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NCERT Textbook - विष्णु खरे | Hindi Class 12 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

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 Page 1


28@varjk
fo".kq [kjs
(lu~ 1940µ2018)
fo".kq [kjs dk tUe ¯NnokM+k] eè; izns'k esa gqvkA fØf'p;u dkWyst]
bankSj ls 1963 esa mUgksaus vaxzs”kh lkfgR; esa ,e-,- fd;kA 1962&63
esa nSfud bankSj lekpkj esa mi laiknd jgsA 1963&75 rd eè; izns'k rFkk fnYyh osQ
egkfo|ky;ksa esa vè;kiu ls Hkh tqM+sA blh chp 1966&67 esa y?kq&if=kdk O;kl dk laiknu fd;kA
rRi'pkr~ 1976&84 rd lkfgR; vdkneh esa mi lfpo (dk;ZØe) in ij inklhu jgsA 1985
ls uoHkkjr VkbEl esa izHkkjh dk;Zdkjh laiknd osQ in ij dk;Z fd;kA chp esa y[kuÅ laLdj.k
rFkk jfookjh; uoHkkjr VkbEl (¯gnh) vkSj vaxzs”kh VkbEl vkWI
+
kQ bafM;k esa Hkh laiknu dk;Z ls
tqM+s jgsA 1993 esa t;iqj uoHkkjr VkbEl osQ laiknd osQ :i esa Hkh dk;Z fd;kA blosQ ckn tokgj
yky usg: Lekjd laxzgky; rFkk iqLrdky; esa nks o"kZ ofj"B vè;srk jgsA vc Lora=k ys[ku rFkk
vuqokn dk;Z esa jr gSaA
vkSipkfjd :i ls muosQ ys[ku izdk'ku dk vkajHk 1956 ls gqvkA igyk izdk'ku
Vh-,l- bfy;V dk vuqokn e: izns'k vkSj vU; dfork,¡ 1960 esa] nwljk dfork laxzg
,d xSj&:ekuh le; esa 1970 esa izdkf'kr gqvkA rhljk laxzg [kqn viuh vk¡[k ls 1978 esa]
pkSFkk lcdh vkok”k osQ ijns esa 1994 esa] ik¡pok¡ fiNyk ckdh rFkk NBk dky vkSj vofèk
osQ njfe;ku izdkf'kr gq,A ,d leh{kk&iqLrd vkykspuk dh igyh fdrkc 1983 esa izdkf'krA
mUgksaus fons'kh dforkvksa dk ¯gnh rFkk ¯gnh&vaxzs”kh vuqokn vR;fèkd fd;k gSA mudks
fiQuySaM osQ jk"Vªh; lEeku ukbV vkWI
+
kQ fn vkMZj vkWI
+
kQ fn OgkbV jks”k ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA
blosQ vfrfjDr j?kqohj lgk; lEeku] f'k[kj lEeku ¯gnh vdkneh fnYyh dk lkfgR;dkj
lEeku] eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr lEeku fey pqdk gSA budh dforkvksa esa tM+rkvksa vkSj vekuoh;
fLFkfr;ksa osQ fo#¼ l'kDr uSfrd Loj dh vfHkO;fDr gSA
,d de dfork osQ ekè;e ls dfo us Lokra=;ksÙkj Hkkjrh; lekt esa izpfyr gks jgh thou
'kSyh dks js[kkafdr fd;k gSA vk”kknh gkfly djus osQ ckn lc oqQN oSlk gh ugha jgk ftldh
vk”kknh osQ lsukfu;ksa us dYiuk dh FkhA iwjs ns'k dk ;k dgsa vkLFkkoku] bZekunkj vkSj
2022-23
Page 2


28@varjk
fo".kq [kjs
(lu~ 1940µ2018)
fo".kq [kjs dk tUe ¯NnokM+k] eè; izns'k esa gqvkA fØf'p;u dkWyst]
bankSj ls 1963 esa mUgksaus vaxzs”kh lkfgR; esa ,e-,- fd;kA 1962&63
esa nSfud bankSj lekpkj esa mi laiknd jgsA 1963&75 rd eè; izns'k rFkk fnYyh osQ
egkfo|ky;ksa esa vè;kiu ls Hkh tqM+sA blh chp 1966&67 esa y?kq&if=kdk O;kl dk laiknu fd;kA
rRi'pkr~ 1976&84 rd lkfgR; vdkneh esa mi lfpo (dk;ZØe) in ij inklhu jgsA 1985
