Social Science-9 (H2c) | Extra Documents & Tests for Class 9 PDF Download

 Page 1


 (ii) The Duma
  The Duma was the elected 
Consultative Parliament which was 
created during 1905 Revolution. 
Tsar Nicholas II endowed it with 
legislative powers. But real authority 
or power was enjoyed by the Tsar 
only. He dismissed the first Duma 
within 75 days and re-elected second 
Duma within three months. He did 
not want any questioning of his 
authority or any reduction in his 
power. He changed the voting laws 
and packed the third Duma with 
conservative politicians. Even during 
the First World War, the Tsar did 
not consult the Duma. Finally, on 
25 February 1917, the government 
suspended the Duma.
 (iii) Women workers between 1900 and 
1930
  Women workers played an important 
role in the history of Russia. They 
made up 31 per cent of the factory 
labour force by 1914, but they were 
paid less than men. They proved 
themselves a great inspiring force for 
their male co-workers. They could lead 
strikes. Marfa Vasileva was one such 
woman worker who worked as a milling 
machine operator. She almost single-
handedly called a successful strike 
against the rising prices. She got full 
support from her co-workers especially 
women workers who gathered around 
Marfa in support and gradually all the 
other women ceased working. Their 
unified struggle continued till the 
establishment of a socialistic state in 
Russia.
 (iv) The Liberals
  The Liberals in Russia during the 
early twentieth century were those 
people who wanted to change society. 
They wanted a nation which tolerated 
all religions. It was the time when 
European states usually discriminated 
in favour of one religion or the other. 
Liberals were also not in favour of 
uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers. 
They wanted to safeguard the rights of 
individuals against government. They 
argued for a representative, elected 
parliamentary government, subject 
to laws interpreted by a well-trained 
and independent judiciary. But they 
were not in favour of universal adult 
franchise. They also did not want the 
vote for women.
 (v) Stalin’s Collectivisation Programme
  By 1927-28, the towns in Soviet 
Russia were facing an acute problem 
of grain supplies. Stalin, the head 
of the party after Lenin’s death, 
introduced firm emergency measures 
to curb this situation. He believed 
that rich peasants and traders in the 
countryside were holding stocks in 
hope of higher prices. Hence, kulaks, 
the well-to-do farmers of Russia, 
were raided and their land was taken 
away to establish state-controlled 
large farms. All peasants were 
told to cultivate in collective farms 
called kolkhoz. The bulk of land 
and implements were transferred to 
the ownership of collective farms. 
Peasants worked on the land and 
the kolkhoz profit was shared. But 
peasants were not happy with this 
system.
I. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
1. Which statement is not correct?
 (a) Conservatives wanted to bring 
change through a slow process.
 (b) Liberals were in favour of the 
uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers.
 (c) Radicals supported women’s 
suffragette movements.
 (d) Liberals did not believe in universal 
adult franchise.
2. Which statement gives a clear picture 
of socialists?
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS SOLVED
Page 2


 (ii) The Duma
  The Duma was the elected 
Consultative Parliament which was 
created during 1905 Revolution. 
Tsar Nicholas II endowed it with 
legislative powers. But real authority 
or power was enjoyed by the Tsar 
only. He dismissed the first Duma 
within 75 days and re-elected second 
Duma within three months. He did 
not want any questioning of his 
authority or any reduction in his 
power. He changed the voting laws 
and packed the third Duma with 
conservative politicians. Even during 
the First World War, the Tsar did 
not consult the Duma. Finally, on 
25 February 1917, the government 
suspended the Duma.
 (iii) Women workers between 1900 and 
1930
  Women workers played an important 
role in the history of Russia. They 
made up 31 per cent of the factory 
labour force by 1914, but they were 
paid less than men. They proved 
themselves a great inspiring force for 
their male co-workers. They could lead 
strikes. Marfa Vasileva was one such 
woman worker who worked as a milling 
machine operator. She almost single-
handedly called a successful strike 
against the rising prices. She got full 
support from her co-workers especially 
women workers who gathered around 
Marfa in support and gradually all the 
other women ceased working. Their 
unified struggle continued till the 
establishment of a socialistic state in 
Russia.
