution of roles rather than comparative importance.
In conclusion, the correct answer is option A as it aligns with the broader themes of change and the breaking of traditional boundaries for women in the workplace.

If [z] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to z and [z] = -1 which of the following statements must be true?
  • a)
    z = -1
  • b)
    -2 <= z < -1
  • c)
    -2 < z <= -1
  • d)
    -1 <= z < 0
  • e)
    -1 < z <= 0
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Bhavana Kulkarni answered  •  2 days ago
Understanding the Greatest Integer Function
The greatest integer function, denoted as [z], gives the largest integer less than or equal to z. When [z] = -1, it indicates that z is in a specific range.
Analyzing the Condition [z] = -1
- Since [z] = -1, this means:
- z must be greater than -2 (as -2 would yield [z] = -2)
- and less than or equal to -1 (as -1
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If (x # y) represents the remainder that results when the positive integer x is divided by the positive integer y, what is the sum of all the possible values of y such that (16 # y) = 1?
  • a)
    8
  • b)
    9
  • c)
    16
  • d)
    23
  • e)
    24
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Pallavi Choudhury answered  •  2 days ago
Understanding the Problem
The expression (x # y) denotes the remainder when x is divided by y. Therefore, (16 # y) = 1 means that when 16 is divided by y, the remainder is 1.
Conditions for the Remainder
For (16 # y) to equal 1, the following condition must be true:
- 16 divided by y leaves a remainder of 1, which implies that 16 = k * y + 1 for some integer k.... more

If [x] denotes the least integer greater than or equal to x and [x] = 0, which of the following statements must be true?
  • a)
    x = 0
  • b)
    0 <= x < 1
  • c)
    0 < x <= 1
  • d)
    -1 <= x < 0
  • e)
    -1 < x <= 0
Correct answer is option 'E'. Can you explain this answer?

Sinjini Mukherjee answered  •  2 days ago
Understanding the Ceiling Function
The notation [x] represents the least integer greater than or equal to x, also known as the ceiling function. When [x] = 0, it means that x must be less than or equal to 0, but greater than -1.
Analyzing the Condition [x] = 0
- The condition [x] = 0 implies:
- 0 is the smallest integer that is greater than or equal to x.
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Let g be the function defined for all numbers x such that g(x) is the greatest integer that is less than or equal to x. If g(x) = -3, which of the following could be the value of x?
I. -3.0
II. -2.9
III. -2.1
  • a)
    I only
  • b)
    II only
  • c)
    III only
  • d)
    II and III only
  • e)
    I, II, and III
Correct answer is option 'E'. Can you explain this answer?

Mrinalini Dasgupta answered  •  2 days ago
Understanding the Function g(x)
The function g(x) represents the greatest integer that is less than or equal to x. This is also known as the floor function. If g(x) = -3, we need to determine the range of x values that satisfy this condition.
Range of x for g(x) = -3
- The condition g(x) = -3 means that -3 is the largest integer not exceeding x.
- Therefore, x mus
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The operation ? is defined by a?b = 3a - 2b for all integers a and b. If x and y are two integers such that x?y=17, which of the following could be the value of y?
  • a)
    0
  • b)
    1
  • c)
    3
  • d)
    5
  • e)
    6
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Navya Yadav answered  •  2 days ago
Understanding the Operation
The operation defined is:
a ? b = 3a - 2b.
We are given that x ? y = 17. This translates to:
3x - 2y = 17.
Rearranging the Equation
To find the relationship between x and y, we can rearrange the equation:
2y = 3x - 17
y = (3x - 17) / 2.
Finding Possible Values for y
For y to be an integer, (3x -
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Nikita Chauhan asked a question

In each of the following questions, five words have been given out of which four are alike in some manner, while the fifth one is different. Choose the word which is different from the rest.
Question -
Choose the word which is different from the rest.
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