ls uoHkkjr VkbEl esa izHkkjh dk;Zdkjh laiknd osQ in ij dk;Z fd;kA chp esa y[kuÅ laLdj.k
rFkk jfookjh; uoHkkjr VkbEl (¯gnh) vkSj vaxzs”kh VkbEl vkWI
+
kQ bafM;k esa Hkh laiknu dk;Z ls
tqM+s jgsA 1993 esa t;iqj uoHkkjr VkbEl osQ laiknd osQ :i esa Hkh dk;Z fd;kA blosQ ckn tokgj
yky usg: Lekjd laxzgky; rFkk iqLrdky; esa nks o"kZ ofj"B vè;srk jgsA vc Lora=k ys[ku rFkk
vuqokn dk;Z esa jr gSaA
vkSipkfjd :i ls muosQ ys[ku izdk'ku dk vkajHk 1956 ls gqvkA igyk izdk'ku
Vh-,l- bfy;V dk vuqokn e: izns'k vkSj vU; dfork,¡ 1960 esa] nwljk dfork laxzg
,d xSj&:ekuh le; esa 1970 esa izdkf'kr gqvkA rhljk laxzg [kqn viuh vk¡[k ls 1978 esa]
pkSFkk lcdh vkok”k osQ ijns esa 1994 esa] ik¡pok¡ fiNyk ckdh rFkk NBk dky vkSj vofèk
osQ njfe;ku izdkf'kr gq,A ,d leh{kk&iqLrd vkykspuk dh igyh fdrkc 1983 esa izdkf'krA
mUgksaus fons'kh dforkvksa dk ¯gnh rFkk ¯gnh&vaxzs”kh vuqokn vR;fèkd fd;k gSA mudks
fiQuySaM osQ jk"Vªh; lEeku ukbV vkWI
+
kQ fn vkMZj vkWI
+
kQ fn OgkbV jks”k ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA
blosQ vfrfjDr j?kqohj lgk; lEeku] f'k[kj lEeku ¯gnh vdkneh fnYyh dk lkfgR;dkj
lEeku] eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr lEeku fey pqdk gSA budh dforkvksa esa tM+rkvksa vkSj vekuoh;
fLFkfr;ksa osQ fo#¼ l'kDr uSfrd Loj dh vfHkO;fDr gSA
,d de dfork osQ ekè;e ls dfo us Lokra=;ksÙkj Hkkjrh; lekt esa izpfyr gks jgh thou
'kSyh dks js[kkafdr fd;k gSA vk”kknh gkfly djus osQ ckn lc oqQN oSlk gh ugha jgk ftldh
vk”kknh osQ lsukfu;ksa us dYiuk dh FkhA iwjs ns'k dk ;k dgsa vkLFkkoku] bZekunkj vkSj
2022-23
fo".kq [kjs@29
laosnu'khy turk dk eksgHkax gqvkA ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd vkilh fo'okl] ijLij HkkbZpkjk
vkSj lkewfgdrk dk LFkku èkks[kkèkM+h] vkilh [khaprku us ys fy;k vkSj furkar LokFkZijdrk
dk ekgkSy curk pyk x;kA dfo bl ekgkSy esa Lo;a dks vleFkZ ikrs gq, Hkh bZekunkjksa osQ
izfr viuh lgkuqHkwfr Li"V :i ls j[krk gS rFkk oqQN u djus dh fLFkfr esa gksus osQ ckotwn
Lo;a dks ,sls yksxksa osQ thou&la?k"kZ esa ckèkd ugha cukuk pkgrkA blfy, og de ls de
,d O;oèkku rks de dj gh ldrk gS tks fd og djrk gS] ;gh dfork dk lans'k Hkh gSA
lR; dfork esa dfo us egkHkkjr osQ ikSjkf.kd lanHkks± vkSj ik=kksa osQ }kjk thou esa lR;
dh egÙkk dks Li"V djuk pkgk gSA vrhr dh dFkk dk vkèkkj ysdj viuh ckr izHkko'kkyh
<ax ls dgh tk ldrh gS] ;g dfork bldk izek.k gSA ;qfèkf"Bj] fonqj vkSj [kkaMoizLFk&banzizLFk
osQ }kjk lR; dks] lR; dh egÙkk dks ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; osQ lkFk izLrqr djuk gh ;gk¡ dfo
dk vHkh"V gSA
ftl le; vkSj lekt esa dfo th jgk gS mlesa lR; dh igpku vkSj mldh idM+
fdruh eqf'dy gksrh tk jgh gS] ;g dfork mldk izek.k gSA lR; dHkh fn[krk gS vkSj dHkh
