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NCERT Textbook - निर्मल वर्मा | Hindi Class 12 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

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108@varjk
fueZy oekZ
(lu~ 1929&2005)
fueZy oekZ dk tUe f'keyk (fgekpy izns'k) esa gqvkA mUgksaus
fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; osQ lsaV LVhisaQl dkyst ls bfrgkl esa
,e-,- fd;k vkSj vè;kiu dk;Z djus yxsA psdksLyksokfd;k
osQ izkP;&fo|k laLFkku izkx osQ fuea=k.k ij lu~ 1959 esa ogk¡
x, vkSj psd miU;klksa rFkk dgkfu;ksa dk ¯gnh vuqokn fd;kA
fueZy oekZ dks ¯gnh osQ leku gh vaxzs”kh ij Hkh vfèkdkj izkIr FkkA mUgksaus VkbEl vkWI
+
kQ bafM;k
rFkk ¯gnqLrku VkbEl osQ fy, ;wjksi dh lkaLÑfrd ,oa jktuhfrd leL;kvksa ij vusd ys[k vkSj
fjiksrkZt fy[ks gSa tks muosQ fucaèk laxzgksa esa ladfyr gSaA lu~ 1970 esa os Hkkjr ykSV vk, vkSj Lora=k
ys[ku djus yxsA
fueZy oekZ dk eq[; ;ksxnku ¯gnh dFkk&lkfgR; osQ {ks=k esa gSA os u;h dgkuh vkanksyu osQ
egÙoiw.kZ gLrk{kj ekus tkrs gSaA ifjans] tyrh >kM+h] rhu ,dkar] fiNyh xjfe;ksa esa] dOos
vkSj dkyk ikuh] chp cgl esa] lw[kk rFkk vU; dgkfu;k¡ vkfn dgkuh&laxzg vkSj os fnu]
yky Vhu dh Nr] ,d fpFkM+k lq[k rFkk vafre vj.; miU;kl bl n`f"V ls mYys[kuh; gSaA
jkr dk fjiksVZj ftl ij lhfj;y rS;kj fd;k x;k gS] mudk miU;kl gSA gj ckfj'k esa] phM+ksa
ij pk¡nuh] èkqaèk ls mBrh èkqu esa muosQ ;k=kk&laLej.k ladfyr gSaA 'kCn vkSj Le`fr rFkk dyk
dk tksf[ke vkSj <yku ls mrjrs gq, muosQ fucaèk&laxzg gSa] ftuesa fofoèk fo"k;ksa dk foospu
feyrk gSA lu~ 1985 esa dOos vkSj dkyk ikuh ij mudks lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj feykA
blosQ vfrfjDr mUgsa dbZ vU; iqjLdkjksa ls Hkh lEekfur fd;k x;kA
fueZy oekZ dh Hkk"kk&'kSyh esa ,d ,slh vuks[kh dlkoV gS] tks fopkj&lw=k dh xgurk dks
fofoèk m¼j.kksa ls jkspd cukrh gqbZ fo"k; dk foLrkj djrh gSA 'kCnp;u esa tfVyrk u gksrs gq,
Hkh mudh okD;&jpuk esa feJ vkSj la;qDr okD;ksa dh izèkkurk gSA LFkku&LFkku ij mUgksaus mnwZ vkSj
vaxzs”kh osQ 'kCnksa dk LokHkkfod iz;ksx fd;k gS] ftlls mudh Hkk"kk&'kSyh esa vusd uohu iz;ksxksa
dh >yd feyrh gSA
2024-25
Page 2


108@varjk
fueZy oekZ
(lu~ 1929&2005)
fueZy oekZ dk tUe f'keyk (fgekpy izns'k) esa gqvkA mUgksaus
fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; osQ lsaV LVhisaQl dkyst ls bfrgkl esa
,e-,- fd;k vkSj vè;kiu dk;Z djus yxsA psdksLyksokfd;k
osQ izkP;&fo|k laLFkku izkx osQ fuea=k.k ij lu~ 1959 esa ogk¡
x, vkSj psd miU;klksa rFkk dgkfu;ksa dk ¯gnh vuqokn fd;kA
fueZy oekZ dks ¯gnh osQ leku gh vaxzs”kh ij Hkh vfèkdkj izkIr FkkA mUgksaus VkbEl vkWI
+
kQ bafM;k
