NCERT Textbook - संसारसागरस्य नायकाः | NCERT Textbooks & Solutions for Class 8 PDF Download

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v"Ve% ikB%
lalkjlkxjL; uk;dk%
¹izLrqr ikB vuqie feJ dh Ñfr vkt Hkh [kjs gSa rkykc osQ lalkj lkxj osQ
uk;d uked vè;k; ls fy;k x;k gSA blesa foyqIr gksrs tk jgs ikjEifjd Kku]
dkS'ky ,oa f'kYi osQ /uh xt/j osQ lEcU/ esa ppkZ dh x;h gSA ikuh osQ fy,
ekuo fufeZr rkykc] ckoM+h tSls fuekZ.kksa dks ys[kd us ;gk¡ lalkj lkxj osQ :i
esa fpf=kr fd;k gSAº
osQ vklu~ rs vKkrukeku%\
'kr'k% lgÏ'k% rMkxk% lglSo 'kwU;kr~ u izdVhHkwrk%A bes ,o rMkxk% v=k
lalkjlkxjk% bfrA ,rs"kke~ vk;kstuL; usiF;s
fuekZif;rÏ.kke~ ,dde~] fuekZr Ï.kka p n'kde~
vklhr~A ,rr~ ,doaQ n'koaQ p vkgR;
'kroaQ lgÏa ok jp;r% LeA ija foxrs"kq
f}'kro"ksZ"kq uwrui¼R;k lektsu ;fRdf×pr~
ifBre~A ifBrsu rsu lektsu ,doaQ n'koaQ
lgÏoQ×p bR;srkfu 'kwU;s ,o
ifjofrZrkfuA vL; uwrulektL; eufl
b;efi ftKklk uSo mn~Hkwrk ;n~
vLekRiwoZe~ ,rkor% rMkxku~ osQ jp;fUr
LeA ,rkn`'kkfu dk;kZf.k dr±q KkuL; ;ks
2024-25
Page 2


v"Ve% ikB%
lalkjlkxjL; uk;dk%
¹izLrqr ikB vuqie feJ dh Ñfr vkt Hkh [kjs gSa rkykc osQ lalkj lkxj osQ
uk;d uked vè;k; ls fy;k x;k gSA blesa foyqIr gksrs tk jgs ikjEifjd Kku]
dkS'ky ,oa f'kYi osQ /uh xt/j osQ lEcU/ esa ppkZ dh x;h gSA ikuh osQ fy,
ekuo fufeZr rkykc] ckoM+h tSls fuekZ.kksa dks ys[kd us ;gk¡ lalkj lkxj osQ :i
esa fpf=kr fd;k gSAº
osQ vklu~ rs vKkrukeku%\
'kr'k% lgÏ'k% rMkxk% lglSo 'kwU;kr~ u izdVhHkwrk%A bes ,o rMkxk% v=k
lalkjlkxjk% bfrA ,rs"kke~ vk;kstuL; usiF;s
fuekZif;rÏ.kke~ ,dde~] fuekZr Ï.kka p n'kde~
vklhr~A ,rr~ ,doaQ n'koaQ p vkgR;
'kroaQ lgÏa ok jp;r% LeA ija foxrs"kq
f}'kro"ksZ"kq uwrui¼R;k lektsu ;fRdf×pr~
ifBre~A ifBrsu rsu lektsu ,doaQ n'koaQ
lgÏoQ×p bR;srkfu 'kwU;s ,o
ifjofrZrkfuA vL; uwrulektL; eufl
b;efi ftKklk uSo mn~Hkwrk ;n~
vLekRiwoZe~ ,rkor% rMkxku~ osQ jp;fUr
LeA ,rkn`'kkfu dk;kZf.k dr±q KkuL; ;ks
2024-25
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lalkjlkxjL;
uk;dk%
uwru% izfofèk% fodflr%] rsu izfof/uk¿fi iwo± lEikfnre~ ,rRdk;± ekif;raq u
osQukfi iz;frre~A
v| ;s vKkrukeku% orZUrs] iqjk rs cgqizfFkrk% vklu~A v'ks"ks fg ns'ks rMkxk%