vks>y gks tkrk gSA vkt lR; dk dksbZ ,d fLFkj :i] vkdkj ;k igpku ugha gS tks mls
LFkk;h cuk losQA lR; osQ izfr la'k; dk foLrkj gksus osQ ckotwn og gekjh vkRek dh
vkarfjd 'kfDr gSµ;g Hkh bl dfork dk lans'k gSA mldk :i oLrq] fLFkfr vkSj ?kVukvksa]
ik=kksa osQ vuqlkj cnyrk jgk gSA tks ,d O;fDr osQ fy, lR; gS ogh 'kk;n nwljs osQ fy,
lR; ugha gSA cnyrs gkykr vkSj ekuoh; lacaèkksa esa gks jgs fujarj ifjorZuksa ls lR; dh igpku
vkSj mldh idM+ eqf'dy gksrs tkus osQ lkekftd ;FkkFkZ dks dfo us ftl rjg ,sfrgkfld]
ikSjkf.kd ?kVukØe osQ }kjk izLrqr djus dk iz;kl fd;k gS] og iz'kaluh; gSA
2022-23
Page 3


28@varjk
fo".kq [kjs
(lu~ 1940µ2018)
fo".kq [kjs dk tUe ¯NnokM+k] eè; izns'k esa gqvkA fØf'p;u dkWyst]
bankSj ls 1963 esa mUgksaus vaxzs”kh lkfgR; esa ,e-,- fd;kA 1962&63
esa nSfud bankSj lekpkj esa mi laiknd jgsA 1963&75 rd eè; izns'k rFkk fnYyh osQ
egkfo|ky;ksa esa vè;kiu ls Hkh tqM+sA blh chp 1966&67 esa y?kq&if=kdk O;kl dk laiknu fd;kA
rRi'pkr~ 1976&84 rd lkfgR; vdkneh esa mi lfpo (dk;ZØe) in ij inklhu jgsA 1985
ls uoHkkjr VkbEl esa izHkkjh dk;Zdkjh laiknd osQ in ij dk;Z fd;kA chp esa y[kuÅ laLdj.k
rFkk jfookjh; uoHkkjr VkbEl (¯gnh) vkSj vaxzs”kh VkbEl vkWI
+
kQ bafM;k esa Hkh laiknu dk;Z ls
tqM+s jgsA 1993 esa t;iqj uoHkkjr VkbEl osQ laiknd osQ :i esa Hkh dk;Z fd;kA blosQ ckn tokgj
yky usg: Lekjd laxzgky; rFkk iqLrdky; esa nks o"kZ ofj"B vè;srk jgsA vc Lora=k ys[ku rFkk
vuqokn dk;Z esa jr gSaA
vkSipkfjd :i ls muosQ ys[ku izdk'ku dk vkajHk 1956 ls gqvkA igyk izdk'ku
Vh-,l- bfy;V dk vuqokn e: izns'k vkSj vU; dfork,¡ 1960 esa] nwljk dfork laxzg
,d xSj&:ekuh le; esa 1970 esa izdkf'kr gqvkA rhljk laxzg [kqn viuh vk¡[k ls 1978 esa]
pkSFkk lcdh vkok”k osQ ijns esa 1994 esa] ik¡pok¡ fiNyk ckdh rFkk NBk dky vkSj vofèk
osQ njfe;ku izdkf'kr gq,A ,d leh{kk&iqLrd vkykspuk dh igyh fdrkc 1983 esa izdkf'krA
mUgksaus fons'kh dforkvksa dk ¯gnh rFkk ¯gnh&vaxzs”kh vuqokn vR;fèkd fd;k gSA mudks
fiQuySaM osQ jk"Vªh; lEeku ukbV vkWI
+
kQ fn vkMZj vkWI
+
kQ fn OgkbV jks”k ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA
blosQ vfrfjDr j?kqohj lgk; lEeku] f'k[kj lEeku ¯gnh vdkneh fnYyh dk lkfgR;dkj
lEeku] eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr lEeku fey pqdk gSA budh dforkvksa esa tM+rkvksa vkSj vekuoh;
fLFkfr;ksa osQ fo#¼ l'kDr uSfrd Loj dh vfHkO;fDr gSA
,d de dfork osQ ekè;e ls dfo us Lokra=;ksÙkj Hkkjrh; lekt esa izpfyr gks jgh thou
'kSyh dks js[kkafdr fd;k gSA vk”kknh gkfly djus osQ ckn lc oqQN oSlk gh ugha jgk ftldh
vk”kknh osQ lsukfu;ksa us dYiuk dh FkhA iwjs ns'k dk ;k dgsa vkLFkkoku] bZekunkj vkSj
2022-23
fo".kq [kjs@29
laosnu'khy turk dk eksgHkax gqvkA ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd vkilh fo'okl] ijLij HkkbZpkjk
