CA Intermediate Exam > CA Intermediate Notes > Financial Management & Strategic Management for CA Intermediate > E-Commerce, M-Commerce & Emerging Technologies: Notes (Part - 2)
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Page 1 ENTERPRISE INFORMATION SYSTEMS 4.50 Page 2 ENTERPRISE INFORMATION SYSTEMS 4.50 4.51 ` E-COMMERCE, M-COMMERCE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES payments. All the transactions in digital payments are completed online. It is an instant and convenient way to make payments. New digital payment platforms such as UPI and IMPS are becoming increasingly popular. Using these new platforms, banks have been scaling rapidly. Every Bank is impacted by new digital disruptions, so new banking services and ways should be adapted to use various digital channels to interact and provide services to customers. To reach out to customers at their convenience, banks are aggressively going digital. For millennials, banking is all about convenience – a seamless user interface akin to that of games or app. They value transparency and minimal processes. Convenience can be delivered through mobile apps and digital banking, the latter is provided by relationship managers, who need to be proficient in products and process knowledge. A high level of adaptability is a must for banking sector in this highly digital and tech-savvy age, where banking transactions can happen even on a mobile or tablet with a few clicks. 4.7.1 Different Types of Digital Payments From traditional digital payment methods, India is moving towards newer methods of digital payments. I. New Methods of Digital Payment (i) UPI Apps: Unified Payment Interface (UPI) and retail payment banks are changing the very face of banking in terms of moving most of banking to digital platforms using mobiles and apps. UPI is a system that powers multiple bank accounts (of participating banks), several banking services features like fund transfer, and merchant payments in a single mobile application. UPI or Unified Payment Interface is a payment mode which is used to make instant fund transfers from the sender’s bank account to the receiver’s bank account through the mobile app. User can transfer funds between two accounts using UPI apps. User must register for mobile banking to use UPI apps. Since it is completely digital, UPI can be used 24 hours and even on public holidays. Users need to download a UPI app and create a VPA or UPI ID. There are too many good UPI apps available such as BHIM, SBI UPI app, HDFC UPI app, iMobile, PhonePe app etc. as shown in the Fig. 4.7.1. Fig. 4.7.1: UPI Apps Page 3 ENTERPRISE INFORMATION SYSTEMS 4.50 4.51 ` E-COMMERCE, M-COMMERCE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES payments. All the transactions in digital payments are completed online. It is an instant and convenient way to make payments. New digital payment platforms such as UPI and IMPS are becoming increasingly popular. Using these new platforms, banks have been scaling rapidly. Every Bank is impacted by new digital disruptions, so new banking services and ways should be adapted to use various digital channels to interact and provide services to customers. To reach out to customers at their convenience, banks are aggressively going digital. For millennials, banking is all about convenience – a seamless user interface akin to that of games or app. They value transparency and minimal processes. Convenience can be delivered through mobile apps and digital banking, the latter is provided by relationship managers, who need to be proficient in products and process knowledge. A high level of adaptability is a must for banking sector in this highly digital and tech-savvy age, where banking transactions can happen even on a mobile or tablet with a few clicks. 4.7.1 Different Types of Digital Payments From traditional digital payment methods, India is moving towards newer methods of digital payments. I. New Methods of Digital Payment (i) UPI Apps: Unified Payment Interface (UPI) and retail payment banks are changing the very face of banking in terms of moving most of banking to digital platforms using mobiles and apps. UPI is a system that powers multiple bank accounts (of participating banks), several banking services features like fund transfer, and merchant payments in a single mobile application. UPI or Unified Payment Interface is a payment mode which is used to make instant fund transfers from the sender’s bank account to the receiver’s bank account through the mobile app. User can transfer funds between two accounts using UPI apps. User must register for mobile banking to use UPI apps. Since it is completely digital, UPI can be used 24 hours and even on public holidays. Users need to download a UPI app and create a VPA or UPI ID. There are too many good UPI apps available such as BHIM, SBI UPI