 (iv) The Liberals
  The Liberals in Russia during the 
early twentieth century were those 
people who wanted to change society. 
They wanted a nation which tolerated 
all religions. It was the time when 
European states usually discriminated 
in favour of one religion or the other. 
Liberals were also not in favour of 
uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers. 
They wanted to safeguard the rights of 
individuals against government. They 
argued for a representative, elected 
parliamentary government, subject 
to laws interpreted by a well-trained 
and independent judiciary. But they 
were not in favour of universal adult 
franchise. They also did not want the 
vote for women.
 (v) Stalin’s Collectivisation Programme
  By 1927-28, the towns in Soviet 
Russia were facing an acute problem 
of grain supplies. Stalin, the head 
of the party after Lenin’s death, 
introduced firm emergency measures 
to curb this situation. He believed 
that rich peasants and traders in the 
countryside were holding stocks in 
hope of higher prices. Hence, kulaks, 
the well-to-do farmers of Russia, 
were raided and their land was taken 
away to establish state-controlled 
large farms. All peasants were 
told to cultivate in collective farms 
called kolkhoz. The bulk of land 
and implements were transferred to 
the ownership of collective farms. 
Peasants worked on the land and 
the kolkhoz profit was shared. But 
peasants were not happy with this 
system.
I. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
1. Which statement is not correct?
 (a) Conservatives wanted to bring 
change through a slow process.
 (b) Liberals were in favour of the 
uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers.
 (c) Radicals supported women’s 
suffragette movements.
 (d) Liberals did not believe in universal 
adult franchise.
2. Which statement gives a clear picture 
of socialists?
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS SOLVED
 (a) They were in favour of accumulation 
of wealth.
 (b) They wanted to encourage capitalist 
enterpreneurship.
 (c) They wanted to give employment 
only to the talented.
 (d) They were against private property.
3. What per cent of the Russian empire’s 
population earned their living from 
agriculture?
 (a) 40 (b) 60
 (c) 70 (d) 85
4. When was the Russian Social Democratic 
Workers Party founded?
 (a) 1898 (b) 1889
 (c) 1887 (d) 1801
5. Who were jadidists within the Russian 
empire?
 (a) Muslim reformers
 (b) Muslim workers
 (c) Buddhist reformers
 (d) Buddhist cultivators
6. When did the First World War break 
out?
 (a) 1941 (b) 1911
 (c) 1914 (d) 1918
7. Which countries were together called 
the Central powers?
 (a) France, Britain and Russia
 (b) Germany, France and Britain
 (c) Germany, Austria and Turkey
 (d) Britain, Russia and Turkey
8. Which statement is not correct about 
the Imperial Russian Army?
 (a) It was the largest armed force in 
the world during the First World 
War.
 (b) It was known as the ‘Russian steam 
roller’.
 (c) It never supported the 
revolutionaries.
 (d) It played an important role in the 
downfall of the Tsarist power.
9. In which year was the monarchy 
brought down in Russia?
 (a) 1917 (b) 1907
 (c) 1905 (d) 1901
10. Who was the leader of the Bolshevik 
Party?
 (a) Leon Trotskii (b) Kerenskii
 (c) Vladimir Lenin (d) None of these.
11. What was the period of the civil war 
in Russia?
 (a) 1918-1919 (b) 1918-1920
 (c) 1917-1919 (d) 1918-1921
12. What were the pro-Tsarists called?
 (a) Reds (b) Greens
 (c) Whites (d) Blues
13. Who were kulaks in Russia?
 (a) Rich farmers (b) Poor farmers
 (c) Low-paid workers in factories
 (d) Muslim leaders
14. Who started collectivisation programme 
in Russia?
 (a) Stalin (b) Lenin
 (c) Kerenskii (d) Trotskii
15. What is associated with the 1905 
Revolution?
 (a) Fall of Tsarist autocracy 
 (b) Dismissal of the fourth Duma
 (c) Bloody Sunday (d) All of these.