rFkk ¯gnqLrku VkbEl osQ fy, ;wjksi dh lkaLÑfrd ,oa jktuhfrd leL;kvksa ij vusd ys[k vkSj
fjiksrkZt fy[ks gSa tks muosQ fucaèk laxzgksa esa ladfyr gSaA lu~ 1970 esa os Hkkjr ykSV vk, vkSj Lora=k
ys[ku djus yxsA
fueZy oekZ dk eq[; ;ksxnku ¯gnh dFkk&lkfgR; osQ {ks=k esa gSA os u;h dgkuh vkanksyu osQ
egÙoiw.kZ gLrk{kj ekus tkrs gSaA ifjans] tyrh >kM+h] rhu ,dkar] fiNyh xjfe;ksa esa] dOos
vkSj dkyk ikuh] chp cgl esa] lw[kk rFkk vU; dgkfu;k¡ vkfn dgkuh&laxzg vkSj os fnu]
yky Vhu dh Nr] ,d fpFkM+k lq[k rFkk vafre vj.; miU;kl bl n`f"V ls mYys[kuh; gSaA
jkr dk fjiksVZj ftl ij lhfj;y rS;kj fd;k x;k gS] mudk miU;kl gSA gj ckfj'k esa] phM+ksa
ij pk¡nuh] èkqaèk ls mBrh èkqu esa muosQ ;k=kk&laLej.k ladfyr gSaA 'kCn vkSj Le`fr rFkk dyk
dk tksf[ke vkSj <yku ls mrjrs gq, muosQ fucaèk&laxzg gSa] ftuesa fofoèk fo"k;ksa dk foospu
feyrk gSA lu~ 1985 esa dOos vkSj dkyk ikuh ij mudks lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj feykA
blosQ vfrfjDr mUgsa dbZ vU; iqjLdkjksa ls Hkh lEekfur fd;k x;kA
fueZy oekZ dh Hkk"kk&'kSyh esa ,d ,slh vuks[kh dlkoV gS] tks fopkj&lw=k dh xgurk dks
fofoèk m¼j.kksa ls jkspd cukrh gqbZ fo"k; dk foLrkj djrh gSA 'kCnp;u esa tfVyrk u gksrs gq,
Hkh mudh okD;&jpuk esa feJ vkSj la;qDr okD;ksa dh izèkkurk gSA LFkku&LFkku ij mUgksaus mnwZ vkSj
vaxzs”kh osQ 'kCnksa dk LokHkkfod iz;ksx fd;k gS] ftlls mudh Hkk"kk&'kSyh esa vusd uohu iz;ksxksa
dh >yd feyrh gSA
2024-25
fueZy oekZ@109
tgk¡ dksbZ okilh ugha ;k=kk&o`Ùkkar èkqaèk ls mBrh èkqu laxzg ls fy;k x;k gSA mlesa ys[kd
us i;kZoj.k&lacaèkh ljksdkjksa dks gh ugha] fodkl osQ uke ij i;kZoj.k&fouk'k ls mith
foLFkkiu lacaèkh euq"; dh ;kruk dks Hkh js[kkafdr fd;k gSA ys[kd dk ;g ekuuk gS fd
vaèkkèkqaèk fodkl vkSj i;kZoj.k lacaèkh lqj{kk osQ chp larqyu gksuk pkfg,] ugha rks fodkl
ges'kk foLFkkiu vkSj i;kZoj.k lacaèkh leL;kvksa dks tUe nsrk jgsxk vkSj euq"; vius lekt]
laLÑfr vkSj ifjos'k ls foLFkkfir gksdj thou thus osQ fy, foo'k gksrk jgsxkA
vkS|ksfxd fodkl osQ nkSj esa vkt izkÑfrd lkSan;Z fdl rjg u"V gksrk tk jgk gS] bldk
ekfeZd fp=k.k bl ikB esa fd;k x;k gSA ;g ikB foLFkkfirksa dh vusd leL;kvksa dk
ân;Li'khZ fp=k izLrqr djrk gSA bl lR; dks Hkh mn~?kkfVr djrk gS fd vkèkqfud
vkS|ksxhdj.k dh vk¡èkh esa flI
+
kZQ euq"; gh ugha m[kM+rk] cfYd mldk ifjos'k] laLÑfr vkSj
vkokl&LFky Hkh ges'kk osQ fy, u"V gks tkrs gSaA
2024-25
Page 3


108@varjk
fueZy oekZ
(lu~ 1929&2005)
fueZy oekZ dk tUe f'keyk (fgekpy izns'k) esa gqvkA mUgksaus
fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; osQ lsaV LVhisaQl dkyst ls bfrgkl esa
,e-,- fd;k vkSj vè;kiu dk;Z djus yxsA psdksLyksokfd;k
osQ izkP;&fo|k laLFkku izkx osQ fuea=k.k ij lu~ 1959 esa ogk¡
