Humanities/Arts Exam  >  Humanities/Arts Notes  >  Hindi Class 12  >  NCERT Textbook - रघुवीर सहाय

NCERT Textbook - रघुवीर सहाय | Hindi Class 12 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

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j?kqohj lgk;@27
j?kqohj lgk;
(lu~ 1929&1990)
j?kqohj lgk; dk tUe y[kumQ (mÙkj izns'k) esa gqvk FkkA
mudh laiw.kZ f'k{kk y[kumQ esa gh gqbZA ogha ls mUgksaus 1951
esa vaxzs”kh lkfgR; esa ,e-, fd;kA j?kqohj lgk; is'ks ls
i=kdkj FksA vkjaHk esa mUgksaus izrhd esa lgk;d laiknd osQ
:i esa dke fd;kA fiQj os vkdk'kok.kh osQ lekpkj foHkkx esa jgsA oqQN le; rd os gSnjkckn
ls izdkf'kr gksus okyh if=kdk dYiuk osQ laiknu ls Hkh tqM+s jgs vkSj dbZ o"kks± rd mUgksaus fnueku
dk laiknu fd;kA
j?kqohj lgk; u;h dfork osQ dfo gSaA mudh oqQN dfork,¡ vKs; }kjk laikfnr nwljk lIrd
esa ladfyr gSaA dfork osQ vykok mUgksaus jpukRed vkSj foospukRed x| Hkh fy[kk gSA muosQ
dkO;&lalkj esa vkReijd vuqHkoksa dh txg tuthou osQ vuqHkoksa dh jpukRed vfHkO;fDr
vfèkd gSA os O;kid lkekftd lanHkks± osQ fujh{k.k] vuqHko vkSj cksèk dks dfork esa O;Dr djrs gSaA
j?kqohj lgk; us dkO;&jpuk esa viuh i=kdkj&n`f"V dk ltZukRed mi;ksx fd;k gSA os ekurs
gSa fd v[kckj dh [kcj osQ Hkhrj nch vkSj fNih gqbZ ,slh vusd [kcjsa gksrh gSa] ftuesa ekuoh;
ihM+k fNih jg tkrh gSA ml fNih gqbZ ekuoh; ihM+k dh vfHkO;fDr djuk dfork dk nkf;Ro gSA
bl dkO;&n`f"V osQ vuq:i ghs mUgksaus viuh u;h dkO;&Hkk"kk dk fodkl fd;k gSA os
vuko';d 'kCnksa osQ iz;ksx ls iz;kliwoZd cprs gSaA Hk;kozQkar vuqHko dh vkosxjfgr vfHkO;fDr
mudh dfork dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk gSA j?kqohj lgk; us eqDr Nan osQ lkFk&lkFk Nan esa Hkh
dkO;&jpuk dh gSA thoukuqHkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr osQ fy, os dfork dh lajpuk esa dFkk ;k o`Ùkkar
dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
mudh izeq[k dkO;&Ñfr;k¡ gSaµlhf<+;ksa ij èkwi esa] vkRegR;k osQ fo#¼] g¡lks g¡lks tYnh
g¡lks vkSj yksx Hkwy x, gSaA Ng [kaMksa esa j?kqohj lgk; jpukoyh izdkf'kr gqbZ gS] ftlesa mudh
yxHkx lHkh jpuk,¡ lax`ghr gSaA yksx Hkwy x, gSa dkO; laxzg ij mUgsa lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj
feyk FkkA
2024-25
Page 2


j?kqohj lgk;@27
j?kqohj lgk;
(lu~ 1929&1990)
j?kqohj lgk; dk tUe y[kumQ (mÙkj izns'k) esa gqvk FkkA
mudh laiw.kZ f'k{kk y[kumQ esa gh gqbZA ogha ls mUgksaus 1951
esa vaxzs”kh lkfgR; esa ,e-, fd;kA j?kqohj lgk; is'ks ls
i=kdkj FksA vkjaHk esa mUgksaus izrhd esa lgk;d laiknd osQ
:i esa dke fd;kA fiQj os vkdk'kok.kh osQ lekpkj foHkkx esa jgsA oqQN le; rd os gSnjkckn
ls izdkf'kr gksus okyh if=kdk dYiuk osQ laiknu ls Hkh tqM+s jgs vkSj dbZ o"kks± rd mUgksaus fnueku