fuehZ;Urs Le] fuekZrkjks¿fi v'ks"ks ns'ks fuolfUr LeA
xt/j% bfr lqUnj% 'kCn% rMkxfuekZrÏ.kka lknja Lej.kkFkZe~A jktLFkkuL; osQ"kqfpn~
Hkkxs"kq 'kCnks¿;e~ v|kfi izpyfrA d% xt/j%\ ;% xtifjek.ka èkkj;fr l xtèkj%A
xtifjek.ke~ ,o ekiudk;sZ mi;qT;rsA lekts
f=kgLr& ifjek.kkfRedha ykSg;f"Va gLrs x`ghRok
pyUr% xt/jk% bnkuha f'kfYi:is.k uSo
lekn`rk% lfUrA xt/j%] ;% lektL; xkEHkh;±
eki;sr~ bR;fLeu~ :is ifjfpr%A
xt/jk% okLrqdkjk% vklu~A dkea
xzkeh.klektks Hkorq ukxjlektks ok rL;
uo&fuekZ.kL; lqj{kkizcU/uL; p nkf;Roa
xt/jk% fuHkky;fUr LeA uxjfu;kstukr~
y?kqfuekZ.ki;ZUra lokZf.k dk;kZf.k ,rs"oso
vkèk`rkfu vklu~A rs ;kstuka izLrqofUr Le]
HkkfoO;;e~ vkdy;fUr Le] midj.kHkkjku~
lÄ ~ x`g~.kfUr LeA izfrnkus rs u rn~ ;kpUrs Le ;n~ nkrqa rs"kka Lokfeu% vlEkFkkZ%
Hkos;q%A dk;ZlekIrkS osrukfu vfrfjP; xtèkjsH;% lEekuefi iznh;rs LeA
ue% ,rkn`'ksH;% f'kfYiH;%A
2024-25
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v"Ve% ikB%
lalkjlkxjL; uk;dk%
¹izLrqr ikB vuqie feJ dh Ñfr vkt Hkh [kjs gSa rkykc osQ lalkj lkxj osQ
uk;d uked vè;k; ls fy;k x;k gSA blesa foyqIr gksrs tk jgs ikjEifjd Kku]
dkS'ky ,oa f'kYi osQ /uh xt/j osQ lEcU/ esa ppkZ dh x;h gSA ikuh osQ fy,
ekuo fufeZr rkykc] ckoM+h tSls fuekZ.kksa dks ys[kd us ;gk¡ lalkj lkxj osQ :i
esa fpf=kr fd;k gSAº
osQ vklu~ rs vKkrukeku%\
'kr'k% lgÏ'k% rMkxk% lglSo 'kwU;kr~ u izdVhHkwrk%A bes ,o rMkxk% v=k
lalkjlkxjk% bfrA ,rs"kke~ vk;kstuL; usiF;s
fuekZif;rÏ.kke~ ,dde~] fuekZr Ï.kka p n'kde~
vklhr~A ,rr~ ,doaQ n'koaQ p vkgR;
'kroaQ lgÏa ok jp;r% LeA ija foxrs"kq
f}'kro"ksZ"kq uwrui¼R;k lektsu ;fRdf×pr~
ifBre~A ifBrsu rsu lektsu ,doaQ n'koaQ
lgÏoQ×p bR;srkfu 'kwU;s ,o
ifjofrZrkfuA vL; uwrulektL; eufl
b;efi ftKklk uSo mn~Hkwrk ;n~
vLekRiwoZe~ ,rkor% rMkxku~ osQ jp;fUr
LeA ,rkn`'kkfu dk;kZf.k dr±q KkuL; ;ks
2024-25
51
lalkjlkxjL;
uk;dk%
uwru% izfofèk% fodflr%] rsu izfof/uk¿fi iwo± lEikfnre~ ,rRdk;± ekif;raq u
osQukfi iz;frre~A
v| ;s vKkrukeku% orZUrs] iqjk rs cgqizfFkrk% vklu~A v'ks"ks fg ns'ks rMkxk%
fuehZ;Urs Le] fuekZrkjks¿fi v'ks"ks ns'ks fuolfUr LeA
xt/j% bfr lqUnj% 'kCn% rMkxfuekZrÏ.kka lknja Lej.kkFkZe~A jktLFkkuL; osQ"kqfpn~