app, HDFC UPI app, iMobile, PhonePe app etc. as shown in the Fig. 4.7.1. Fig. 4.7.1: UPI Apps ENTERPRISE INFORMATION SYSTEMS 4.52 (ii) Immediate Payment Service (IMPS): It is an instant interbank electronic fund transfer service through mobile phones. IMPS is an empathetic tool to transfer money instantly within banks across India through Mobile, Internet Banking and ATM, which is not only safe but economical also. (iii) Mobile Apps: BHIM (Bharat Interface for Money) is a Mobile App developed by National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) based on UPI (Unified Payment Interface). It facilitates e-payments directly through banks and supports all Indian banks which use that platform. It is built on the Immediate Payment Service infrastructure and allows the user to instantly transfer money between the bank accounts of any two parties. It is also possible to link multiple bank accounts. BHIM works on all mobile devices and enables users to send or receive money to other UPI payment addresses by scanning QR code or using account number with Indian Financial Systems Code (IFSC) code or MMID (Mobile Money Identifier) Code for users who do not have a UPI-based bank account. (iv) Mobile Wallets: A mobile wallet or e-wallet is nothing but a digital version of a physical or real-life wallet, in which one can add money to purchase various goods and services (both online and offline) and transfer money with this technology. A mobile wallet is a type of virtual wallet service that can be used by downloading an app on smartphone and registering for the service. It is the digital version of physical wallet with more functionality. User can keep his/her money in an E-wallet and use it when needed. The digital or mobile wallet stores bank account or debit/credit card information or bank account information in an encoded format to allow secure payments. Mobile Wallets provide a convenient way for a user to make-in-store payments and can be used that with merchants listed with the mobile wallet service providers. This eliminates the need to use credit/debit cards or remember the CVV or 4-digit pin. Mobile wallets are frequently used to make payments at physical shops/stores, recharge phone, online purchases, transfer money, and receive offers, cash backs, and rewards. These E-Wallets also give additional cashback offers. There are mobile wallets like Paytm, Freecharge, Buddy, Mobikwik, State bank buddy etc. as shown in the Fig. 4.7.2. Page 4 ENTERPRISE INFORMATION SYSTEMS 4.50 4.51 ` E-COMMERCE, M-COMMERCE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES payments. All the transactions in digital payments are completed online. It is an instant and convenient way to make payments. New digital payment platforms such as UPI and IMPS are becoming increasingly popular. Using these new platforms, banks have been scaling rapidly. Every Bank is impacted by new digital disruptions, so new banking services and ways should be adapted to use various digital channels to interact and provide services to customers. To reach out to customers at their convenience, banks are aggressively going digital. For millennials, banking is all about convenience – a seamless user interface akin to that of games or app. They value transparency and minimal processes. Convenience can be delivered through mobile apps and digital banking, the latter is provided by relationship managers, who need to be proficient in products and process knowledge. A high level of adaptability is a must for banking sector in this highly digital and tech-savvy age, where banking transactions can happen even on a mobile or tablet with a few clicks. 4.7.1 Different Types of Digital Payments From traditional digital payment methods, India is moving towards newer methods of digital payments. I. New Methods of Digital Payment (i) UPI Apps: Unified Payment Interface (UPI) and retail payment banks are changing the very face of banking in terms of moving most of banking to digital platforms using mobiles and apps. UPI is a system that powers multiple bank accounts (of participating banks), several banking services features like fund transfer, and merchant payments in a single mobile application. UPI or Unified Payment Interface is a payment mode which is used to make instant fund transfers from the sender’s bank account to the receiver’s bank account through the mobile app. User can transfer funds between two accounts using UPI apps. User must register for mobile banking to use UPI apps. Since it is completely digital, UPI can be used 24 hours and even on public holidays. Users need to download a UPI app and create a VPA or UPI ID. There are too many good UPI apps available such as BHIM, SBI UPI app, HDFC UPI app, iMobile, PhonePe app etc. as shown in the Fig. 4.7.1. Fig. 4.7.1: UPI Apps ENTERPRISE INFORMATION SYSTEMS 4.52 (ii) Immediate