dk laiknu fd;kA
j?kqohj lgk; u;h dfork osQ dfo gSaA mudh oqQN dfork,¡ vKs; }kjk laikfnr nwljk lIrd
esa ladfyr gSaA dfork osQ vykok mUgksaus jpukRed vkSj foospukRed x| Hkh fy[kk gSA muosQ
dkO;&lalkj esa vkReijd vuqHkoksa dh txg tuthou osQ vuqHkoksa dh jpukRed vfHkO;fDr
vfèkd gSA os O;kid lkekftd lanHkks± osQ fujh{k.k] vuqHko vkSj cksèk dks dfork esa O;Dr djrs gSaA
j?kqohj lgk; us dkO;&jpuk esa viuh i=kdkj&n`f"V dk ltZukRed mi;ksx fd;k gSA os ekurs
gSa fd v[kckj dh [kcj osQ Hkhrj nch vkSj fNih gqbZ ,slh vusd [kcjsa gksrh gSa] ftuesa ekuoh;
ihM+k fNih jg tkrh gSA ml fNih gqbZ ekuoh; ihM+k dh vfHkO;fDr djuk dfork dk nkf;Ro gSA
bl dkO;&n`f"V osQ vuq:i ghs mUgksaus viuh u;h dkO;&Hkk"kk dk fodkl fd;k gSA os
vuko';d 'kCnksa osQ iz;ksx ls iz;kliwoZd cprs gSaA Hk;kozQkar vuqHko dh vkosxjfgr vfHkO;fDr
mudh dfork dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk gSA j?kqohj lgk; us eqDr Nan osQ lkFk&lkFk Nan esa Hkh
dkO;&jpuk dh gSA thoukuqHkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr osQ fy, os dfork dh lajpuk esa dFkk ;k o`Ùkkar
dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
mudh izeq[k dkO;&Ñfr;k¡ gSaµlhf<+;ksa ij èkwi esa] vkRegR;k osQ fo#¼] g¡lks g¡lks tYnh
g¡lks vkSj yksx Hkwy x, gSaA Ng [kaMksa esa j?kqohj lgk; jpukoyh izdkf'kr gqbZ gS] ftlesa mudh
yxHkx lHkh jpuk,¡ lax`ghr gSaA yksx Hkwy x, gSa dkO; laxzg ij mUgsa lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj
feyk FkkA
2024-25
28@varjk
olar vk;k dfork dgrh gS fd vkt euq"; dk izo`Qfr ls fj'rk VwV x;k gSA olar ½rq
dk vkuk vc vuqHko djus osQ ctk; oSQysaMj ls tkuk tkrk gSA ½rqvksa esa ifjorZu igys
dh rjg gh LoHkkor% ?kfVr gksrs jgrs gSaA iÙks >M+rs gSa] dksiysa iwQVrh gSa] gok cgrh gS]
<kd osQ taxy ngdrs gSa] dksey Hkzej viuh eLrh esa >wers gSa] ij gekjh fuxkg muij
ugha tkrhA ge fujis{k cus jgrs gSaA okLro esa dfo us vkt osQ euq"; dh vkèkqfud thou
'kSyh ij O;aX; fd;k gSA
bl dfork dh Hkk"kk esa thou dh foMacuk fNih gqbZ gSA izÑfr ls varjaxrk dks O;Dr
djus osQ fy, dfo us ns'kt (rn~Hko) 'kCnksa vkSj fØ;kvksa dk Hkjiwj iz;ksx fd;k gSA v'kksd]
enu eghuk] iapeh] uanu&ou] tSls ijaijk esa jps&cls thoukuqHkoksa dh Hkk"kk us bl dfork
dks vkèkqfudrk osQ lkeus ,d pqukSrh dh rjg [kM+k dj fn;k gSA dfork esa ¯ccksa vkSj izrhdksa
dk Hkh lqanj iz;ksx gqvk gSA
rksM+ks mn~cks/uijd dfork gSA blesa dfo l`tu gsrq Hkwfe dks rS;kj djus osQ fy,
p^kusa] Ålj vkSj catj dks rksM+us dk vkàku djrk gSA ijrh dks [ksr esa cnyuk l`tu dh
vkjafHkd ijarq vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ izfØ;k gSA ;gk¡ dfo foèoal osQ fy, ugha mdlkrk oju
l`tu osQ fy, izsfjr djrk gSA dfork dk Åijh <k¡pk ljy izrhr gksrk gS] ijarq izÑfr ls