Hkkxs"kq 'kCnks¿;e~ v|kfi izpyfrA d% xt/j%\ ;% xtifjek.ka èkkj;fr l xtèkj%A
xtifjek.ke~ ,o ekiudk;sZ mi;qT;rsA lekts
f=kgLr& ifjek.kkfRedha ykSg;f"Va gLrs x`ghRok
pyUr% xt/jk% bnkuha f'kfYi:is.k uSo
lekn`rk% lfUrA xt/j%] ;% lektL; xkEHkh;±
eki;sr~ bR;fLeu~ :is ifjfpr%A
xt/jk% okLrqdkjk% vklu~A dkea
xzkeh.klektks Hkorq ukxjlektks ok rL;
uo&fuekZ.kL; lqj{kkizcU/uL; p nkf;Roa
xt/jk% fuHkky;fUr LeA uxjfu;kstukr~
y?kqfuekZ.ki;ZUra lokZf.k dk;kZf.k ,rs"oso
vkèk`rkfu vklu~A rs ;kstuka izLrqofUr Le]
HkkfoO;;e~ vkdy;fUr Le] midj.kHkkjku~
lÄ ~ x`g~.kfUr LeA izfrnkus rs u rn~ ;kpUrs Le ;n~ nkrqa rs"kka Lokfeu% vlEkFkkZ%
Hkos;q%A dk;ZlekIrkS osrukfu vfrfjP; xtèkjsH;% lEekuefi iznh;rs LeA
ue% ,rkn`'ksH;% f'kfYiH;%A
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#fpjk
r`rh;ks Hkkx%
'kCnkFkkZ%
lglSo (lglk$,o) & vdLekr~] vpkud
izdVhHkwrk% & izdV gq,] fn[kkbZ fn,
usiF;s & insZ osQ ihNs
rMkxk% & rkykc
fuekZif;rÏ.kke~ & cuokus okyksa dh
fuekZrÏ.kke~ & cukus okyksa dh
,dde~ & bdkbZ
n'kde~ & ngkbZ
'krde~ & lSdM+k
lgÏde~ & gtkj
ftKklk & tkuus dh bPNk
mn~Hkwrk & mRiUu gqbZ] tkx`r gqbZ
vLekRiwoZe~ & blls igys
ekif;rqe~ & ekius@ukius osQ fy;s
iz;frre~ & iz;Ru fd;k
cgqizfFkrk% & cgqr izfl¼
v'ks"ks & lEiw.kZ
fuehZ;Urs Le & cuk, tkrs Fks
2024-25
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v"Ve% ikB%
lalkjlkxjL; uk;dk%
¹izLrqr ikB vuqie feJ dh Ñfr vkt Hkh [kjs gSa rkykc osQ lalkj lkxj osQ
uk;d uked vè;k; ls fy;k x;k gSA blesa foyqIr gksrs tk jgs ikjEifjd Kku]
dkS'ky ,oa f'kYi osQ /uh xt/j osQ lEcU/ esa ppkZ dh x;h gSA ikuh osQ fy,
ekuo fufeZr rkykc] ckoM+h tSls fuekZ.kksa dks ys[kd us ;gk¡ lalkj lkxj osQ :i
esa fpf=kr fd;k gSAº
osQ vklu~ rs vKkrukeku%\
'kr'k% lgÏ'k% rMkxk% lglSo 'kwU;kr~ u izdVhHkwrk%A bes ,o rMkxk% v=k
lalkjlkxjk% bfrA ,rs"kke~ vk;kstuL; usiF;s
fuekZif;rÏ.kke~ ,dde~] fuekZr Ï.kka p n'kde~
vklhr~A ,rr~ ,doaQ n'koaQ p vkgR;
'kroaQ lgÏa ok jp;r% LeA ija foxrs"kq
f}'kro"ksZ"kq uwrui¼R;k lektsu ;fRdf×pr~
ifBre~A ifBrsu rsu lektsu ,doaQ n'koaQ
lgÏoQ×p bR;srkfu 'kwU;s ,o
ifjofrZrkfuA vL; uwrulektL; eufl
b;efi ftKklk uSo mn~Hkwrk ;n~
vLekRiwoZe~ ,rkor% rMkxku~ osQ jp;fUr