Ans. 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (a)
  5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (c)
  9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (c)
  13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (c)
II. Very Short Answer Type Questions
 Q1. What type of a nation did liberals 
want?
 Ans. Liberals wanted a nation which 
tolerated all religions.
 Q2. What did liberals oppose?
 Ans. Liberals opposed the uncontrolled 
power of dynastic rulers.
 Q3. How can you say that the liberals were 
not democrats?
 Ans. The liberals were not democrats as 
they did not believe in universal adult 
franchise, that is, the right of every 
citizen to vote.
Page 3


 (ii) The Duma
  The Duma was the elected 
Consultative Parliament which was 
created during 1905 Revolution. 
Tsar Nicholas II endowed it with 
legislative powers. But real authority 
or power was enjoyed by the Tsar 
only. He dismissed the first Duma 
within 75 days and re-elected second 
Duma within three months. He did 
not want any questioning of his 
authority or any reduction in his 
power. He changed the voting laws 
and packed the third Duma with 
conservative politicians. Even during 
the First World War, the Tsar did 
not consult the Duma. Finally, on 
25 February 1917, the government 
suspended the Duma.
 (iii) Women workers between 1900 and 
1930
  Women workers played an important 
role in the history of Russia. They 
made up 31 per cent of the factory 
labour force by 1914, but they were 
paid less than men. They proved 
themselves a great inspiring force for 
their male co-workers. They could lead 
strikes. Marfa Vasileva was one such 
woman worker who worked as a milling 
machine operator. She almost single-
handedly called a successful strike 
against the rising prices. She got full 
support from her co-workers especially 
women workers who gathered around 
Marfa in support and gradually all the 
other women ceased working. Their 
unified struggle continued till the 
establishment of a socialistic state in 
Russia.
 (iv) The Liberals
  The Liberals in Russia during the 
early twentieth century were those 
people who wanted to change society. 
They wanted a nation which tolerated 
all religions. It was the time when 
European states usually discriminated 
in favour of one religion or the other. 
Liberals were also not in favour of 
uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers. 
They wanted to safeguard the rights of 
individuals against government. They 
argued for a representative, elected 
parliamentary government, subject 
to laws interpreted by a well-trained 
and independent judiciary. But they 
were not in favour of universal adult 
franchise. They also did not want the 
vote for women.
 (v) Stalin’s Collectivisation Programme
  By 1927-28, the towns in Soviet 
Russia were facing an acute problem 
of grain supplies. Stalin, the head 
of the party after Lenin’s death, 
introduced firm emergency measures 
to curb this situation. He believed 
that rich peasants and traders in the 
countryside were holding stocks in 
hope of higher prices. Hence, kulaks, 
the well-to-do farmers of Russia, 
were raided and their land was taken 
away to establish state-controlled 
large farms. All peasants were 
told to cultivate in collective farms 
called kolkhoz. The bulk of land 
and implements were transferred to 
the ownership of collective farms. 
Peasants worked on the land and 
the kolkhoz profit was shared. But 
peasants were not happy with this 
system.
I. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
1. Which statement is not correct?
 (a) Conservatives wanted to bring 
change through a slow process.
 (b) Liberals were in favour of the 
uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers.
 (c) Radicals supported women’s 
suffragette movements.
 (d) Liberals did not believe in universal 
adult franchise.
2. Which statement gives a clear picture 
of socialists?
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS SOLVED
 (a) They were in favour of accumulation 
of wealth.
 (b) They wanted to encourage capitalist 
enterpreneurship.
 (c) They wanted to give employment 
only to the talented.
 (d) They were against private property.
3. What per cent of the Russian empire’s 
population earned their living from 
agriculture?
 (a) 40 (b) 60
 (c) 70 (d) 85
4. When was the Russian Social Democratic 
Workers Party founded?
 (a) 1898 (b) 1889
 (c) 1887 (d) 1801
5. Who were jadidists within the Russian 
empire?
 (a) Muslim reformers
 (b) Muslim workers
 (c) Buddhist reformers
 (d) Buddhist cultivators
6. When did the First World War break 
out?