vkSj lkewfgdrk dk LFkku èkks[kkèkM+h] vkilh [khaprku us ys fy;k vkSj furkar LokFkZijdrk
dk ekgkSy curk pyk x;kA dfo bl ekgkSy esa Lo;a dks vleFkZ ikrs gq, Hkh bZekunkjksa osQ
izfr viuh lgkuqHkwfr Li"V :i ls j[krk gS rFkk oqQN u djus dh fLFkfr esa gksus osQ ckotwn
Lo;a dks ,sls yksxksa osQ thou&la?k"kZ esa ckèkd ugha cukuk pkgrkA blfy, og de ls de
,d O;oèkku rks de dj gh ldrk gS tks fd og djrk gS] ;gh dfork dk lans'k Hkh gSA
lR; dfork esa dfo us egkHkkjr osQ ikSjkf.kd lanHkks± vkSj ik=kksa osQ }kjk thou esa lR;
dh egÙkk dks Li"V djuk pkgk gSA vrhr dh dFkk dk vkèkkj ysdj viuh ckr izHkko'kkyh
<ax ls dgh tk ldrh gS] ;g dfork bldk izek.k gSA ;qfèkf"Bj] fonqj vkSj [kkaMoizLFk&banzizLFk
osQ }kjk lR; dks] lR; dh egÙkk dks ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; osQ lkFk izLrqr djuk gh ;gk¡ dfo
dk vHkh"V gSA
ftl le; vkSj lekt esa dfo th jgk gS mlesa lR; dh igpku vkSj mldh idM+
fdruh eqf'dy gksrh tk jgh gS] ;g dfork mldk izek.k gSA lR; dHkh fn[krk gS vkSj dHkh
vks>y gks tkrk gSA vkt lR; dk dksbZ ,d fLFkj :i] vkdkj ;k igpku ugha gS tks mls
LFkk;h cuk losQA lR; osQ izfr la'k; dk foLrkj gksus osQ ckotwn og gekjh vkRek dh
vkarfjd 'kfDr gSµ;g Hkh bl dfork dk lans'k gSA mldk :i oLrq] fLFkfr vkSj ?kVukvksa]
ik=kksa osQ vuqlkj cnyrk jgk gSA tks ,d O;fDr osQ fy, lR; gS ogh 'kk;n nwljs osQ fy,
lR; ugha gSA cnyrs gkykr vkSj ekuoh; lacaèkksa esa gks jgs fujarj ifjorZuksa ls lR; dh igpku
vkSj mldh idM+ eqf'dy gksrs tkus osQ lkekftd ;FkkFkZ dks dfo us ftl rjg ,sfrgkfld]
ikSjkf.kd ?kVukØe osQ }kjk izLrqr djus dk iz;kl fd;k gS] og iz'kaluh; gSA
2022-23
30@varjk
,d de
1947 osQ ckn ls
brus yksxksa dks brus rjhdksa ls
vkRefuHkZj ekykeky vkSj xfr'khy gksrs ns[kk gS
fd vc tc vkxs dksbZ gkFk iSQykrk gS
iPphl iSls ,d pk; ;k nks jksVh osQ fy,
rks tku ysrk gw¡
esjs lkeus ,d bZekunkj vkneh] vkSjr ;k cPpk [kM+k gS
ekurk gqvk fd gk¡ eSa ykpkj gw¡ daxky ;k dks<+h
;k eSa Hkyk paxk gw¡ vkSj dkepksj vkSj
,d ekewyh èkks[ksck”k
ysfdu iwjh rjg rqEgkjs ladksp yTtk ijs'kkuh
;k xqLls ij vkfJr
rqEgkjs lkeus fcyoqQy uaxk fuyZTt vkSj fujkdka{kh
eSaus vius dks gVk fy;k gS gj gksM+ ls
eSa rqEgkjk fojksèkh izfr}a}h ;k fgLlsnkj ugha
eq>s oqQN nsdj ;k u nsdj Hkh rqe
de ls de ,d vkneh ls rks fu¯'pr jg ldrs gks
2022-23
Page 4


28@varjk
fo".kq [kjs
(lu~ 1940µ2018)
fo".kq [kjs dk tUe ¯NnokM+k] eè; izns'k esa gqvkA fØf'p;u dkWyst]
bankSj ls 1963 esa mUgksaus vaxzs”kh lkfgR; esa ,e-,- fd;kA 1962&63
esa nSfud bankSj lekpkj esa mi laiknd jgsA 1963&75 rd eè; izns'k rFkk fnYyh osQ
egkfo|ky;ksa esa vè;kiu ls Hkh tqM+sA blh chp 1966&67 esa y?kq&if=kdk O;kl dk laiknu fd;kA
rRi'pkr~ 1976&84 rd lkfgR; vdkneh esa mi lfpo (dk;ZØe) in ij inklhu jgsA 1985