LeA ,rkn`'kkfu dk;kZf.k dr±q KkuL; ;ks
2024-25
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lalkjlkxjL;
uk;dk%
uwru% izfofèk% fodflr%] rsu izfof/uk¿fi iwo± lEikfnre~ ,rRdk;± ekif;raq u
osQukfi iz;frre~A
v| ;s vKkrukeku% orZUrs] iqjk rs cgqizfFkrk% vklu~A v'ks"ks fg ns'ks rMkxk%
fuehZ;Urs Le] fuekZrkjks¿fi v'ks"ks ns'ks fuolfUr LeA
xt/j% bfr lqUnj% 'kCn% rMkxfuekZrÏ.kka lknja Lej.kkFkZe~A jktLFkkuL; osQ"kqfpn~
Hkkxs"kq 'kCnks¿;e~ v|kfi izpyfrA d% xt/j%\ ;% xtifjek.ka èkkj;fr l xtèkj%A
xtifjek.ke~ ,o ekiudk;sZ mi;qT;rsA lekts
f=kgLr& ifjek.kkfRedha ykSg;f"Va gLrs x`ghRok
pyUr% xt/jk% bnkuha f'kfYi:is.k uSo
lekn`rk% lfUrA xt/j%] ;% lektL; xkEHkh;±
eki;sr~ bR;fLeu~ :is ifjfpr%A
xt/jk% okLrqdkjk% vklu~A dkea
xzkeh.klektks Hkorq ukxjlektks ok rL;
uo&fuekZ.kL; lqj{kkizcU/uL; p nkf;Roa
xt/jk% fuHkky;fUr LeA uxjfu;kstukr~
y?kqfuekZ.ki;ZUra lokZf.k dk;kZf.k ,rs"oso
vkèk`rkfu vklu~A rs ;kstuka izLrqofUr Le]
HkkfoO;;e~ vkdy;fUr Le] midj.kHkkjku~
lÄ ~ x`g~.kfUr LeA izfrnkus rs u rn~ ;kpUrs Le ;n~ nkrqa rs"kka Lokfeu% vlEkFkkZ%
Hkos;q%A dk;ZlekIrkS osrukfu vfrfjP; xtèkjsH;% lEekuefi iznh;rs LeA
ue% ,rkn`'ksH;% f'kfYiH;%A
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#fpjk
r`rh;ks Hkkx%
'kCnkFkkZ%
lglSo (lglk$,o) & vdLekr~] vpkud
izdVhHkwrk% & izdV gq,] fn[kkbZ fn,
usiF;s & insZ osQ ihNs
rMkxk% & rkykc
fuekZif;rÏ.kke~ & cuokus okyksa dh
fuekZrÏ.kke~ & cukus okyksa dh
,dde~ & bdkbZ
n'kde~ & ngkbZ
'krde~ & lSdM+k
lgÏde~ & gtkj
ftKklk & tkuus dh bPNk
mn~Hkwrk & mRiUu gqbZ] tkx`r gqbZ
vLekRiwoZe~ & blls igys
ekif;rqe~ & ekius@ukius osQ fy;s
iz;frre~ & iz;Ru fd;k
cgqizfFkrk% & cgqr izfl¼
v'ks"ks & lEiw.kZ
fuehZ;Urs Le & cuk, tkrs Fks
2024-25
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lalkjlkxjL;
uk;dk%
fuekZrkj% & cukus okys
xt/j% & xt (yackbZ] pkSM+kbZ] xgjkbZ] eksVkbZ
ekius dh yksgs dh NM+) dks /kj.k
djus okyk O;fDr
rMkxfuekZrÏ.kke~ & rkykc cukus okyksa osQ
f=kgLrifjek.kkfRedhe~ & rhu gkFk osQ uki dh
ykSg;f"Ve~ & yksgs dh NM+
lekn`rk% & vknj dks izkIr
xkEHkh;Ze~ & xgjkbZ
okLrqdkjk% & Hkou vkfn dk fuekZ.k djus okys
dkee~ & pkgs] Hkys gh
fuHkky;fUr Le & fuHkkrs Fks
vk/`rkfu & vk/kfjr