Payment Service (IMPS): It is an instant interbank electronic fund transfer service through mobile phones. IMPS is an empathetic tool to transfer money instantly within banks across India through Mobile, Internet Banking and ATM, which is not only safe but economical also. (iii) Mobile Apps: BHIM (Bharat Interface for Money) is a Mobile App developed by National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) based on UPI (Unified Payment Interface). It facilitates e-payments directly through banks and supports all Indian banks which use that platform. It is built on the Immediate Payment Service infrastructure and allows the user to instantly transfer money between the bank accounts of any two parties. It is also possible to link multiple bank accounts. BHIM works on all mobile devices and enables users to send or receive money to other UPI payment addresses by scanning QR code or using account number with Indian Financial Systems Code (IFSC) code or MMID (Mobile Money Identifier) Code for users who do not have a UPI-based bank account. (iv) Mobile Wallets: A mobile wallet or e-wallet is nothing but a digital version of a physical or real-life wallet, in which one can add money to purchase various goods and services (both online and offline) and transfer money with this technology. A mobile wallet is a type of virtual wallet service that can be used by downloading an app on smartphone and registering for the service. It is the digital version of physical wallet with more functionality. User can keep his/her money in an E-wallet and use it when needed. The digital or mobile wallet stores bank account or debit/credit card information or bank account information in an encoded format to allow secure payments. Mobile Wallets provide a convenient way for a user to make-in-store payments and can be used that with merchants listed with the mobile wallet service providers. This eliminates the need to use credit/debit cards or remember the CVV or 4-digit pin. Mobile wallets are frequently used to make payments at physical shops/stores, recharge phone, online purchases, transfer money, and receive offers, cash backs, and rewards. These E-Wallets also give additional cashback offers. There are mobile wallets like Paytm, Freecharge, Buddy, Mobikwik, State bank buddy etc. as shown in the Fig. 4.7.2. 4.53 ` E-COMMERCE, M-COMMERCE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES Fig. 4.7.2: E-Wallets (v) Aadhar Enabled Payment Service (AEPS): AEPS is an Aadhaar based digital payment mode. Customer needs only his or her Aadhaar number to pay to any merchant. AEPS allows bank to bank transactions. It means the money you pay will be deducted from your account and credited to the payee’s account directly. Customers will need to link their AADHAR numbers to their bank accounts. AEPS once launched can be used at POS terminals also. AEPS can be used for all banking transactions such as balance enquiry, cash withdrawal, cash deposit, payment transactions, Aadhaar to Aadhaar fund transfers, etc. All transactions are carried out through a banking correspondent based on Aadhaar verification. There is no need to physically visit a branch, provide debit or credit cards, or even make a signature on a document. (vi) Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD): A revolutionary idea, where to make payments through mobiles there is neither any need for internet nor any smart phone. USSD banking or *99# Banking is a mobile banking based digital payment mode. User does not need to have a smartphone or internet connection to use USSD banking. S/he can easily use it with any normal feature phone. USSD banking is as easy as checking of mobile balance. S/he can use this service for many financial and non-financial operations such as checking balance, sending money, changing Mobile Banking Personal Identification number (MPIN) and getting Mobile Money Identifier (MMID). (vii) Mobile Banking: It is a service provided by a bank or other financial institution that allows its customers to conduct different types of financial transactions remotely using a mobile device such as a mobile phone or tablet. It uses software, usually called an app, provided by the banks or financial institution for the purpose. Each Bank provides its own mobile banking App for Android, Windows and iOS mobile platform(s). (viii) Cryptocurrency: Cryptocurrency is another electronic payment method that is steadily growing in popularity. Cryptocurrency is a Page 5 ENTERPRISE INFORMATION SYSTEMS 4.50 4.51 ` E-COMMERCE, M-COMMERCE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES payments. All the transactions in digital payments are completed online. It is an instant and convenient way to make payments. New digital payment platforms such as UPI and IMPS are becoming increasingly popular. Using these new platforms, banks