eu dh rqyuk djrs gq, dfo us bldks u;k vk;ke ns fn;k gSA ;g catj izÑfr esa gS rks
ekuo&eu esa Hkh gSA dfo eu esa O;kIr Åc rFkk [kht dks Hkh rksM+us dh ckr djrk gS
vFkkZr mls Hkh moZj cukus dh ckr djrk gSA eu osQ Hkhrj dh Åc l`tu esa ckèkd
gS dfo l`tu dk vkdka{kh gS blfy, mldks Hkh nwj djus dh ckr djrk gSA
blfy, dfo eu osQ ckjs esa iz'u mBkdj vkxs c<+ tkrk gSA blls dfork dk vFkZ
foLrkj gksrk gSA
2024-25
Page 3


j?kqohj lgk;@27
j?kqohj lgk;
(lu~ 1929&1990)
j?kqohj lgk; dk tUe y[kumQ (mÙkj izns'k) esa gqvk FkkA
mudh laiw.kZ f'k{kk y[kumQ esa gh gqbZA ogha ls mUgksaus 1951
esa vaxzs”kh lkfgR; esa ,e-, fd;kA j?kqohj lgk; is'ks ls
i=kdkj FksA vkjaHk esa mUgksaus izrhd esa lgk;d laiknd osQ
:i esa dke fd;kA fiQj os vkdk'kok.kh osQ lekpkj foHkkx esa jgsA oqQN le; rd os gSnjkckn
ls izdkf'kr gksus okyh if=kdk dYiuk osQ laiknu ls Hkh tqM+s jgs vkSj dbZ o"kks± rd mUgksaus fnueku
dk laiknu fd;kA
j?kqohj lgk; u;h dfork osQ dfo gSaA mudh oqQN dfork,¡ vKs; }kjk laikfnr nwljk lIrd
esa ladfyr gSaA dfork osQ vykok mUgksaus jpukRed vkSj foospukRed x| Hkh fy[kk gSA muosQ
dkO;&lalkj esa vkReijd vuqHkoksa dh txg tuthou osQ vuqHkoksa dh jpukRed vfHkO;fDr
vfèkd gSA os O;kid lkekftd lanHkks± osQ fujh{k.k] vuqHko vkSj cksèk dks dfork esa O;Dr djrs gSaA
j?kqohj lgk; us dkO;&jpuk esa viuh i=kdkj&n`f"V dk ltZukRed mi;ksx fd;k gSA os ekurs
gSa fd v[kckj dh [kcj osQ Hkhrj nch vkSj fNih gqbZ ,slh vusd [kcjsa gksrh gSa] ftuesa ekuoh;
ihM+k fNih jg tkrh gSA ml fNih gqbZ ekuoh; ihM+k dh vfHkO;fDr djuk dfork dk nkf;Ro gSA
bl dkO;&n`f"V osQ vuq:i ghs mUgksaus viuh u;h dkO;&Hkk"kk dk fodkl fd;k gSA os
vuko';d 'kCnksa osQ iz;ksx ls iz;kliwoZd cprs gSaA Hk;kozQkar vuqHko dh vkosxjfgr vfHkO;fDr
mudh dfork dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk gSA j?kqohj lgk; us eqDr Nan osQ lkFk&lkFk Nan esa Hkh
dkO;&jpuk dh gSA thoukuqHkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr osQ fy, os dfork dh lajpuk esa dFkk ;k o`Ùkkar
dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
mudh izeq[k dkO;&Ñfr;k¡ gSaµlhf<+;ksa ij èkwi esa] vkRegR;k osQ fo#¼] g¡lks g¡lks tYnh
g¡lks vkSj yksx Hkwy x, gSaA Ng [kaMksa esa j?kqohj lgk; jpukoyh izdkf'kr gqbZ gS] ftlesa mudh
yxHkx lHkh jpuk,¡ lax`ghr gSaA yksx Hkwy x, gSa dkO; laxzg ij mUgsa lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj
feyk FkkA
2024-25
28@varjk
olar vk;k dfork dgrh gS fd vkt euq"; dk izo`Qfr ls fj'rk VwV x;k gSA olar ½rq
dk vkuk vc vuqHko djus osQ ctk; oSQysaMj ls tkuk tkrk gSA ½rqvksa esa ifjorZu igys
dh rjg gh LoHkkor% ?kfVr gksrs jgrs gSaA iÙks >M+rs gSa] dksiysa iwQVrh gSa] gok cgrh gS]
<kd osQ taxy ngdrs gSa] dksey Hkzej viuh eLrh esa >wers gSa] ij gekjh fuxkg muij