vkdy;fUr Le & vuqeku djrs Fks
midj.klEHkkjku~ & lk/u lkexzh dks
lÄ ~ x`g~.kfUr Le & laxzg djrs Fks
izfrnkus & cnys esa
;kpUrs Le & ek¡xrs Fks
vfrfjP; & vfrfjDr
2024-25
Page 5


v"Ve% ikB%
lalkjlkxjL; uk;dk%
¹izLrqr ikB vuqie feJ dh Ñfr vkt Hkh [kjs gSa rkykc osQ lalkj lkxj osQ
uk;d uked vè;k; ls fy;k x;k gSA blesa foyqIr gksrs tk jgs ikjEifjd Kku]
dkS'ky ,oa f'kYi osQ /uh xt/j osQ lEcU/ esa ppkZ dh x;h gSA ikuh osQ fy,
ekuo fufeZr rkykc] ckoM+h tSls fuekZ.kksa dks ys[kd us ;gk¡ lalkj lkxj osQ :i
esa fpf=kr fd;k gSAº
osQ vklu~ rs vKkrukeku%\
'kr'k% lgÏ'k% rMkxk% lglSo 'kwU;kr~ u izdVhHkwrk%A bes ,o rMkxk% v=k
lalkjlkxjk% bfrA ,rs"kke~ vk;kstuL; usiF;s
fuekZif;rÏ.kke~ ,dde~] fuekZr Ï.kka p n'kde~
vklhr~A ,rr~ ,doaQ n'koaQ p vkgR;
'kroaQ lgÏa ok jp;r% LeA ija foxrs"kq
f}'kro"ksZ"kq uwrui¼R;k lektsu ;fRdf×pr~
ifBre~A ifBrsu rsu lektsu ,doaQ n'koaQ
lgÏoQ×p bR;srkfu 'kwU;s ,o
ifjofrZrkfuA vL; uwrulektL; eufl
b;efi ftKklk uSo mn~Hkwrk ;n~
vLekRiwoZe~ ,rkor% rMkxku~ osQ jp;fUr
LeA ,rkn`'kkfu dk;kZf.k dr±q KkuL; ;ks
2024-25
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lalkjlkxjL;
uk;dk%
uwru% izfofèk% fodflr%] rsu izfof/uk¿fi iwo± lEikfnre~ ,rRdk;± ekif;raq u
osQukfi iz;frre~A
v| ;s vKkrukeku% orZUrs] iqjk rs cgqizfFkrk% vklu~A v'ks"ks fg ns'ks rMkxk%
fuehZ;Urs Le] fuekZrkjks¿fi v'ks"ks ns'ks fuolfUr LeA
xt/j% bfr lqUnj% 'kCn% rMkxfuekZrÏ.kka lknja Lej.kkFkZe~A jktLFkkuL; osQ"kqfpn~
Hkkxs"kq 'kCnks¿;e~ v|kfi izpyfrA d% xt/j%\ ;% xtifjek.ka èkkj;fr l xtèkj%A
xtifjek.ke~ ,o ekiudk;sZ mi;qT;rsA lekts
f=kgLr& ifjek.kkfRedha ykSg;f"Va gLrs x`ghRok
pyUr% xt/jk% bnkuha f'kfYi:is.k uSo
lekn`rk% lfUrA xt/j%] ;% lektL; xkEHkh;±
eki;sr~ bR;fLeu~ :is ifjfpr%A
xt/jk% okLrqdkjk% vklu~A dkea
xzkeh.klektks Hkorq ukxjlektks ok rL;
uo&fuekZ.kL; lqj{kkizcU/uL; p nkf;Roa
xt/jk% fuHkky;fUr LeA uxjfu;kstukr~
y?kqfuekZ.ki;ZUra lokZf.k dk;kZf.k ,rs"oso
vkèk`rkfu vklu~A rs ;kstuka izLrqofUr Le]
HkkfoO;;e~ vkdy;fUr Le] midj.kHkkjku~
lÄ ~ x`g~.kfUr LeA izfrnkus rs u rn~ ;kpUrs Le ;n~ nkrqa rs"kka Lokfeu% vlEkFkkZ%
Hkos;q%A dk;ZlekIrkS osrukfu vfrfjP; xtèkjsH;% lEekuefi iznh;rs LeA