ls uoHkkjr VkbEl esa izHkkjh dk;Zdkjh laiknd osQ in ij dk;Z fd;kA chp esa y[kuÅ laLdj.k
rFkk jfookjh; uoHkkjr VkbEl (¯gnh) vkSj vaxzs”kh VkbEl vkWI
+
kQ bafM;k esa Hkh laiknu dk;Z ls
tqM+s jgsA 1993 esa t;iqj uoHkkjr VkbEl osQ laiknd osQ :i esa Hkh dk;Z fd;kA blosQ ckn tokgj
yky usg: Lekjd laxzgky; rFkk iqLrdky; esa nks o"kZ ofj"B vè;srk jgsA vc Lora=k ys[ku rFkk
vuqokn dk;Z esa jr gSaA
vkSipkfjd :i ls muosQ ys[ku izdk'ku dk vkajHk 1956 ls gqvkA igyk izdk'ku
Vh-,l- bfy;V dk vuqokn e: izns'k vkSj vU; dfork,¡ 1960 esa] nwljk dfork laxzg
,d xSj&:ekuh le; esa 1970 esa izdkf'kr gqvkA rhljk laxzg [kqn viuh vk¡[k ls 1978 esa]
pkSFkk lcdh vkok”k osQ ijns esa 1994 esa] ik¡pok¡ fiNyk ckdh rFkk NBk dky vkSj vofèk
osQ njfe;ku izdkf'kr gq,A ,d leh{kk&iqLrd vkykspuk dh igyh fdrkc 1983 esa izdkf'krA
mUgksaus fons'kh dforkvksa dk ¯gnh rFkk ¯gnh&vaxzs”kh vuqokn vR;fèkd fd;k gSA mudks
fiQuySaM osQ jk"Vªh; lEeku ukbV vkWI
+
kQ fn vkMZj vkWI
+
kQ fn OgkbV jks”k ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA
blosQ vfrfjDr j?kqohj lgk; lEeku] f'k[kj lEeku ¯gnh vdkneh fnYyh dk lkfgR;dkj
lEeku] eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr lEeku fey pqdk gSA budh dforkvksa esa tM+rkvksa vkSj vekuoh;
fLFkfr;ksa osQ fo#¼ l'kDr uSfrd Loj dh vfHkO;fDr gSA
,d de dfork osQ ekè;e ls dfo us Lokra=;ksÙkj Hkkjrh; lekt esa izpfyr gks jgh thou
'kSyh dks js[kkafdr fd;k gSA vk”kknh gkfly djus osQ ckn lc oqQN oSlk gh ugha jgk ftldh
vk”kknh osQ lsukfu;ksa us dYiuk dh FkhA iwjs ns'k dk ;k dgsa vkLFkkoku] bZekunkj vkSj
2022-23
fo".kq [kjs@29
laosnu'khy turk dk eksgHkax gqvkA ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd vkilh fo'okl] ijLij HkkbZpkjk
vkSj lkewfgdrk dk LFkku èkks[kkèkM+h] vkilh [khaprku us ys fy;k vkSj furkar LokFkZijdrk
dk ekgkSy curk pyk x;kA dfo bl ekgkSy esa Lo;a dks vleFkZ ikrs gq, Hkh bZekunkjksa osQ
izfr viuh lgkuqHkwfr Li"V :i ls j[krk gS rFkk oqQN u djus dh fLFkfr esa gksus osQ ckotwn
Lo;a dks ,sls yksxksa osQ thou&la?k"kZ esa ckèkd ugha cukuk pkgrkA blfy, og de ls de
,d O;oèkku rks de dj gh ldrk gS tks fd og djrk gS] ;gh dfork dk lans'k Hkh gSA
lR; dfork esa dfo us egkHkkjr osQ ikSjkf.kd lanHkks± vkSj ik=kksa osQ }kjk thou esa lR;
dh egÙkk dks Li"V djuk pkgk gSA vrhr dh dFkk dk vkèkkj ysdj viuh ckr izHkko'kkyh
<ax ls dgh tk ldrh gS] ;g dfork bldk izek.k gSA ;qfèkf"Bj] fonqj vkSj [kkaMoizLFk&banzizLFk
osQ }kjk lR; dks] lR; dh egÙkk dks ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; osQ lkFk izLrqr djuk gh ;gk¡ dfo
dk vHkh"V gSA
ftl le; vkSj lekt esa dfo th jgk gS mlesa lR; dh igpku vkSj mldh idM+
fdruh eqf'dy gksrh tk jgh gS] ;g dfork mldk izek.k gSA lR; dHkh fn[krk gS vkSj dHkh