x, vkSj psd miU;klksa rFkk dgkfu;ksa dk ¯gnh vuqokn fd;kA
fueZy oekZ dks ¯gnh osQ leku gh vaxzs”kh ij Hkh vfèkdkj izkIr FkkA mUgksaus VkbEl vkWI
+
kQ bafM;k
rFkk ¯gnqLrku VkbEl osQ fy, ;wjksi dh lkaLÑfrd ,oa jktuhfrd leL;kvksa ij vusd ys[k vkSj
fjiksrkZt fy[ks gSa tks muosQ fucaèk laxzgksa esa ladfyr gSaA lu~ 1970 esa os Hkkjr ykSV vk, vkSj Lora=k
ys[ku djus yxsA
fueZy oekZ dk eq[; ;ksxnku ¯gnh dFkk&lkfgR; osQ {ks=k esa gSA os u;h dgkuh vkanksyu osQ
egÙoiw.kZ gLrk{kj ekus tkrs gSaA ifjans] tyrh >kM+h] rhu ,dkar] fiNyh xjfe;ksa esa] dOos
vkSj dkyk ikuh] chp cgl esa] lw[kk rFkk vU; dgkfu;k¡ vkfn dgkuh&laxzg vkSj os fnu]
yky Vhu dh Nr] ,d fpFkM+k lq[k rFkk vafre vj.; miU;kl bl n`f"V ls mYys[kuh; gSaA
jkr dk fjiksVZj ftl ij lhfj;y rS;kj fd;k x;k gS] mudk miU;kl gSA gj ckfj'k esa] phM+ksa
ij pk¡nuh] èkqaèk ls mBrh èkqu esa muosQ ;k=kk&laLej.k ladfyr gSaA 'kCn vkSj Le`fr rFkk dyk
dk tksf[ke vkSj <yku ls mrjrs gq, muosQ fucaèk&laxzg gSa] ftuesa fofoèk fo"k;ksa dk foospu
feyrk gSA lu~ 1985 esa dOos vkSj dkyk ikuh ij mudks lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj feykA
blosQ vfrfjDr mUgsa dbZ vU; iqjLdkjksa ls Hkh lEekfur fd;k x;kA
fueZy oekZ dh Hkk"kk&'kSyh esa ,d ,slh vuks[kh dlkoV gS] tks fopkj&lw=k dh xgurk dks
fofoèk m¼j.kksa ls jkspd cukrh gqbZ fo"k; dk foLrkj djrh gSA 'kCnp;u esa tfVyrk u gksrs gq,
Hkh mudh okD;&jpuk esa feJ vkSj la;qDr okD;ksa dh izèkkurk gSA LFkku&LFkku ij mUgksaus mnwZ vkSj
vaxzs”kh osQ 'kCnksa dk LokHkkfod iz;ksx fd;k gS] ftlls mudh Hkk"kk&'kSyh esa vusd uohu iz;ksxksa
dh >yd feyrh gSA
2024-25
fueZy oekZ@109
tgk¡ dksbZ okilh ugha ;k=kk&o`Ùkkar èkqaèk ls mBrh èkqu laxzg ls fy;k x;k gSA mlesa ys[kd
us i;kZoj.k&lacaèkh ljksdkjksa dks gh ugha] fodkl osQ uke ij i;kZoj.k&fouk'k ls mith
foLFkkiu lacaèkh euq"; dh ;kruk dks Hkh js[kkafdr fd;k gSA ys[kd dk ;g ekuuk gS fd
vaèkkèkqaèk fodkl vkSj i;kZoj.k lacaèkh lqj{kk osQ chp larqyu gksuk pkfg,] ugha rks fodkl
ges'kk foLFkkiu vkSj i;kZoj.k lacaèkh leL;kvksa dks tUe nsrk jgsxk vkSj euq"; vius lekt]
laLÑfr vkSj ifjos'k ls foLFkkfir gksdj thou thus osQ fy, foo'k gksrk jgsxkA
vkS|ksfxd fodkl osQ nkSj esa vkt izkÑfrd lkSan;Z fdl rjg u"V gksrk tk jgk gS] bldk
ekfeZd fp=k.k bl ikB esa fd;k x;k gSA ;g ikB foLFkkfirksa dh vusd leL;kvksa dk
ân;Li'khZ fp=k izLrqr djrk gSA bl lR; dks Hkh mn~?kkfVr djrk gS fd vkèkqfud
vkS|ksxhdj.k dh vk¡èkh esa flI
+
kZQ euq"; gh ugha m[kM+rk] cfYd mldk ifjos'k] laLÑfr vkSj
vkokl&LFky Hkh ges'kk osQ fy, u"V gks tkrs gSaA
2024-25
110@varjk
tgk¡ dksbZ okilh ugha
¯lxjkSyhµ1983
og /ku jksikbZ dk eghuk FkkµtqykbZ dk varµtc ckfj'k osQ ckn [skrksa esa ikuh tek gks tkrk gSA