 (a) 1941 (b) 1911
 (c) 1914 (d) 1918
7. Which countries were together called 
the Central powers?
 (a) France, Britain and Russia
 (b) Germany, France and Britain
 (c) Germany, Austria and Turkey
 (d) Britain, Russia and Turkey
8. Which statement is not correct about 
the Imperial Russian Army?
 (a) It was the largest armed force in 
the world during the First World 
War.
 (b) It was known as the ‘Russian steam 
roller’.
 (c) It never supported the 
revolutionaries.
 (d) It played an important role in the 
downfall of the Tsarist power.
9. In which year was the monarchy 
brought down in Russia?
 (a) 1917 (b) 1907
 (c) 1905 (d) 1901
10. Who was the leader of the Bolshevik 
Party?
 (a) Leon Trotskii (b) Kerenskii
 (c) Vladimir Lenin (d) None of these.
11. What was the period of the civil war 
in Russia?
 (a) 1918-1919 (b) 1918-1920
 (c) 1917-1919 (d) 1918-1921
12. What were the pro-Tsarists called?
 (a) Reds (b) Greens
 (c) Whites (d) Blues
13. Who were kulaks in Russia?
 (a) Rich farmers (b) Poor farmers
 (c) Low-paid workers in factories
 (d) Muslim leaders
14. Who started collectivisation programme 
in Russia?
 (a) Stalin (b) Lenin
 (c) Kerenskii (d) Trotskii
15. What is associated with the 1905 
Revolution?
 (a) Fall of Tsarist autocracy 
 (b) Dismissal of the fourth Duma
 (c) Bloody Sunday (d) All of these.
Ans. 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (a)
  5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (c)
  9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (c)
  13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (c)
II. Very Short Answer Type Questions
 Q1. What type of a nation did liberals 
want?
 Ans. Liberals wanted a nation which 
tolerated all religions.
 Q2. What did liberals oppose?
 Ans. Liberals opposed the uncontrolled 
power of dynastic rulers.
 Q3. How can you say that the liberals were 
not democrats?
 Ans. The liberals were not democrats as 
they did not believe in universal adult 
franchise, that is, the right of every 
citizen to vote.
 Q4. What type of a nation did radicals 
want?
 Ans. Radicals wanted a nation in which 
government was based on the majority 
of a country’s population.
 Q5. Mention one difference between 
liberals and radicals.
 Ans. Unlike liberals, radicals opposed the 
privileges of great landowners and 
wealthy factory owners.
 Q6. What changes came to be seen in the 
attitude of the conservatives by the 
nineteenth century?
 Ans. By the nineteenth century, they 
accepted that some changes were 
invitable but believed that the past 
had to be respected and change had 
to be brought about by a slow process.
 Q7. Mention two problems that emerged 
due to industrialisation.
 Ans.(i) Unemployment became common.
 (ii) Housing and sanitation were problems 
since towns were growing rapidly.
 Q8. What did liberals and radicals believe 
in?
 Ans. They firmly believed in the value 
of individual effort, labour and 
enterprise.
 Q9. Who were socialists?
 Ans. Socialists were those people who were 
against private property, and saw it as 
the root of all social ills of the time.
 Q10. How, according to Karl Marx, could 
the conditions of workers improve?
 Ans. According to Karl Marx, the conditions 
of workers could improve only when 
they themselves would fight against 
capitalist exploitation. For this, they 
had to construct a radically socialist 
society where all property was socially 
controlled.
 Q11. What was the Second International?
 Ans. The Second International was an 
international body which was formed 
by socialists to co-ordinate their 
efforts.
 Q12. Name the religion practised by the 
majority of Russians at the time of the 
Revolution.
 Ans. Russian Orthodox Christianity
 Q13. Which were prominent industrial 
areas in Russia?
 Ans. Prominent industrial areas in Russia 
were Petersburg and Moscow.
 Q14. Who was the ruler of Russia in 1914?
 Ans. In 1914, Tsar Nicholas II was the ruler 
of Russia.
 Q15. What was the status of political 
parties in Russia before 1914?
 Ans. All political parties were illegal in 
Russia before 1914.