vks>y gks tkrk gSA vkt lR; dk dksbZ ,d fLFkj :i] vkdkj ;k igpku ugha gS tks mls
LFkk;h cuk losQA lR; osQ izfr la'k; dk foLrkj gksus osQ ckotwn og gekjh vkRek dh
vkarfjd 'kfDr gSµ;g Hkh bl dfork dk lans'k gSA mldk :i oLrq] fLFkfr vkSj ?kVukvksa]
ik=kksa osQ vuqlkj cnyrk jgk gSA tks ,d O;fDr osQ fy, lR; gS ogh 'kk;n nwljs osQ fy,
lR; ugha gSA cnyrs gkykr vkSj ekuoh; lacaèkksa esa gks jgs fujarj ifjorZuksa ls lR; dh igpku
vkSj mldh idM+ eqf'dy gksrs tkus osQ lkekftd ;FkkFkZ dks dfo us ftl rjg ,sfrgkfld]
ikSjkf.kd ?kVukØe osQ }kjk izLrqr djus dk iz;kl fd;k gS] og iz'kaluh; gSA
2022-23
30@varjk
,d de
1947 osQ ckn ls
brus yksxksa dks brus rjhdksa ls
vkRefuHkZj ekykeky vkSj xfr'khy gksrs ns[kk gS
fd vc tc vkxs dksbZ gkFk iSQykrk gS
iPphl iSls ,d pk; ;k nks jksVh osQ fy,
rks tku ysrk gw¡
esjs lkeus ,d bZekunkj vkneh] vkSjr ;k cPpk [kM+k gS
ekurk gqvk fd gk¡ eSa ykpkj gw¡ daxky ;k dks<+h
;k eSa Hkyk paxk gw¡ vkSj dkepksj vkSj
,d ekewyh èkks[ksck”k
ysfdu iwjh rjg rqEgkjs ladksp yTtk ijs'kkuh
;k xqLls ij vkfJr
rqEgkjs lkeus fcyoqQy uaxk fuyZTt vkSj fujkdka{kh
eSaus vius dks gVk fy;k gS gj gksM+ ls
eSa rqEgkjk fojksèkh izfr}a}h ;k fgLlsnkj ugha
eq>s oqQN nsdj ;k u nsdj Hkh rqe
de ls de ,d vkneh ls rks fu¯'pr jg ldrs gks
2022-23
fo".kq [kjs@31
lR;
tc ge lR; dks iqdkjrs gSa
rks og gels ijs gVrk tkrk gS
tSls xqgkjrs gq, ;qfèkf"Bj osQ lkeus ls
Hkkxs Fks fonqj vkSj Hkh ?kus taxyksa esa
lR; 'kk;n tkuuk pkgrk gS
fd mlosQ ihNs ge fdruh nwj rd HkVd ldrs gSa
dHkh fn[krk gS lR;
vkSj dHkh vks>y gks tkrk gS
vkSj ge dgrs jg tkrs gSa fd #dks ;g ge gSa
tSls èkeZjkt osQ ckj&ckj nqgkbZ nsus ij
fd Bgfj, Lokeh fonqj
;g eSa gw¡ vkidk lsod oaqQrhuanu ;qfèkf"Bj
os ugha fBBdrs
;fn ge fdlh rjg ;qfèkf"Bj tSlk ladYi ik tkrs gSa
rks ,d fnu irk ugha D;k lkspdj #d gh tkrk gS lR;
ysfdu iyVdj flI
+
kZQ [kM+k gh jgrk gS og n`<+fu'p;h
viuh dgha vkSj ns[krh n`f"V ls gekjh vk¡[kksa esa ns[krk gqvk
vafre ckj ns[krk&lk yxrk gS og gesa
vkSj mlesa ls mlh dk gydk lk izdk'k tSlk vkdkj
lek tkrk gS geesa
2022-23
Page 5


28@varjk
fo".kq [kjs
(lu~ 1940µ2018)
fo".kq [kjs dk tUe ¯NnokM+k] eè; izns'k esa gqvkA fØf'p;u dkWyst]
bankSj ls 1963 esa mUgksaus vaxzs”kh lkfgR; esa ,e-,- fd;kA 1962&63
esa nSfud bankSj lekpkj esa mi laiknd jgsA 1963&75 rd eè; izns'k rFkk fnYyh osQ
egkfo|ky;ksa esa vè;kiu ls Hkh tqM+sA blh chp 1966&67 esa y?kq&if=kdk O;kl dk laiknu fd;kA
rRi'pkr~ 1976&84 rd lkfgR; vdkneh esa mi lfpo (dk;ZØe) in ij inklhu jgsA 1985
ls uoHkkjr VkbEl esa izHkkjh dk;Zdkjh laiknd osQ in ij dk;Z fd;kA chp esa y[kuÅ laLdj.k
rFkk jfookjh; uoHkkjr VkbEl (¯gnh) vkSj vaxzs”kh VkbEl vkWI
+
kQ bafM;k esa Hkh laiknu dk;Z ls