ge ml nqigj ¯lxjkSyh osQ ,d {ks=kµuokxk¡o x, FksA bl {ks=k dh vkcknh ipkl g”kkj ls mQij
gS] tgk¡ yxHkx vBkjg NksVs&NksVs xk¡o cls gSaA bUghsa xk¡oksa esa ,d dk uke gSµve>jµvke osQ
isM+ksa ls f?kjk xk¡oµtgk¡ vke >jrs gSaA ¯drq fiNys nks&rhu o"kks± ls isM+ksa ij lwukiu gS] u dksbZ iQy
idrk gS] u oqQN uhps >jrk gSA dkj.k iwNus ij irk pyk fd tc ls ljdkjh ?kks"k.kk gqbZ gS fd
vejkSyh izkstsDV osQ varxZr uokxk¡o osQ vusd xk¡o mtkM+ fn, tk,¡xs] rc ls u tkus oSQls] vke
osQ isM+ lw[kus yxsA vkneh mtM+sxk] rks isM+ thfor jgdj D;k djsaxs\
2024-25
Page 4


108@varjk
fueZy oekZ
(lu~ 1929&2005)
fueZy oekZ dk tUe f'keyk (fgekpy izns'k) esa gqvkA mUgksaus
fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; osQ lsaV LVhisaQl dkyst ls bfrgkl esa
,e-,- fd;k vkSj vè;kiu dk;Z djus yxsA psdksLyksokfd;k
osQ izkP;&fo|k laLFkku izkx osQ fuea=k.k ij lu~ 1959 esa ogk¡
x, vkSj psd miU;klksa rFkk dgkfu;ksa dk ¯gnh vuqokn fd;kA
fueZy oekZ dks ¯gnh osQ leku gh vaxzs”kh ij Hkh vfèkdkj izkIr FkkA mUgksaus VkbEl vkWI
+
kQ bafM;k
rFkk ¯gnqLrku VkbEl osQ fy, ;wjksi dh lkaLÑfrd ,oa jktuhfrd leL;kvksa ij vusd ys[k vkSj
fjiksrkZt fy[ks gSa tks muosQ fucaèk laxzgksa esa ladfyr gSaA lu~ 1970 esa os Hkkjr ykSV vk, vkSj Lora=k
ys[ku djus yxsA
fueZy oekZ dk eq[; ;ksxnku ¯gnh dFkk&lkfgR; osQ {ks=k esa gSA os u;h dgkuh vkanksyu osQ
egÙoiw.kZ gLrk{kj ekus tkrs gSaA ifjans] tyrh >kM+h] rhu ,dkar] fiNyh xjfe;ksa esa] dOos
vkSj dkyk ikuh] chp cgl esa] lw[kk rFkk vU; dgkfu;k¡ vkfn dgkuh&laxzg vkSj os fnu]
yky Vhu dh Nr] ,d fpFkM+k lq[k rFkk vafre vj.; miU;kl bl n`f"V ls mYys[kuh; gSaA
jkr dk fjiksVZj ftl ij lhfj;y rS;kj fd;k x;k gS] mudk miU;kl gSA gj ckfj'k esa] phM+ksa
ij pk¡nuh] èkqaèk ls mBrh èkqu esa muosQ ;k=kk&laLej.k ladfyr gSaA 'kCn vkSj Le`fr rFkk dyk
dk tksf[ke vkSj <yku ls mrjrs gq, muosQ fucaèk&laxzg gSa] ftuesa fofoèk fo"k;ksa dk foospu
feyrk gSA lu~ 1985 esa dOos vkSj dkyk ikuh ij mudks lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj feykA
blosQ vfrfjDr mUgsa dbZ vU; iqjLdkjksa ls Hkh lEekfur fd;k x;kA
fueZy oekZ dh Hkk"kk&'kSyh esa ,d ,slh vuks[kh dlkoV gS] tks fopkj&lw=k dh xgurk dks
fofoèk m¼j.kksa ls jkspd cukrh gqbZ fo"k; dk foLrkj djrh gSA 'kCnp;u esa tfVyrk u gksrs gq,
Hkh mudh okD;&jpuk esa feJ vkSj la;qDr okD;ksa dh izèkkurk gSA LFkku&LFkku ij mUgksaus mnwZ vkSj
vaxzs”kh osQ 'kCnksa dk LokHkkfod iz;ksx fd;k gS] ftlls mudh Hkk"kk&'kSyh esa vusd uohu iz;ksxksa
dh >yd feyrh gSA
2024-25
fueZy oekZ@109
tgk¡ dksbZ okilh ugha ;k=kk&o`Ùkkar èkqaèk ls mBrh èkqu laxzg ls fy;k x;k gSA mlesa ys[kd