 Q16. Mention one difference between 
Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.
 Ans. Bolsheviks thought that the party 
should be disciplined and should 
control the number and quality of its 
members. But Mensheviks thought 
that the party should be open to all.
 Q17. What were the two causes that made 
the Russian autocracy unpopular.
 Ans.(i) The Tsarina Alexandra’s German 
origins.
 (ii) Her poor advisers, especially a monk 
called Rasputin.
 Q18. What were the three demands 
popularly known as Lenin’s ‘April 
Theses’?
 Ans.(i) The war to be brought to a close.
 (ii) Land to be transferred to the 
peasants.
 (iii) Banks to be nationalised.
 Q19. What was the new name given to the 
Bolshevik Party?
 Ans. It was the Russian Communist Party.
 Q20. Mention two important events that 
took place in Russia in 1917.
 Ans.(i) Abdication of the Tsar.
 (ii) Bolshevik uprising in Petrograd.
 Q21. Mention two achievements of the 
Bolshevik Revolution of October 1917.
Page 4


 (ii) The Duma
  The Duma was the elected 
Consultative Parliament which was 
created during 1905 Revolution. 
Tsar Nicholas II endowed it with 
legislative powers. But real authority 
or power was enjoyed by the Tsar 
only. He dismissed the first Duma 
within 75 days and re-elected second 
Duma within three months. He did 
not want any questioning of his 
authority or any reduction in his 
power. He changed the voting laws 
and packed the third Duma with 
conservative politicians. Even during 
the First World War, the Tsar did 
not consult the Duma. Finally, on 
25 February 1917, the government 
suspended the Duma.
 (iii) Women workers between 1900 and 
1930
  Women workers played an important 
role in the history of Russia. They 
made up 31 per cent of the factory 
labour force by 1914, but they were 
paid less than men. They proved 
themselves a great inspiring force for 
their male co-workers. They could lead 
strikes. Marfa Vasileva was one such 
woman worker who worked as a milling 
machine operator. She almost single-
handedly called a successful strike 
against the rising prices. She got full 
support from her co-workers especially 
women workers who gathered around 
Marfa in support and gradually all the 
other women ceased working. Their 
unified struggle continued till the 
establishment of a socialistic state in 
Russia.
 (iv) The Liberals
  The Liberals in Russia during the 
early twentieth century were those 
people who wanted to change society. 
They wanted a nation which tolerated 
all religions. It was the time when 
European states usually discriminated 
in favour of one religion or the other. 
Liberals were also not in favour of 
uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers. 
They wanted to safeguard the rights of 
individuals against government. They 
argued for a representative, elected 
parliamentary government, subject 
to laws interpreted by a well-trained 
and independent judiciary. But they 
were not in favour of universal adult 
franchise. They also did not want the 
vote for women.
 (v) Stalin’s Collectivisation Programme
  By 1927-28, the towns in Soviet 
Russia were facing an acute problem 
of grain supplies. Stalin, the head 
of the party after Lenin’s death, 
introduced firm emergency measures 
to curb this situation. He believed 
that rich peasants and traders in the 
countryside were holding stocks in 
hope of higher prices. Hence, kulaks, 
the well-to-do farmers of Russia, 
were raided and their land was taken 
away to establish state-controlled 
large farms. All peasants were 
told to cultivate in collective farms 
called kolkhoz. The bulk of land 
and implements were transferred to 
the ownership of collective farms. 
Peasants worked on the land and 
the kolkhoz profit was shared. But 
peasants were not happy with this 
system.
I. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
1. Which statement is not correct?
 (a) Conservatives wanted to bring 
change through a slow process.
 (b) Liberals were in favour of the 
uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers.
 (c) Radicals supported women’s 
suffragette movements.
 (d) Liberals did not believe in universal 
adult franchise.
2. Which statement gives a clear picture 
of socialists?
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS SOLVED
 (a) They were in favour of accumulation 
of wealth.
 (b) They wanted to encourage capitalist 
enterpreneurship.
 (c) They wanted to give employment 
only to the talented.
 (d) They were against private property.