have been scaling rapidly. Every Bank is impacted by new digital disruptions, so new banking services and ways should be adapted to use various digital channels to interact and provide services to customers. To reach out to customers at their convenience, banks are aggressively going digital. For millennials, banking is all about convenience – a seamless user interface akin to that of games or app. They value transparency and minimal processes. Convenience can be delivered through mobile apps and digital banking, the latter is provided by relationship managers, who need to be proficient in products and process knowledge. A high level of adaptability is a must for banking sector in this highly digital and tech-savvy age, where banking transactions can happen even on a mobile or tablet with a few clicks. 4.7.1 Different Types of Digital Payments From traditional digital payment methods, India is moving towards newer methods of digital payments. I. New Methods of Digital Payment (i) UPI Apps: Unified Payment Interface (UPI) and retail payment banks are changing the very face of banking in terms of moving most of banking to digital platforms using mobiles and apps. UPI is a system that powers multiple bank accounts (of participating banks), several banking services features like fund transfer, and merchant payments in a single mobile application. UPI or Unified Payment Interface is a payment mode which is used to make instant fund transfers from the sender’s bank account to the receiver’s bank account through the mobile app. User can transfer funds between two accounts using UPI apps. User must register for mobile banking to use UPI apps. Since it is completely digital, UPI can be used 24 hours and even on public holidays. Users need to download a UPI app and create a VPA or UPI ID. There are too many good UPI apps available such as BHIM, SBI UPI app, HDFC UPI app, iMobile, PhonePe app etc. as shown in the Fig. 4.7.1. Fig. 4.7.1: UPI Apps ENTERPRISE INFORMATION SYSTEMS 4.52 (ii) Immediate Payment Service (IMPS): It is an instant interbank electronic fund transfer service through mobile phones. IMPS is an empathetic tool to transfer money instantly within banks across India through Mobile, Internet Banking and ATM, which is not only safe but economical also. (iii) Mobile Apps: BHIM (Bharat Interface for Money) is a Mobile App developed by National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) based on UPI (Unified Payment Interface). It facilitates e-payments directly through banks and supports all Indian banks which use that platform. It is built on the Immediate Payment Service infrastructure and allows the user to instantly transfer money between the bank accounts of any two parties. It is also possible to link multiple bank accounts. BHIM works on all mobile devices and enables users to send or receive money to other UPI payment addresses by scanning QR code or using account number with Indian Financial Systems Code (IFSC) code or MMID (Mobile Money Identifier) Code for users who do not have a UPI-based bank account. (iv) Mobile Wallets: A mobile wallet or e-wallet is nothing but a digital version of a physical or real-life wallet, in which one can add money to purchase various goods and services (both online and offline) and transfer money with this technology. A mobile wallet is a type of virtual wallet service that can be used by downloading an app on smartphone and registering for the service. It is the digital version of physical wallet with more functionality. User can keep his/her money in an E-wallet and use it when needed. The digital or mobile wallet stores bank account or debit/credit card information or bank account information in an encoded format to allow secure payments. Mobile Wallets provide a convenient way for a user to make-in-store payments and can be used that with merchants listed with the mobile wallet service providers. This eliminates the need to use credit/debit cards or remember the CVV or 4-digit pin. Mobile wallets are frequently used to make payments at physical shops/stores, recharge phone, online purchases, transfer money, and receive offers, cash backs, and rewards. These E-Wallets also give additional cashback offers. There are mobile wallets like Paytm, Freecharge, Buddy, Mobikwik, State bank buddy etc. as shown in the Fig. 4.7.2. 