us i;kZoj.k&lacaèkh ljksdkjksa dks gh ugha] fodkl osQ uke ij i;kZoj.k&fouk'k ls mith
foLFkkiu lacaèkh euq"; dh ;kruk dks Hkh js[kkafdr fd;k gSA ys[kd dk ;g ekuuk gS fd
vaèkkèkqaèk fodkl vkSj i;kZoj.k lacaèkh lqj{kk osQ chp larqyu gksuk pkfg,] ugha rks fodkl
ges'kk foLFkkiu vkSj i;kZoj.k lacaèkh leL;kvksa dks tUe nsrk jgsxk vkSj euq"; vius lekt]
laLÑfr vkSj ifjos'k ls foLFkkfir gksdj thou thus osQ fy, foo'k gksrk jgsxkA
vkS|ksfxd fodkl osQ nkSj esa vkt izkÑfrd lkSan;Z fdl rjg u"V gksrk tk jgk gS] bldk
ekfeZd fp=k.k bl ikB esa fd;k x;k gSA ;g ikB foLFkkfirksa dh vusd leL;kvksa dk
ân;Li'khZ fp=k izLrqr djrk gSA bl lR; dks Hkh mn~?kkfVr djrk gS fd vkèkqfud
vkS|ksxhdj.k dh vk¡èkh esa flI
+
kZQ euq"; gh ugha m[kM+rk] cfYd mldk ifjos'k] laLÑfr vkSj
vkokl&LFky Hkh ges'kk osQ fy, u"V gks tkrs gSaA
2024-25
110@varjk
tgk¡ dksbZ okilh ugha
¯lxjkSyhµ1983
og /ku jksikbZ dk eghuk FkkµtqykbZ dk varµtc ckfj'k osQ ckn [skrksa esa ikuh tek gks tkrk gSA
ge ml nqigj ¯lxjkSyh osQ ,d {ks=kµuokxk¡o x, FksA bl {ks=k dh vkcknh ipkl g”kkj ls mQij
gS] tgk¡ yxHkx vBkjg NksVs&NksVs xk¡o cls gSaA bUghsa xk¡oksa esa ,d dk uke gSµve>jµvke osQ
isM+ksa ls f?kjk xk¡oµtgk¡ vke >jrs gSaA ¯drq fiNys nks&rhu o"kks± ls isM+ksa ij lwukiu gS] u dksbZ iQy
idrk gS] u oqQN uhps >jrk gSA dkj.k iwNus ij irk pyk fd tc ls ljdkjh ?kks"k.kk gqbZ gS fd
vejkSyh izkstsDV osQ varxZr uokxk¡o osQ vusd xk¡o mtkM+ fn, tk,¡xs] rc ls u tkus oSQls] vke
osQ isM+ lw[kus yxsA vkneh mtM+sxk] rks isM+ thfor jgdj D;k djsaxs\
2024-25
fueZy oekZ@111
fVgjh x<+oky esa isM+ksa dks cpkus osQ fy, vkneh osQ la?k"kZ dh dgkfu;k¡ lquh Fkha] ¯drq euq";
osQ foLFkkiu osQ fojks/ esa isM+ Hkh ,d lkFk feydj ewd lR;kxzg dj ldrs gSa] bldk fofp=k
vuqHko flI
+
kZQ ¯lxjkSyh esa gqvkA
esjs fy, ,d nwljh n`f"V ls Hkh ;g vuwBk vuqHko FkkA yksx vius xk¡oksa ls foLFkkfir gksdj
oSQlh vukFk] mUewfyr ¯”knxh fcrkrs gSa] ;g eSaus ¯gnqLrkuh 'kgjksa osQ chp clh e”knwjksa dh xanh] ne
?kqVrh] Hk;kog cfLr;ksa vkSj LyEl esa dbZ ckj ns[kk Fkk] ¯drq foLFkkiu ls iwoZ os oSQls ifjos'k esa
jgrs gkasxs] fdl rjg dh ¯”knxh fcrkrs gksaxs] bldk n`'; vius LoPN] ifo=k [kqysiu esa igyh ckj
ve>j xk¡o esa ns[kus dks feykA isM+ksa osQ ?kus >qjeqV] lkI
+
kQ&lqFkjs [kIij yxs fe^h osQ >ksaiM+s vkSj
ikuhA pkjksa rjI
+
kQ ikuhA vxj eksVj&jksM dh Hkkxrh cl dh f[kM+dh ls ns[kks] rks yxsxk tSls lewph
”kehu ,d >hy gS] ,d varghu ljksoj] ftlesa isM+] >ksaiM+s] vkneh] <ksj&Mk¡xj vk/s ikuh esa] vkèks
mQij frjrs fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa] ekuks fdlh ck<+ esa lc oqQN Mwc x;k gks] ikuh esa /¡l x;k gksA
¯drq ;g Hkze gS--- ;g ck<+ ugha] ikuh esa Mwcs /ku osQ [ksr gSaA vxj ge FkksM+h lh fgEer