ugha tkrhA ge fujis{k cus jgrs gSaA okLro esa dfo us vkt osQ euq"; dh vkèkqfud thou
'kSyh ij O;aX; fd;k gSA
bl dfork dh Hkk"kk esa thou dh foMacuk fNih gqbZ gSA izÑfr ls varjaxrk dks O;Dr
djus osQ fy, dfo us ns'kt (rn~Hko) 'kCnksa vkSj fØ;kvksa dk Hkjiwj iz;ksx fd;k gSA v'kksd]
enu eghuk] iapeh] uanu&ou] tSls ijaijk esa jps&cls thoukuqHkoksa dh Hkk"kk us bl dfork
dks vkèkqfudrk osQ lkeus ,d pqukSrh dh rjg [kM+k dj fn;k gSA dfork esa ¯ccksa vkSj izrhdksa
dk Hkh lqanj iz;ksx gqvk gSA
rksM+ks mn~cks/uijd dfork gSA blesa dfo l`tu gsrq Hkwfe dks rS;kj djus osQ fy,
p^kusa] Ålj vkSj catj dks rksM+us dk vkàku djrk gSA ijrh dks [ksr esa cnyuk l`tu dh
vkjafHkd ijarq vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ izfØ;k gSA ;gk¡ dfo foèoal osQ fy, ugha mdlkrk oju
l`tu osQ fy, izsfjr djrk gSA dfork dk Åijh <k¡pk ljy izrhr gksrk gS] ijarq izÑfr ls
eu dh rqyuk djrs gq, dfo us bldks u;k vk;ke ns fn;k gSA ;g catj izÑfr esa gS rks
ekuo&eu esa Hkh gSA dfo eu esa O;kIr Åc rFkk [kht dks Hkh rksM+us dh ckr djrk gS
vFkkZr mls Hkh moZj cukus dh ckr djrk gSA eu osQ Hkhrj dh Åc l`tu esa ckèkd
gS dfo l`tu dk vkdka{kh gS blfy, mldks Hkh nwj djus dh ckr djrk gSA
blfy, dfo eu osQ ckjs esa iz'u mBkdj vkxs c<+ tkrk gSA blls dfork dk vFkZ
foLrkj gksrk gSA
2024-25
j?kqohj lgk;@29
olar vk;k
tSls cgu ^nk* dgrh gS
,sls fdlh c¡xys osQ fdlh rjQ(v'kksd\) ij dksbZ fpfM+;k oqQmQdh
pyrh lM+d osQ fdukjs yky ctjh ij pqjeqjk, ik¡o rys
m¡Qps rjQoj ls fxjs
cM+s&cM+s fi;jk, iÙks
dksbZ Ng cts lqcg tSls xje ikuh ls ugkbZ gks&
f[kyh gqbZ gok vkbZ] fiQjdh&lh vkbZ] pyh xbZA
,sls] iqQVikFk ij pyrs pyrs pyrsA
dy eSaus tkuk fd olar vk;kA
vkSj ;g oSQysaMj ls ekywe Fkk
veqd fnu veqd ckj enueghus dh gksosxh iapeh
nÝ
+
rj esa Nq^h Fkhµ;g Fkk izek.k
vkSj dfork,¡ i<+rs jgus ls ;g irk Fkk
fd ngj&ngj ngosaQxs dgha <kd osQ taxy
vke ckSj vkosaxs
jax&jl&xaèk ls yns&i¡Qns nwj osQ fons'k osQ
os uanu&ou gksosaxs ;'kLoh
eèkqeLr fid HkkSaj vkfn viuk&viuk ÑfrRo
vH;kl djosQ fn[kkosaxs
;gh ugha tkuk Fkk fd vkt osQ ux.; fnu tkuw¡xk
tSls eSaus tkuk] fd olar vk;kA
2024-25
Page 4


j?kqohj lgk;@27
j?kqohj lgk;
(lu~ 1929&1990)
j?kqohj lgk; dk tUe y[kumQ (mÙkj izns'k) esa gqvk FkkA
mudh laiw.kZ f'k{kk y[kumQ esa gh gqbZA ogha ls mUgksaus 1951
esa vaxzs”kh lkfgR; esa ,e-, fd;kA j?kqohj lgk; is'ks ls
i=kdkj FksA vkjaHk esa mUgksaus izrhd esa lgk;d laiknd osQ
:i esa dke fd;kA fiQj os vkdk'kok.kh osQ lekpkj foHkkx esa jgsA oqQN le; rd os gSnjkckn
ls izdkf'kr gksus okyh if=kdk dYiuk osQ laiknu ls Hkh tqM+s jgs vkSj dbZ o"kks± rd mUgksaus fnueku
dk laiknu fd;kA
j?kqohj lgk; u;h dfork osQ dfo gSaA mudh oqQN dfork,¡ vKs; }kjk laikfnr nwljk lIrd