4.53 ` E-COMMERCE, M-COMMERCE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES Fig. 4.7.2: E-Wallets (v) Aadhar Enabled Payment Service (AEPS): AEPS is an Aadhaar based digital payment mode. Customer needs only his or her Aadhaar number to pay to any merchant. AEPS allows bank to bank transactions. It means the money you pay will be deducted from your account and credited to the payee’s account directly. Customers will need to link their AADHAR numbers to their bank accounts. AEPS once launched can be used at POS terminals also. AEPS can be used for all banking transactions such as balance enquiry, cash withdrawal, cash deposit, payment transactions, Aadhaar to Aadhaar fund transfers, etc. All transactions are carried out through a banking correspondent based on Aadhaar verification. There is no need to physically visit a branch, provide debit or credit cards, or even make a signature on a document. (vi) Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD): A revolutionary idea, where to make payments through mobiles there is neither any need for internet nor any smart phone. USSD banking or *99# Banking is a mobile banking based digital payment mode. User does not need to have a smartphone or internet connection to use USSD banking. S/he can easily use it with any normal feature phone. USSD banking is as easy as checking of mobile balance. S/he can use this service for many financial and non-financial operations such as checking balance, sending money, changing Mobile Banking Personal Identification number (MPIN) and getting Mobile Money Identifier (MMID). (vii) Mobile Banking: It is a service provided by a bank or other financial institution that allows its customers to conduct different types of financial transactions remotely using a mobile device such as a mobile phone or tablet. It uses software, usually called an app, provided by the banks or financial institution for the purpose. Each Bank provides its own mobile banking App for Android, Windows and iOS mobile platform(s). (viii) Cryptocurrency: Cryptocurrency is another electronic payment method that is steadily growing in popularity. Cryptocurrency is a ENTERPRISE INFORMATION SYSTEMS 4.54 digital currency produced by a public network, rather than any government, that uses cryptography to ensure that payments are sent and received safely. A cryptocurrency is a medium of exchange wherein records of individual coin ownership are stored in a computerized database using strong cryptography. Cryptocurrency is called so because all the data is ensured with strong cryptography. The strong cryptography makes it almost impossible to counterfeit or double spend. The other digital currencies such as DigiCash utilizes a Trusted Third Party approach in which a third party verifies and facilitates the transactions. Cryptocurrency is completely decentralized, which means that there are no servers involved and no central controlling authority. Cryptocurrency is a digital money which does not involve any physical coin. Since it is all online, the user can transfer cryptocurrency to someone online without going to the bank. It can be used for making quick payments without any transaction fees. Cryptocurrency is stored in a digital wallet either on the computer or on other hardware. The first cryptocurrency was Bitcoin which was launched in 2009. The other cryptocurrencies prevailing in the world today include Litecoin, Peercoin, Namecoin, as well as Ethereum. II. Traditional Methods of Digital Payment (i) Cards: Cards are provided by banks to their account holders. These have been the most used digital payment modes till now. Various types of cards are as follows: o Credit Cards: A small plastic card issued by a bank, or issuer etc., allowing the holder to purchase goods or services on credit. It contains a unique number linked with an account. It has also a magnetic strip embedded in it which is used to read credit card via card readers. In this mode of payment, the buyer’s cash flow is not immediately impacted. User of the card makes payment to card issuer at end of billing cycle. Credit Card issuer charge customers per transactions / fixed amount as transaction fees. o Debits Cards: Debit card, is also a small plastic card with a unique number linked with bank account number. It isRead More
FAQs on E-Commerce, M-Commerce & Emerging Technologies: Notes (Part - 2) - Financial Management & Strategic Management for CA Intermediate
| 1. What is the difference between e-commerce and m-commerce? |  |
Ans. E-commerce, or electronic commerce, refers to the buying and selling of goods and services over the internet, typically through websites. On the other hand, m-commerce, or mobile commerce, refers to the buying and selling of goods and services through mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets. The main difference between the two is the platform used for transactions, with e-commerce primarily conducted on websites and m-commerce conducted through mobile apps or mobile-optimized websites.
| 2. What are some emerging technologies in the field of e-commerce and m-commerce? | |
Ans. Some emerging technologies in the field of e-commerce and m-commerce include:
1. Augmented Reality (AR): This technology allows users to experience products virtually, enhancing the online shopping experience by providing a 3D view of products.