cVksjdj xk¡o osQ Hkhrj pysa] rc os vkSjrsa fn[kkbZ nsaxh tks ,d ik¡r esa >qdh gqbZ /ku osQ ikSèkss
Ni&Ni ikuh esa jksi jgh gSa_ lqanj] lqMkSy] /wi esa pepekrh dkyh Vk¡xsa vkSj fljksa ij pVkbZ osQ
2024-25
Page 5


108@varjk
fueZy oekZ
(lu~ 1929&2005)
fueZy oekZ dk tUe f'keyk (fgekpy izns'k) esa gqvkA mUgksaus
fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; osQ lsaV LVhisaQl dkyst ls bfrgkl esa
,e-,- fd;k vkSj vè;kiu dk;Z djus yxsA psdksLyksokfd;k
osQ izkP;&fo|k laLFkku izkx osQ fuea=k.k ij lu~ 1959 esa ogk¡
x, vkSj psd miU;klksa rFkk dgkfu;ksa dk ¯gnh vuqokn fd;kA
fueZy oekZ dks ¯gnh osQ leku gh vaxzs”kh ij Hkh vfèkdkj izkIr FkkA mUgksaus VkbEl vkWI
+
kQ bafM;k
rFkk ¯gnqLrku VkbEl osQ fy, ;wjksi dh lkaLÑfrd ,oa jktuhfrd leL;kvksa ij vusd ys[k vkSj
fjiksrkZt fy[ks gSa tks muosQ fucaèk laxzgksa esa ladfyr gSaA lu~ 1970 esa os Hkkjr ykSV vk, vkSj Lora=k
ys[ku djus yxsA
fueZy oekZ dk eq[; ;ksxnku ¯gnh dFkk&lkfgR; osQ {ks=k esa gSA os u;h dgkuh vkanksyu osQ
egÙoiw.kZ gLrk{kj ekus tkrs gSaA ifjans] tyrh >kM+h] rhu ,dkar] fiNyh xjfe;ksa esa] dOos
vkSj dkyk ikuh] chp cgl esa] lw[kk rFkk vU; dgkfu;k¡ vkfn dgkuh&laxzg vkSj os fnu]
yky Vhu dh Nr] ,d fpFkM+k lq[k rFkk vafre vj.; miU;kl bl n`f"V ls mYys[kuh; gSaA
jkr dk fjiksVZj ftl ij lhfj;y rS;kj fd;k x;k gS] mudk miU;kl gSA gj ckfj'k esa] phM+ksa
ij pk¡nuh] èkqaèk ls mBrh èkqu esa muosQ ;k=kk&laLej.k ladfyr gSaA 'kCn vkSj Le`fr rFkk dyk
dk tksf[ke vkSj <yku ls mrjrs gq, muosQ fucaèk&laxzg gSa] ftuesa fofoèk fo"k;ksa dk foospu
feyrk gSA lu~ 1985 esa dOos vkSj dkyk ikuh ij mudks lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj feykA
blosQ vfrfjDr mUgsa dbZ vU; iqjLdkjksa ls Hkh lEekfur fd;k x;kA
fueZy oekZ dh Hkk"kk&'kSyh esa ,d ,slh vuks[kh dlkoV gS] tks fopkj&lw=k dh xgurk dks
fofoèk m¼j.kksa ls jkspd cukrh gqbZ fo"k; dk foLrkj djrh gSA 'kCnp;u esa tfVyrk u gksrs gq,
Hkh mudh okD;&jpuk esa feJ vkSj la;qDr okD;ksa dh izèkkurk gSA LFkku&LFkku ij mUgksaus mnwZ vkSj
vaxzs”kh osQ 'kCnksa dk LokHkkfod iz;ksx fd;k gS] ftlls mudh Hkk"kk&'kSyh esa vusd uohu iz;ksxksa
dh >yd feyrh gSA
2024-25
fueZy oekZ@109
tgk¡ dksbZ okilh ugha ;k=kk&o`Ùkkar èkqaèk ls mBrh èkqu laxzg ls fy;k x;k gSA mlesa ys[kd
us i;kZoj.k&lacaèkh ljksdkjksa dks gh ugha] fodkl osQ uke ij i;kZoj.k&fouk'k ls mith
foLFkkiu lacaèkh euq"; dh ;kruk dks Hkh js[kkafdr fd;k gSA ys[kd dk ;g ekuuk gS fd
vaèkkèkqaèk fodkl vkSj i;kZoj.k lacaèkh lqj{kk osQ chp larqyu gksuk pkfg,] ugha rks fodkl
ges'kk foLFkkiu vkSj i;kZoj.k lacaèkh leL;kvksa dks tUe nsrk jgsxk vkSj euq"; vius lekt]