3. What per cent of the Russian empire’s 
population earned their living from 
agriculture?
 (a) 40 (b) 60
 (c) 70 (d) 85
4. When was the Russian Social Democratic 
Workers Party founded?
 (a) 1898 (b) 1889
 (c) 1887 (d) 1801
5. Who were jadidists within the Russian 
empire?
 (a) Muslim reformers
 (b) Muslim workers
 (c) Buddhist reformers
 (d) Buddhist cultivators
6. When did the First World War break 
out?
 (a) 1941 (b) 1911
 (c) 1914 (d) 1918
7. Which countries were together called 
the Central powers?
 (a) France, Britain and Russia
 (b) Germany, France and Britain
 (c) Germany, Austria and Turkey
 (d) Britain, Russia and Turkey
8. Which statement is not correct about 
the Imperial Russian Army?
 (a) It was the largest armed force in 
the world during the First World 
War.
 (b) It was known as the ‘Russian steam 
roller’.
 (c) It never supported the 
revolutionaries.
 (d) It played an important role in the 
downfall of the Tsarist power.
9. In which year was the monarchy 
brought down in Russia?
 (a) 1917 (b) 1907
 (c) 1905 (d) 1901
10. Who was the leader of the Bolshevik 
Party?
 (a) Leon Trotskii (b) Kerenskii
 (c) Vladimir Lenin (d) None of these.
11. What was the period of the civil war 
in Russia?
 (a) 1918-1919 (b) 1918-1920
 (c) 1917-1919 (d) 1918-1921
12. What were the pro-Tsarists called?
 (a) Reds (b) Greens
 (c) Whites (d) Blues
13. Who were kulaks in Russia?
 (a) Rich farmers (b) Poor farmers
 (c) Low-paid workers in factories
 (d) Muslim leaders
14. Who started collectivisation programme 
in Russia?
 (a) Stalin (b) Lenin
 (c) Kerenskii (d) Trotskii
15. What is associated with the 1905 
Revolution?
 (a) Fall of Tsarist autocracy 
 (b) Dismissal of the fourth Duma
 (c) Bloody Sunday (d) All of these.
Ans. 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (a)
  5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (c)
  9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (c)
  13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (c)
II. Very Short Answer Type Questions
 Q1. What type of a nation did liberals 
want?
 Ans. Liberals wanted a nation which 
tolerated all religions.
 Q2. What did liberals oppose?
 Ans. Liberals opposed the uncontrolled 
power of dynastic rulers.
 Q3. How can you say that the liberals were 
not democrats?
 Ans. The liberals were not democrats as 
they did not believe in universal adult 
franchise, that is, the right of every 
citizen to vote.
 Q4. What type of a nation did radicals 
want?
 Ans. Radicals wanted a nation in which 
government was based on the majority 
of a country’s population.
 Q5. Mention one difference between 
liberals and radicals.
 Ans. Unlike liberals, radicals opposed the 
privileges of great landowners and 
wealthy factory owners.
 Q6. What changes came to be seen in the 
attitude of the conservatives by the 
nineteenth century?
 Ans. By the nineteenth century, they 
accepted that some changes were 
invitable but believed that the past 
had to be respected and change had 
to be brought about by a slow process.
 Q7. Mention two problems that emerged 
due to industrialisation.
 Ans.(i) Unemployment became common.
 (ii) Housing and sanitation were problems 
since towns were growing rapidly.
 Q8. What did liberals and radicals believe 
in?
 Ans. They firmly believed in the value 
of individual effort, labour and 
enterprise.
 Q9. Who were socialists?
 Ans. Socialists were those people who were 
against private property, and saw it as 
the root of all social ills of the time.
 Q10. How, according to Karl Marx, could 
the conditions of workers improve?
 Ans. According to Karl Marx, the conditions 
of workers could improve only when 
they themselves would fight against 
capitalist exploitation. For this, they 
had to construct a radically socialist 
society where all property was socially 
controlled.
 Q11. What was the Second International?
 Ans. The Second International was an 
international body which was formed 
by socialists to co-ordinate their 
efforts.