tqM+s jgsA 1993 esa t;iqj uoHkkjr VkbEl osQ laiknd osQ :i esa Hkh dk;Z fd;kA blosQ ckn tokgj
yky usg: Lekjd laxzgky; rFkk iqLrdky; esa nks o"kZ ofj"B vè;srk jgsA vc Lora=k ys[ku rFkk
vuqokn dk;Z esa jr gSaA
vkSipkfjd :i ls muosQ ys[ku izdk'ku dk vkajHk 1956 ls gqvkA igyk izdk'ku
Vh-,l- bfy;V dk vuqokn e: izns'k vkSj vU; dfork,¡ 1960 esa] nwljk dfork laxzg
,d xSj&:ekuh le; esa 1970 esa izdkf'kr gqvkA rhljk laxzg [kqn viuh vk¡[k ls 1978 esa]
pkSFkk lcdh vkok”k osQ ijns esa 1994 esa] ik¡pok¡ fiNyk ckdh rFkk NBk dky vkSj vofèk
osQ njfe;ku izdkf'kr gq,A ,d leh{kk&iqLrd vkykspuk dh igyh fdrkc 1983 esa izdkf'krA
mUgksaus fons'kh dforkvksa dk ¯gnh rFkk ¯gnh&vaxzs”kh vuqokn vR;fèkd fd;k gSA mudks
fiQuySaM osQ jk"Vªh; lEeku ukbV vkWI
+
kQ fn vkMZj vkWI
+
kQ fn OgkbV jks”k ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA
blosQ vfrfjDr j?kqohj lgk; lEeku] f'k[kj lEeku ¯gnh vdkneh fnYyh dk lkfgR;dkj
lEeku] eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr lEeku fey pqdk gSA budh dforkvksa esa tM+rkvksa vkSj vekuoh;
fLFkfr;ksa osQ fo#¼ l'kDr uSfrd Loj dh vfHkO;fDr gSA
,d de dfork osQ ekè;e ls dfo us Lokra=;ksÙkj Hkkjrh; lekt esa izpfyr gks jgh thou
'kSyh dks js[kkafdr fd;k gSA vk”kknh gkfly djus osQ ckn lc oqQN oSlk gh ugha jgk ftldh
vk”kknh osQ lsukfu;ksa us dYiuk dh FkhA iwjs ns'k dk ;k dgsa vkLFkkoku] bZekunkj vkSj
2022-23
fo".kq [kjs@29
laosnu'khy turk dk eksgHkax gqvkA ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd vkilh fo'okl] ijLij HkkbZpkjk
vkSj lkewfgdrk dk LFkku èkks[kkèkM+h] vkilh [khaprku us ys fy;k vkSj furkar LokFkZijdrk
dk ekgkSy curk pyk x;kA dfo bl ekgkSy esa Lo;a dks vleFkZ ikrs gq, Hkh bZekunkjksa osQ
izfr viuh lgkuqHkwfr Li"V :i ls j[krk gS rFkk oqQN u djus dh fLFkfr esa gksus osQ ckotwn
Lo;a dks ,sls yksxksa osQ thou&la?k"kZ esa ckèkd ugha cukuk pkgrkA blfy, og de ls de
,d O;oèkku rks de dj gh ldrk gS tks fd og djrk gS] ;gh dfork dk lans'k Hkh gSA
lR; dfork esa dfo us egkHkkjr osQ ikSjkf.kd lanHkks± vkSj ik=kksa osQ }kjk thou esa lR;
dh egÙkk dks Li"V djuk pkgk gSA vrhr dh dFkk dk vkèkkj ysdj viuh ckr izHkko'kkyh
<ax ls dgh tk ldrh gS] ;g dfork bldk izek.k gSA ;qfèkf"Bj] fonqj vkSj [kkaMoizLFk&banzizLFk
osQ }kjk lR; dks] lR; dh egÙkk dks ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; osQ lkFk izLrqr djuk gh ;gk¡ dfo
dk vHkh"V gSA
ftl le; vkSj lekt esa dfo th jgk gS mlesa lR; dh igpku vkSj mldh idM+
fdruh eqf'dy gksrh tk jgh gS] ;g dfork mldk izek.k gSA lR; dHkh fn[krk gS vkSj dHkh
vks>y gks tkrk gSA vkt lR; dk dksbZ ,d fLFkj :i] vkdkj ;k igpku ugha gS tks mls
LFkk;h cuk losQA lR; osQ izfr la'k; dk foLrkj gksus osQ ckotwn og gekjh vkRek dh