ue% ,rkn`'ksH;% f'kfYiH;%A
2024-25
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#fpjk
r`rh;ks Hkkx%
'kCnkFkkZ%
lglSo (lglk$,o) & vdLekr~] vpkud
izdVhHkwrk% & izdV gq,] fn[kkbZ fn,
usiF;s & insZ osQ ihNs
rMkxk% & rkykc
fuekZif;rÏ.kke~ & cuokus okyksa dh
fuekZrÏ.kke~ & cukus okyksa dh
,dde~ & bdkbZ
n'kde~ & ngkbZ
'krde~ & lSdM+k
lgÏde~ & gtkj
ftKklk & tkuus dh bPNk
mn~Hkwrk & mRiUu gqbZ] tkx`r gqbZ
vLekRiwoZe~ & blls igys
ekif;rqe~ & ekius@ukius osQ fy;s
iz;frre~ & iz;Ru fd;k
cgqizfFkrk% & cgqr izfl¼
v'ks"ks & lEiw.kZ
fuehZ;Urs Le & cuk, tkrs Fks
2024-25
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lalkjlkxjL;
uk;dk%
fuekZrkj% & cukus okys
xt/j% & xt (yackbZ] pkSM+kbZ] xgjkbZ] eksVkbZ
ekius dh yksgs dh NM+) dks /kj.k
djus okyk O;fDr
rMkxfuekZrÏ.kke~ & rkykc cukus okyksa osQ
f=kgLrifjek.kkfRedhe~ & rhu gkFk osQ uki dh
ykSg;f"Ve~ & yksgs dh NM+
lekn`rk% & vknj dks izkIr
xkEHkh;Ze~ & xgjkbZ
okLrqdkjk% & Hkou vkfn dk fuekZ.k djus okys
dkee~ & pkgs] Hkys gh
fuHkky;fUr Le & fuHkkrs Fks
vk/`rkfu & vk/kfjr
vkdy;fUr Le & vuqeku djrs Fks
midj.klEHkkjku~ & lk/u lkexzh dks
lÄ ~ x`g~.kfUr Le & laxzg djrs Fks
izfrnkus & cnys esa
;kpUrs Le & ek¡xrs Fks
vfrfjP; & vfrfjDr
2024-25
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#fpjk
r`rh;ks Hkkx%
1- ,dinsu mÙkjr&
(d) dL; jkT;L; Hkkxs"kq xt/j% 'kCn% iz;qT;rs\
([k) xtifjek.ka d% /kj;fr\
(x) dk;ZlekIrkS osrukfu vfrfjP; xt/jsH;% ¯d iznh;rs Le\
(?k) osQ f'kfYi:is.k u lekn`rk% HkofUr\
2- v/ksfyf[krkuka iz'ukukeqÙkjkf.k fy[kr&
(d) rMkxk% oqQ=k fuehZ;Urs Le\
([k) xt/jk% dfLeu~ :is ifjfprk%\
(x) xt/jk% ¯d oqQoZfUr Le\
(?k) osQ lEekuuh;k%\
3- js[kkfÄïrkfu inkfu vk/`R; iz'u&fuekZ.ka oqQ#r&
(d) lqj{kkizcU/uL; nkf;Roa xt/jk% fuHkky;fUr LeA
([k) rs"kka Lokfeu% vleFkkZ% lfUrA
(x) dk;ZlekIrkS osrukfu vfrfjP; lEekuefi izkIuqofUrA
(?k) xt/j% lqUnj% 'kCn% vfLrA
(Ä) rMkxk% lalkjlkxjk% dF;UrsA
4- v/ksfyf[krs"kq ;Fkkisf{kra l¯U/@foPNsna oqQ#r&
(d) v| $ vfi ¾
---------------
([k)
----------
 $ 
----------
¾ Lej.kkFkZe~
(Xk) bfr $ vfLeu~ ¾
---------------
(?k)
----------
 $ 
----------
¾ ,rs"oso
(Ä) lglk $ ,o ¾
---------------
vH;kl%
2024-25