 Q12. Name the religion practised by the 
majority of Russians at the time of the 
Revolution.
 Ans. Russian Orthodox Christianity
 Q13. Which were prominent industrial 
areas in Russia?
 Ans. Prominent industrial areas in Russia 
were Petersburg and Moscow.
 Q14. Who was the ruler of Russia in 1914?
 Ans. In 1914, Tsar Nicholas II was the ruler 
of Russia.
 Q15. What was the status of political 
parties in Russia before 1914?
 Ans. All political parties were illegal in 
Russia before 1914.
 Q16. Mention one difference between 
Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.
 Ans. Bolsheviks thought that the party 
should be disciplined and should 
control the number and quality of its 
members. But Mensheviks thought 
that the party should be open to all.
 Q17. What were the two causes that made 
the Russian autocracy unpopular.
 Ans.(i) The Tsarina Alexandra’s German 
origins.
 (ii) Her poor advisers, especially a monk 
called Rasputin.
 Q18. What were the three demands 
popularly known as Lenin’s ‘April 
Theses’?
 Ans.(i) The war to be brought to a close.
 (ii) Land to be transferred to the 
peasants.
 (iii) Banks to be nationalised.
 Q19. What was the new name given to the 
Bolshevik Party?
 Ans. It was the Russian Communist Party.
 Q20. Mention two important events that 
took place in Russia in 1917.
 Ans.(i) Abdication of the Tsar.
 (ii) Bolshevik uprising in Petrograd.
 Q21. Mention two achievements of the 
Bolshevik Revolution of October 1917.
 Ans. (i) Most industries and banks were 
nationalised.
 (ii) Land was declared social property 
and peasants were allowed to seize 
the land of the nobility.
 Q22. Who was the ruler of Russia at the 
time of the Bolshevik Revolution of 
October?
 Ans. Kerenskii was the ruler of Russia at 
the time of the October Revolution.
 Q23. The Bolsheviks introduced a process 
of centralised planning in Russia. 
Mention two of its achievements.
 Ans.(i) Centralised planning led to 
economic growth in Russia. Industrial 
production increased.
 (ii) New factory cities came into being.
 Q24. What did Stalin do to develop modern 
farms?
 Ans. He eliminated well to do peasants, 
known as Kulaks, took away land 
from them and established state 
controlled large farms.
 Q25. What was the chief motive of 
Stalin behind his collectivisation 
programme?
 Ans. His chief motive was to increase 
production to avert acute problem 
of grain supplies in Russia.
 Q26. What was the new name given to St. 
Petersburg?
 Ans. The new name given to St. Petersburg 
was Petrograd.
III. Short Answer Type Questions
  Q1. Mention any three differences between 
liberals and radicals.
 Ans. 
 (i) Liberals wanted a nation which 
tolerated all religions. In contrast, 
radicals wanted a nation in which 
government was based on the 
majority of a country’s population.
 (ii) Liberals did not believe in universal 
adult franchise. They felt men of 
property mainly should have the 
vote. But radicals opposed the 
privileges of great landowners and 
wealthy factory owners.
 (iii) Liberals did not want the vote 
for women. On the other hand, 
many radicals supported women’s 
suffragette movement.
 Q2. How did socialists view private 
property?
Or
  Why were socialists against private 
property?
 Ans.(i) Socialists were against private 
property. They saw it as the root of 
all social ills of the time. 
 (ii) They argued that individuals owned 
the property that gave employment 
but the propertied were concerned 
only with personal gain and not with 
the welfare of those who made the 
property productive.
 (iii) So, if society as a whole rather than 
single individuals controlled property, 
more attention would be paid to 
collective social interests.
 (iv) Socialists wanted this change and 
campaigned for it.
 Q3. Why did Karl Marx want to overthrow 
capitalism?
 Ans. Karl Marx was dead against capitalism. 
He argued that industrial society was 
based on capitalism. Capitalists owned 
the capital invested in factories and 
the profit of capitalists was produced 
by workers. The conditions of workers 
could not improve as long as this profit 
was accumulated by private capitalists. 
Hence, it is essential to overthrow