esa ladfyr gSaA dfork osQ vykok mUgksaus jpukRed vkSj foospukRed x| Hkh fy[kk gSA muosQ
dkO;&lalkj esa vkReijd vuqHkoksa dh txg tuthou osQ vuqHkoksa dh jpukRed vfHkO;fDr
vfèkd gSA os O;kid lkekftd lanHkks± osQ fujh{k.k] vuqHko vkSj cksèk dks dfork esa O;Dr djrs gSaA
j?kqohj lgk; us dkO;&jpuk esa viuh i=kdkj&n`f"V dk ltZukRed mi;ksx fd;k gSA os ekurs
gSa fd v[kckj dh [kcj osQ Hkhrj nch vkSj fNih gqbZ ,slh vusd [kcjsa gksrh gSa] ftuesa ekuoh;
ihM+k fNih jg tkrh gSA ml fNih gqbZ ekuoh; ihM+k dh vfHkO;fDr djuk dfork dk nkf;Ro gSA
bl dkO;&n`f"V osQ vuq:i ghs mUgksaus viuh u;h dkO;&Hkk"kk dk fodkl fd;k gSA os
vuko';d 'kCnksa osQ iz;ksx ls iz;kliwoZd cprs gSaA Hk;kozQkar vuqHko dh vkosxjfgr vfHkO;fDr
mudh dfork dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk gSA j?kqohj lgk; us eqDr Nan osQ lkFk&lkFk Nan esa Hkh
dkO;&jpuk dh gSA thoukuqHkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr osQ fy, os dfork dh lajpuk esa dFkk ;k o`Ùkkar
dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
mudh izeq[k dkO;&Ñfr;k¡ gSaµlhf<+;ksa ij èkwi esa] vkRegR;k osQ fo#¼] g¡lks g¡lks tYnh
g¡lks vkSj yksx Hkwy x, gSaA Ng [kaMksa esa j?kqohj lgk; jpukoyh izdkf'kr gqbZ gS] ftlesa mudh
yxHkx lHkh jpuk,¡ lax`ghr gSaA yksx Hkwy x, gSa dkO; laxzg ij mUgsa lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj
feyk FkkA
2024-25
28@varjk
olar vk;k dfork dgrh gS fd vkt euq"; dk izo`Qfr ls fj'rk VwV x;k gSA olar ½rq
dk vkuk vc vuqHko djus osQ ctk; oSQysaMj ls tkuk tkrk gSA ½rqvksa esa ifjorZu igys
dh rjg gh LoHkkor% ?kfVr gksrs jgrs gSaA iÙks >M+rs gSa] dksiysa iwQVrh gSa] gok cgrh gS]
<kd osQ taxy ngdrs gSa] dksey Hkzej viuh eLrh esa >wers gSa] ij gekjh fuxkg muij
ugha tkrhA ge fujis{k cus jgrs gSaA okLro esa dfo us vkt osQ euq"; dh vkèkqfud thou
'kSyh ij O;aX; fd;k gSA
bl dfork dh Hkk"kk esa thou dh foMacuk fNih gqbZ gSA izÑfr ls varjaxrk dks O;Dr
djus osQ fy, dfo us ns'kt (rn~Hko) 'kCnksa vkSj fØ;kvksa dk Hkjiwj iz;ksx fd;k gSA v'kksd]
enu eghuk] iapeh] uanu&ou] tSls ijaijk esa jps&cls thoukuqHkoksa dh Hkk"kk us bl dfork
dks vkèkqfudrk osQ lkeus ,d pqukSrh dh rjg [kM+k dj fn;k gSA dfork esa ¯ccksa vkSj izrhdksa
dk Hkh lqanj iz;ksx gqvk gSA
rksM+ks mn~cks/uijd dfork gSA blesa dfo l`tu gsrq Hkwfe dks rS;kj djus osQ fy,
p^kusa] Ålj vkSj catj dks rksM+us dk vkàku djrk gSA ijrh dks [ksr esa cnyuk l`tu dh
vkjafHkd ijarq vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ izfØ;k gSA ;gk¡ dfo foèoal osQ fy, ugha mdlkrk oju
l`tu osQ fy, izsfjr djrk gSA dfork dk Åijh <k¡pk ljy izrhr gksrk gS] ijarq izÑfr ls
eu dh rqyuk djrs gq, dfo us bldks u;k vk;ke ns fn;k gSA ;g catj izÑfr esa gS rks