laLÑfr vkSj ifjos'k ls foLFkkfir gksdj thou thus osQ fy, foo'k gksrk jgsxkA
vkS|ksfxd fodkl osQ nkSj esa vkt izkÑfrd lkSan;Z fdl rjg u"V gksrk tk jgk gS] bldk
ekfeZd fp=k.k bl ikB esa fd;k x;k gSA ;g ikB foLFkkfirksa dh vusd leL;kvksa dk
ân;Li'khZ fp=k izLrqr djrk gSA bl lR; dks Hkh mn~?kkfVr djrk gS fd vkèkqfud
vkS|ksxhdj.k dh vk¡èkh esa flI
+
kZQ euq"; gh ugha m[kM+rk] cfYd mldk ifjos'k] laLÑfr vkSj
vkokl&LFky Hkh ges'kk osQ fy, u"V gks tkrs gSaA
2024-25
110@varjk
tgk¡ dksbZ okilh ugha
¯lxjkSyhµ1983
og /ku jksikbZ dk eghuk FkkµtqykbZ dk varµtc ckfj'k osQ ckn [skrksa esa ikuh tek gks tkrk gSA
ge ml nqigj ¯lxjkSyh osQ ,d {ks=kµuokxk¡o x, FksA bl {ks=k dh vkcknh ipkl g”kkj ls mQij
gS] tgk¡ yxHkx vBkjg NksVs&NksVs xk¡o cls gSaA bUghsa xk¡oksa esa ,d dk uke gSµve>jµvke osQ
isM+ksa ls f?kjk xk¡oµtgk¡ vke >jrs gSaA ¯drq fiNys nks&rhu o"kks± ls isM+ksa ij lwukiu gS] u dksbZ iQy
idrk gS] u oqQN uhps >jrk gSA dkj.k iwNus ij irk pyk fd tc ls ljdkjh ?kks"k.kk gqbZ gS fd
vejkSyh izkstsDV osQ varxZr uokxk¡o osQ vusd xk¡o mtkM+ fn, tk,¡xs] rc ls u tkus oSQls] vke
osQ isM+ lw[kus yxsA vkneh mtM+sxk] rks isM+ thfor jgdj D;k djsaxs\
2024-25
fueZy oekZ@111
fVgjh x<+oky esa isM+ksa dks cpkus osQ fy, vkneh osQ la?k"kZ dh dgkfu;k¡ lquh Fkha] ¯drq euq";
osQ foLFkkiu osQ fojks/ esa isM+ Hkh ,d lkFk feydj ewd lR;kxzg dj ldrs gSa] bldk fofp=k
vuqHko flI
+
kZQ ¯lxjkSyh esa gqvkA
esjs fy, ,d nwljh n`f"V ls Hkh ;g vuwBk vuqHko FkkA yksx vius xk¡oksa ls foLFkkfir gksdj
oSQlh vukFk] mUewfyr ¯”knxh fcrkrs gSa] ;g eSaus ¯gnqLrkuh 'kgjksa osQ chp clh e”knwjksa dh xanh] ne
?kqVrh] Hk;kog cfLr;ksa vkSj LyEl esa dbZ ckj ns[kk Fkk] ¯drq foLFkkiu ls iwoZ os oSQls ifjos'k esa
jgrs gkasxs] fdl rjg dh ¯”knxh fcrkrs gksaxs] bldk n`'; vius LoPN] ifo=k [kqysiu esa igyh ckj
ve>j xk¡o esa ns[kus dks feykA isM+ksa osQ ?kus >qjeqV] lkI
+
kQ&lqFkjs [kIij yxs fe^h osQ >ksaiM+s vkSj
ikuhA pkjksa rjI
+
kQ ikuhA vxj eksVj&jksM dh Hkkxrh cl dh f[kM+dh ls ns[kks] rks yxsxk tSls lewph
”kehu ,d >hy gS] ,d varghu ljksoj] ftlesa isM+] >ksaiM+s] vkneh] <ksj&Mk¡xj vk/s ikuh esa] vkèks
mQij frjrs fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa] ekuks fdlh ck<+ esa lc oqQN Mwc x;k gks] ikuh esa /¡l x;k gksA
¯drq ;g Hkze gS--- ;g ck<+ ugha] ikuh esa Mwcs /ku osQ [ksr gSaA vxj ge FkksM+h lh fgEer
cVksjdj xk¡o osQ Hkhrj pysa] rc os vkSjrsa fn[kkbZ nsaxh tks ,d ik¡r esa >qdh gqbZ /ku osQ ikSèkss
Ni&Ni ikuh esa jksi jgh gSa_ lqanj] lqMkSy] /wi esa pepekrh dkyh Vk¡xsa vkSj fljksa ij pVkbZ osQ
2024-25
112@varjk
fd'rhuqek gSV] tks I
+
kQksVks ;k fI
+
kQYeksa esa ns[ks gq, fo;rukeh ;k phuh vkSjrksa dh ;kn fnykrs gSaA