vkarfjd 'kfDr gSµ;g Hkh bl dfork dk lans'k gSA mldk :i oLrq] fLFkfr vkSj ?kVukvksa]
ik=kksa osQ vuqlkj cnyrk jgk gSA tks ,d O;fDr osQ fy, lR; gS ogh 'kk;n nwljs osQ fy,
lR; ugha gSA cnyrs gkykr vkSj ekuoh; lacaèkksa esa gks jgs fujarj ifjorZuksa ls lR; dh igpku
vkSj mldh idM+ eqf'dy gksrs tkus osQ lkekftd ;FkkFkZ dks dfo us ftl rjg ,sfrgkfld]
ikSjkf.kd ?kVukØe osQ }kjk izLrqr djus dk iz;kl fd;k gS] og iz'kaluh; gSA
2022-23
30@varjk
,d de
1947 osQ ckn ls
brus yksxksa dks brus rjhdksa ls
vkRefuHkZj ekykeky vkSj xfr'khy gksrs ns[kk gS
fd vc tc vkxs dksbZ gkFk iSQykrk gS
iPphl iSls ,d pk; ;k nks jksVh osQ fy,
rks tku ysrk gw¡
esjs lkeus ,d bZekunkj vkneh] vkSjr ;k cPpk [kM+k gS
ekurk gqvk fd gk¡ eSa ykpkj gw¡ daxky ;k dks<+h
;k eSa Hkyk paxk gw¡ vkSj dkepksj vkSj
,d ekewyh èkks[ksck”k
ysfdu iwjh rjg rqEgkjs ladksp yTtk ijs'kkuh
;k xqLls ij vkfJr
rqEgkjs lkeus fcyoqQy uaxk fuyZTt vkSj fujkdka{kh
eSaus vius dks gVk fy;k gS gj gksM+ ls
eSa rqEgkjk fojksèkh izfr}a}h ;k fgLlsnkj ugha
eq>s oqQN nsdj ;k u nsdj Hkh rqe
de ls de ,d vkneh ls rks fu¯'pr jg ldrs gks
2022-23
fo".kq [kjs@31
lR;
tc ge lR; dks iqdkjrs gSa
rks og gels ijs gVrk tkrk gS
tSls xqgkjrs gq, ;qfèkf"Bj osQ lkeus ls
Hkkxs Fks fonqj vkSj Hkh ?kus taxyksa esa
lR; 'kk;n tkuuk pkgrk gS
fd mlosQ ihNs ge fdruh nwj rd HkVd ldrs gSa
dHkh fn[krk gS lR;
vkSj dHkh vks>y gks tkrk gS
vkSj ge dgrs jg tkrs gSa fd #dks ;g ge gSa
tSls èkeZjkt osQ ckj&ckj nqgkbZ nsus ij
fd Bgfj, Lokeh fonqj
;g eSa gw¡ vkidk lsod oaqQrhuanu ;qfèkf"Bj
os ugha fBBdrs
;fn ge fdlh rjg ;qfèkf"Bj tSlk ladYi ik tkrs gSa
rks ,d fnu irk ugha D;k lkspdj #d gh tkrk gS lR;
ysfdu iyVdj flI
+
kZQ [kM+k gh jgrk gS og n`<+fu'p;h
viuh dgha vkSj ns[krh n`f"V ls gekjh vk¡[kksa esa ns[krk gqvk
vafre ckj ns[krk&lk yxrk gS og gesa
vkSj mlesa ls mlh dk gydk lk izdk'k tSlk vkdkj
lek tkrk gS geesa
2022-23
32@varjk
tSls 'keh o`{k osQ rus ls fVddj
u igpkuus esa igpkurs gq, fonqj us èkeZjkt dks
fufuZes"k ns[kk Fkk vafre ckj
vkSj muesa ls mudk vkyksd èkhjs&èkhjs vkxs c<+dj
fey x;k Fkk ;qfèkf"Bj esa
flj >qdk, fujk'k ykSVrs gSa ge
fd lR; var rd gels oqQN ugha cksyk
gk¡ geus mlosQ vkdkj ls fudyrk og izdk'k&iqat ns[kk Fkk
ge rd vkrk gqvk
og geesa foyhu gqvk ;k gels gksrk gqvk vkxs c<+ x;k
ge dg ugha ldrs
u rks geesa dksbZ LiqQj.k gqvk vkSj u gh dksbZ Toj
¯drq 'ks"k lkjs thou ge lksprs jg tkrs gSa
oSQls tkusa fd lR; dk og izfr¯cc geesa lek;k ;k ugha
gekjh vkRek esa tks dHkh&dHkh ned mBrk gS
D;k og mlh dh Nqvu gS
tSls
fonqj dguk pkgrs rks ogh crk ldrs Fks
lkspk gksxk ekFks osQ lkFk viuk eqoqQV uhpk fd,
;qfèkf"Bj us
[kkaMoizLFk ls banzizLFk ykSVrs gq,A
2022-23
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