ekuo&eu esa Hkh gSA dfo eu esa O;kIr Åc rFkk [kht dks Hkh rksM+us dh ckr djrk gS
vFkkZr mls Hkh moZj cukus dh ckr djrk gSA eu osQ Hkhrj dh Åc l`tu esa ckèkd
gS dfo l`tu dk vkdka{kh gS blfy, mldks Hkh nwj djus dh ckr djrk gSA
blfy, dfo eu osQ ckjs esa iz'u mBkdj vkxs c<+ tkrk gSA blls dfork dk vFkZ
foLrkj gksrk gSA
2024-25
j?kqohj lgk;@29
olar vk;k
tSls cgu ^nk* dgrh gS
,sls fdlh c¡xys osQ fdlh rjQ(v'kksd\) ij dksbZ fpfM+;k oqQmQdh
pyrh lM+d osQ fdukjs yky ctjh ij pqjeqjk, ik¡o rys
m¡Qps rjQoj ls fxjs
cM+s&cM+s fi;jk, iÙks
dksbZ Ng cts lqcg tSls xje ikuh ls ugkbZ gks&
f[kyh gqbZ gok vkbZ] fiQjdh&lh vkbZ] pyh xbZA
,sls] iqQVikFk ij pyrs pyrs pyrsA
dy eSaus tkuk fd olar vk;kA
vkSj ;g oSQysaMj ls ekywe Fkk
veqd fnu veqd ckj enueghus dh gksosxh iapeh
nÝ
+
rj esa Nq^h Fkhµ;g Fkk izek.k
vkSj dfork,¡ i<+rs jgus ls ;g irk Fkk
fd ngj&ngj ngosaQxs dgha <kd osQ taxy
vke ckSj vkosaxs
jax&jl&xaèk ls yns&i¡Qns nwj osQ fons'k osQ
os uanu&ou gksosaxs ;'kLoh
eèkqeLr fid HkkSaj vkfn viuk&viuk ÑfrRo
vH;kl djosQ fn[kkosaxs
;gh ugha tkuk Fkk fd vkt osQ ux.; fnu tkuw¡xk
tSls eSaus tkuk] fd olar vk;kA
2024-25
30@varjk
rksM+ks
rksM+ks rksM+ks rksM+ks
;s iRFkj ;s p^kuas
;s >wBs caèku VwVsa
rks èkjrh dks ge tkusa
lqurs gSa fe^h esa jl gS ftlls mxrh nwc gS
vius eu osQ eSnkuksa ij O;kih oSQlh Åc gS
vkèks vkèks xkus
rksM+ks rksM+ks rksM+ks
;s Ålj catj rksM+ks
;s pjrh ijrh rksM+ks
lc [ksr cukdj NksM+ks
fe^h esa jl gksxk gh tc og ikslsxh cht dks
ge bldks D;k dj Mkysa bl vius eu dh [kht dks\
xksM+ks xksM+ks xksM+ks
iz'u&vH;kl
oalr vk;k
1- oalr vkxeu dh lwpuk dfo dks oSQls feyh\
2- ^dksbZ Ng cts lqcg--- fiQjdh lh vkbZ] pyh xbZ*µiafDr esa fufgr Hkko Li"V dhft,A
2024-25
Page 5


j?kqohj lgk;@27
j?kqohj lgk;
(lu~ 1929&1990)
j?kqohj lgk; dk tUe y[kumQ (mÙkj izns'k) esa gqvk FkkA
mudh laiw.kZ f'k{kk y[kumQ esa gh gqbZA ogha ls mUgksaus 1951
esa vaxzs”kh lkfgR; esa ,e-, fd;kA j?kqohj lgk; is'ks ls
i=kdkj FksA vkjaHk esa mUgksaus izrhd esa lgk;d laiknd osQ
:i esa dke fd;kA fiQj os vkdk'kok.kh osQ lekpkj foHkkx esa jgsA oqQN le; rd os gSnjkckn
ls izdkf'kr gksus okyh if=kdk dYiuk osQ laiknu ls Hkh tqM+s jgs vkSj dbZ o"kks± rd mUgksaus fnueku
dk laiknu fd;kA
j?kqohj lgk; u;h dfork osQ dfo gSaA mudh oqQN dfork,¡ vKs; }kjk laikfnr nwljk lIrd
esa ladfyr gSaA dfork osQ vykok mUgksaus jpukRed vkSj foospukRed x| Hkh fy[kk gSA muosQ
dkO;&lalkj esa vkReijd vuqHkoksa dh txg tuthou osQ vuqHkoksa dh jpukRed vfHkO;fDr
vfèkd gSA os O;kid lkekftd lanHkks± osQ fujh{k.k] vuqHko vkSj cksèk dks dfork esa O;Dr djrs gSaA
j?kqohj lgk; us dkO;&jpuk esa viuh i=kdkj&n`f"V dk ltZukRed mi;ksx fd;k gSA os ekurs
gSa fd v[kckj dh [kcj osQ Hkhrj nch vkSj fNih gqbZ ,slh vusd [kcjsa gksrh gSa] ftuesa ekuoh;