2. Voice Commerce: With the rise of virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa, voice commerce enables users to make purchases using voice commands, making the shopping process more convenient.
3. Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI is being used in e-commerce and m-commerce to provide personalized recommendations, chatbots for customer service, and predictive analytics for inventory management.
4. Blockchain: Blockchain technology can enhance security and transparency in e-commerce transactions by creating a decentralized and immutable record of transactions.
5. Internet of Things (IoT): IoT enables devices to connect and communicate with each other, leading to opportunities for smart retail solutions, such as connected inventory management systems and smart shelves.
| 3. How does m-commerce impact traditional retail businesses? | |
Ans. M-commerce has a significant impact on traditional retail businesses. Here are some ways it affects them:
1. Increased reach: M-commerce allows traditional retailers to reach a wider audience as more and more people are using mobile devices for shopping.
2. Personalization: Through m-commerce apps, retailers can collect data about customers' preferences and behavior, allowing them to personalize offers, recommendations, and advertisements.
3. Convenience: M-commerce provides convenience to customers as they can shop anytime and anywhere using their mobile devices, eliminating the need to visit physical stores.
4. Competitive advantage: Traditional retailers who adopt m-commerce early gain a competitive advantage over those who do not, as they can offer additional services like mobile payments and loyalty programs.
5. Transformation of in-store experience: M-commerce can complement the in-store experience by providing features like mobile payments, self-checkouts, and personalized offers, enhancing the overall shopping experience.
| 4. How can businesses ensure the security of e-commerce and m-commerce transactions? | |
Ans. Businesses can ensure the security of e-commerce and m-commerce transactions by implementing the following measures:
1. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) encryption: This ensures that the data transmitted between the customer's device and the website or app is encrypted, making it difficult for hackers to intercept and access sensitive information.
2. Two-factor authentication (2FA): Implementing 2FA adds an extra layer of security by requiring users to provide two forms of identification, such as a password and a unique code sent to their mobile device.
3. Regular security audits: Conducting regular security audits can help identify vulnerabilities in the system and address them promptly to prevent any potential breaches.
4. Secure payment gateways: Using trusted and secure payment gateways that comply with industry standards for data security can protect customers' payment information.
5. Educating customers: Businesses should educate their customers about best practices for secure transactions, such as not sharing personal information over unsecured networks and regularly updating their passwords.
| 5. How does the use of emerging technologies impact the customer experience in e-commerce and m-commerce? | |
Ans. The use of emerging technologies in e-commerce and m-commerce has a significant impact on the customer experience. Here's how:
1. Enhanced personalization: Emerging technologies like AI and machine learning enable businesses to gather customer data and provide personalized recommendations, offers, and advertisements based on individual preferences and behavior, creating a more tailored and relevant shopping experience.
2. Improved convenience: Technologies like voice commerce and mobile apps make the shopping process more convenient and seamless, allowing customers to make purchases effortlessly using their preferred method.
3. Interactive and immersive experiences: Technologies like augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) enable customers to visualize and experience products virtually, enhancing their decision-making process and providing an interactive and immersive shopping experience.
4. Faster and more efficient transactions: Emerging technologies can streamline the checkout process, making it faster and more efficient. For example, mobile wallets and contactless payment options enable quick and hassle-free transactions.
5. Enhanced customer support: Chatbots powered by AI can provide instant and round-the-clock customer support, addressing queries and concerns in real-time, thereby improving the overall customer experience.
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