”kjk&lh vkgV ikrs gh os ,d lkFk flj mBkdj pkaSdh gqbZ fuxkgksa ls gesa ns[krh gSaµfcyoqQy
mu ;qok fgjf.k;kssa dh rjg] ftUgsa eSaus ,d ckj dkUgk osQ oU;LFky esa ns[kk FkkA ¯drq os Mjrha
ugha] Hkkxrha ugha] flI
+
kZQ foLe; ls eqloqQjkrh gSa vkSj fiQj flj >qdkdj vius dke esa Mwc tkrh
gSa--- ;g lewpk n`'; bruk lkI
+
kQ vkSj ltho gSµviuh LoPN ekalyrk esa bruk laiw.kZ vkSj
'kk'orµfd ,d {k.k osQ fy, fo'okl ugha gksrk fd vkus okys o"kks± esa lc oqQN efV;kesV gks
tk,xkµ>ksaiM+s] [ksr] <ksj] vke osQ isM+µlc ,d xanh] ^vk/qfud* vkS|ksfxd dkWyksuh dh b±Vksa osQ
uhps nc tk,xkµvkSj ;s g¡lrh&eqloqQjkrh vkSjrsa] Hkksiky] tcyiqj ;k cS<+u dh lM+dksa ij iRFkj
owQVrh fn[kkbZ nsaxhA 'kk;n oqQN o"kks± rd mudh Le`fr esa vius xk¡o dh rlohj ,d LoIu dh
rjg èkq¡èkykrh jgsxh] ¯drq /wy esa yksVrs muosQ cPpksa dks rks dHkh ekywe Hkh ugha gksxk fd cgqr
igys muosQ iqj[kksa dk xk¡o Fkkµtgk¡ vke >jk djrs FksA
;s yksx vk/qfud Hkkjr osQ u, ^'kj.kkFkhZ* gSa] ftUgsa vkS|ksxhdj.k osQ >a>kokr us viuh
?kj&”kehu ls m[kkM+dj ges'kk osQ fy, fuokZflr dj fn;k gSA izo`Qfr vkSj bfrgkl osQ chp ;g
xgjk varj gSA ck<+ ;k HkwoaQi osQ dkj.k yksx viuk ?kjckj NksM+dj oqQN vjls osQ fy, ”k:j
ckgj pys tkrs gSa] ¯drq vkiQr Vyrs gh os nksckjk vius tkus&igpkus ifjos'k esa ykSV Hkh vkrs
gSaA ¯drq fodkl vkSj izxfr osQ uke ij tc bfrgkl yksxksa dks mUewfyr djrk gS] rks os fiQj dHkh
vius ?kj okil ugha ykSV ldrsA vk/qfud vkS|ksxhdj.k dh vk¡/h esa flI
+
kZQ euq"; gh ugha
m[kM+rk] cfYd mldk ifjos'k vkSj vkokl LFky Hkh ges'kk osQ fy, u"V gks tkrs gSaA
,d Hkjs&iwjs xzkeh.k vapy dks fdruh ukle>h vkSj fueZerk ls mtkM+k tk ldrk gS]
¯lxjkSyh bldk Toyar mnkgj.k gSA vxj ;g bykdk mtkM+ jsfxLrku gksrk rks 'kk;n bruk {kksHk
ugha gksrk_ ¯drq ¯lxjkSyh dh Hkwfe bruh moZjk vkSj taxy brus le`¼ gSa fd muosQ lgkjs
'krkfCn;ksa ls g”kkjksa ouoklh vkSj fdlku viuk Hkj.k&iks"k.k djrs vk, gSaA 1926 ls iwoZ ;gk¡
[kSjokj tkfr osQ vkfnoklh jktk 'kklu fd;k djrs Fks] ¯drq ckn esa ¯lxjkSyh dk vkèkk fgLlk]
ftlesa mÙkj izns'k rFkk eè; izns'k osQ [kaM 'kkfey Fks] jhok¡ jkT; osQ Hkhrj 'kkfey dj fy;k x;kA
chl o"kZ igys rd lewpk {ks=k ¯oè;kpy vkSj oSQewj osQ igkM+ksa vkSj taxyksa ls f?kjk gqvk Fkk] tgk¡
vfèkdka'kr% dRFkk] egqvk] ck¡l vkSj 'kh'ke osQ isM+ mxrs FksA ,d iqjkuh nardFkk osQ vuqlkj
¯lxjkSyh dk uke gh ^l`axkoyh* ioZrekyk ls fudyk gS] tks iwoZ&if'pe esa iSQyh gSA pkjksa vksj
iSQys ?kus taxyksa osQ dkj.k ;krk;kr osQ lk/u brus lhfer Fks fd ,d ”kekus esa ¯lxjkSyh vius
vrqy izko`Qfrd lkSan;Z osQ ckotwnµ^dkyk ikuh* ekuk tkrk Fkk] tgk¡ u yksx Hkhrj vkrs Fks] u
ckgj tkus dk tksf[ke mBkrs FksA
2024-25
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