ihM+k fNih jg tkrh gSA ml fNih gqbZ ekuoh; ihM+k dh vfHkO;fDr djuk dfork dk nkf;Ro gSA
bl dkO;&n`f"V osQ vuq:i ghs mUgksaus viuh u;h dkO;&Hkk"kk dk fodkl fd;k gSA os
vuko';d 'kCnksa osQ iz;ksx ls iz;kliwoZd cprs gSaA Hk;kozQkar vuqHko dh vkosxjfgr vfHkO;fDr
mudh dfork dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk gSA j?kqohj lgk; us eqDr Nan osQ lkFk&lkFk Nan esa Hkh
dkO;&jpuk dh gSA thoukuqHkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr osQ fy, os dfork dh lajpuk esa dFkk ;k o`Ùkkar
dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
mudh izeq[k dkO;&Ñfr;k¡ gSaµlhf<+;ksa ij èkwi esa] vkRegR;k osQ fo#¼] g¡lks g¡lks tYnh
g¡lks vkSj yksx Hkwy x, gSaA Ng [kaMksa esa j?kqohj lgk; jpukoyh izdkf'kr gqbZ gS] ftlesa mudh
yxHkx lHkh jpuk,¡ lax`ghr gSaA yksx Hkwy x, gSa dkO; laxzg ij mUgsa lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj
feyk FkkA
2024-25
28@varjk
olar vk;k dfork dgrh gS fd vkt euq"; dk izo`Qfr ls fj'rk VwV x;k gSA olar ½rq
dk vkuk vc vuqHko djus osQ ctk; oSQysaMj ls tkuk tkrk gSA ½rqvksa esa ifjorZu igys
dh rjg gh LoHkkor% ?kfVr gksrs jgrs gSaA iÙks >M+rs gSa] dksiysa iwQVrh gSa] gok cgrh gS]
<kd osQ taxy ngdrs gSa] dksey Hkzej viuh eLrh esa >wers gSa] ij gekjh fuxkg muij
ugha tkrhA ge fujis{k cus jgrs gSaA okLro esa dfo us vkt osQ euq"; dh vkèkqfud thou
'kSyh ij O;aX; fd;k gSA
bl dfork dh Hkk"kk esa thou dh foMacuk fNih gqbZ gSA izÑfr ls varjaxrk dks O;Dr
djus osQ fy, dfo us ns'kt (rn~Hko) 'kCnksa vkSj fØ;kvksa dk Hkjiwj iz;ksx fd;k gSA v'kksd]
enu eghuk] iapeh] uanu&ou] tSls ijaijk esa jps&cls thoukuqHkoksa dh Hkk"kk us bl dfork
dks vkèkqfudrk osQ lkeus ,d pqukSrh dh rjg [kM+k dj fn;k gSA dfork esa ¯ccksa vkSj izrhdksa
dk Hkh lqanj iz;ksx gqvk gSA
rksM+ks mn~cks/uijd dfork gSA blesa dfo l`tu gsrq Hkwfe dks rS;kj djus osQ fy,
p^kusa] Ålj vkSj catj dks rksM+us dk vkàku djrk gSA ijrh dks [ksr esa cnyuk l`tu dh
vkjafHkd ijarq vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ izfØ;k gSA ;gk¡ dfo foèoal osQ fy, ugha mdlkrk oju
l`tu osQ fy, izsfjr djrk gSA dfork dk Åijh <k¡pk ljy izrhr gksrk gS] ijarq izÑfr ls
eu dh rqyuk djrs gq, dfo us bldks u;k vk;ke ns fn;k gSA ;g catj izÑfr esa gS rks
ekuo&eu esa Hkh gSA dfo eu esa O;kIr Åc rFkk [kht dks Hkh rksM+us dh ckr djrk gS
vFkkZr mls Hkh moZj cukus dh ckr djrk gSA eu osQ Hkhrj dh Åc l`tu esa ckèkd
gS dfo l`tu dk vkdka{kh gS blfy, mldks Hkh nwj djus dh ckr djrk gSA
blfy, dfo eu osQ ckjs esa iz'u mBkdj vkxs c<+ tkrk gSA blls dfork dk vFkZ
foLrkj gksrk gSA
2024-25
j?kqohj lgk;@29
olar vk;k
tSls cgu ^nk* dgrh gS
,sls fdlh c¡xys osQ fdlh rjQ(v'kksd\) ij dksbZ fpfM+;k oqQmQdh
pyrh lM+d osQ fdukjs yky ctjh ij pqjeqjk, ik¡o rys
m¡Qps rjQoj ls fxjs
cM+s&cM+s fi;jk, iÙks
dksbZ Ng cts lqcg tSls xje ikuh ls ugkbZ gks&
f[kyh gqbZ gok vkbZ] fiQjdh&lh vkbZ] pyh xbZA
,sls] iqQVikFk ij pyrs pyrs pyrsA
dy eSaus tkuk fd olar vk;kA
vkSj ;g oSQysaMj ls ekywe Fkk
veqd fnu veqd ckj enueghus dh gksosxh iapeh
nÝ
+
rj esa Nq^h Fkhµ;g Fkk izek.k
vkSj dfork,¡ i<+rs jgus ls ;g irk Fkk
fd ngj&ngj ngosaQxs dgha <kd osQ taxy
vke ckSj vkosaxs
jax&jl&xaèk ls yns&i¡Qns nwj osQ fons'k osQ
os uanu&ou gksosaxs ;'kLoh
eèkqeLr fid HkkSaj vkfn viuk&viuk ÑfrRo
vH;kl djosQ fn[kkosaxs
;gh ugha tkuk Fkk fd vkt osQ ux.; fnu tkuw¡xk
tSls eSaus tkuk] fd olar vk;kA
2024-25
30@varjk
rksM+ks
rksM+ks rksM+ks rksM+ks
;s iRFkj ;s p^kuas
;s >wBs caèku VwVsa
rks èkjrh dks ge tkusa
lqurs gSa fe^h esa jl gS ftlls mxrh nwc gS
vius eu osQ eSnkuksa ij O;kih oSQlh Åc gS
vkèks vkèks xkus
rksM+ks rksM+ks rksM+ks
;s Ålj catj rksM+ks
;s pjrh ijrh rksM+ks
lc [ksr cukdj NksM+ks
fe^h esa jl gksxk gh tc og ikslsxh cht dks
ge bldks D;k dj Mkysa bl vius eu dh [kht dks\
xksM+ks xksM+ks xksM+ks
iz'u&vH;kl
oalr vk;k
1- oalr vkxeu dh lwpuk dfo dks oSQls feyh\
2- ^dksbZ Ng cts lqcg--- fiQjdh lh vkbZ] pyh xbZ*µiafDr esa fufgr Hkko Li"V dhft,A
2024-25
j?kqohj lgk;@31
3- vyadkj crkb,&
(d) cM+s&cM+s fi;jk, iÙks
([k) dksbZ Ng cts lqcg tSls xje ikuh ls ugkbZ gks
(x) f[kyh gqbZ gok vkbZ] fiQjdh&lh vkbZ] pyh xbZ
(?k) fd ngj&ngj ngosaQxs dgha <kd osQ taxy
4- fdu iafDr;ksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd vkt euq"; izÑfr osQ uSlfxZd lkSan;Z dh vuqHkwfr ls
oafpr gS\
5- ^izÑfr euq"; dh lgpjh gS* bl fo"k; ij fopkj O;Dr djrs gq, vkt osQ lanHkZ esa bl dFku
dh okLrfodrk ij izdk'k Mkfy,A
6- ^olar vk;k* dfork esa dfo dh ¯prk D;k gS\
rksM+ks
1- ^iRFkj* vkSj ^p^ku* 'kCn fdlosQ izrhd gSa\
2- Hkko&lkSan;Z Li"V dhft,&
fe^h esa jl gksxk gh tc og ikslsxh cht dks
ge bldks D;k dj Mkysa bl vius eu dh [kht dks\
xksM+ks xksM+ks xksM+ks
3- dfork dk vkjaHk ^rksM+ks rksM+ks rksM+ks* ls gqvk gS vkSj var ^xksM+ks xksM+ks xksM+ks* lsA fopkj dhft,
fd dfo us ,slk D;ksa fd;k\
4- ;s >wBs caèku VwVsa
rks èkjrh dks ge tkusa
;gk¡ ij >wBs caèkuksa vkSj èkjrh dks tkuus ls D;k vfHkizk; gSa\
5- ^vkèks&vkèks xkus* osQ ekè;e ls dfo D;k dguk pkgrk gS\
;ksX;rk&foLrkj
1- olar ½rq ij fdUgha nks dfo;ksa dh dfork,¡ [kksft, vkSj bl dfork ls mudk feyku dhft,\
2- Hkkjr esa ½rqvksa dk pØ crkb, vkSj muosQ y{k.k fyf[k,A
3- fe^h vkSj cht ls lacafèkr vkSj Hkh dfork,¡ gSa] tSls lqfe=kkuanu iar dh ^cht*A vU; dfo;ksa
dh ,slh dforkvksa dk ladyu dhft, vkSj fHkfÙk if=kdk esa mudk mi;ksx dhft,A
2024-25
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