Indian National Movement- 2 | History for UPSC 2024 (Pre & Mains) PDF Download

 Page 1


Anti-Partition 
Campaign
? During this period, the leadership was provided by men like Surendranath
Banerjee, K.K. Mitra and Prithwishchandra Ray. 
? The methods adopted were petitions to the Government,  public meetings, 
memoranda, and propaganda through pamphlets and newspapers such as 
Hitabadi, Sanjibani and  Bengalee.
? The objective was to exert pressure on the government through an educated 
public opinion in India and England to prevent the unjust partition from being 
implemented. 
? Ignoring a loud public opinion  against the partition proposal, the Government 
announced partition of Bengal in July 1905. 
? On August 7, 1905, with the passage of Boycott Resolution in a massive meeting 
held in the Calcutta Town hall, the formal proclamation of Swadeshi Movement 
was made. 
? The message was to boycott Manchester cloth and Liverpool salt
? October 16, 1905, the day the partition formally came into force, was observed as 
a day of mourning through out Bengal. 
? Later in the day, Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose addressed huge 
gatherings
? Soon, the movement spread to other parts of the  country—in Poona and Bombay 
under Tilak, in Punjab under  Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh, in Delhi under Syed 
Haider Raza, and Madras under Chidambaram Pillai.
Page 2


Anti-Partition 
Campaign
? During this period, the leadership was provided by men like Surendranath
Banerjee, K.K. Mitra and Prithwishchandra Ray. 
? The methods adopted were petitions to the Government,  public meetings, 
memoranda, and propaganda through pamphlets and newspapers such as 
Hitabadi, Sanjibani and  Bengalee.
? The objective was to exert pressure on the government through an educated 
public opinion in India and England to prevent the unjust partition from being 
implemented. 
? Ignoring a loud public opinion  against the partition proposal, the Government 
announced partition of Bengal in July 1905. 
? On August 7, 1905, with the passage of Boycott Resolution in a massive meeting 
held in the Calcutta Town hall, the formal proclamation of Swadeshi Movement 
was made. 
? The message was to boycott Manchester cloth and Liverpool salt
? October 16, 1905, the day the partition formally came into force, was observed as 
a day of mourning through out Bengal. 
? Later in the day, Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose addressed huge 
gatherings
? Soon, the movement spread to other parts of the  country—in Poona and Bombay 
under Tilak, in Punjab under  Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh, in Delhi under Syed 
Haider Raza, and Madras under Chidambaram Pillai.
Swadeshi 
Movement –
The Moderates’ 
Position 
? The Indian National Congress, meeting in 1905 under the presidentship of 
Gokhale, resolved to 
? (i) condemn the partition of Bengal and the reactionary policies of Curzon, and 
? (ii) support the anti-partition and Swadeshi Movement of Bengal. 
? The militant nationalists led by Tilak, Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo 
Ghosh wanted the movement to be taken outside Bengal to other parts of the 
country and go  beyond a boycott of foreign goods to become a full-fledged 
political mass struggle with the goal of attaining swaraj. But the Moderates, 
dominating the Congress at that time, were not willing to go that far.
? In the Congress session held at Calcutta (1906) under the presidentship of 
Dadabhai Naoroji, it was declared  that the goal of the Indian Congress was 'self-
government or swaraj like the United Kingdom or the colonies’
? The Moderate-Extremist dispute over the pace of the movement and techniques 
of struggle reached a deadlock at the Surat session of the Indian National 
Congress (1907) where the party split.
? "Political freedom is the lifebreath of a nation," declared  Aurobindo. Thus, the 
Extremists gave the idea of India's  independence the central place in India's 
politics.
Page 3


Anti-Partition 
Campaign
? During this period, the leadership was provided by men like Surendranath
Banerjee, K.K. Mitra and Prithwishchandra Ray. 
? The methods adopted were petitions to the Government,  public meetings, 
memoranda, and propaganda through pamphlets and newspapers such as 
Hitabadi, Sanjibani and  Bengalee.
? The objective was to exert pressure on the government through an educated 
public opinion in India and England to prevent the unjust partition from being 
implemented. 
? Ignoring a loud public opinion  against the partition proposal, the Government 
announced partition of Bengal in July 1905. 
? On August 7, 1905, with the passage of Boycott Resolution in a massive meeting 
held in the Calcutta Town hall, the formal proclamation of Swadeshi Movement 
was made. 
? The message was to boycott Manchester cloth and Liverpool salt
? October 16, 1905, the day the partition formally came into force, was observed as 
a day of mourning through out Bengal. 
? Later in the day, Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose addressed huge 
gatherings
? Soon, the movement spread to other parts of the  country—in Poona and Bombay 
under Tilak, in Punjab under  Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh, in Delhi under Syed 
Haider Raza, and Madras under Chidambaram Pillai.
Swadeshi 
Movement –
The Moderates’ 
Position 
? The Indian National Congress, meeting in 1905 under the presidentship of 
Gokhale, resolved to 
? (i) condemn the partition of Bengal and the reactionary policies of Curzon, and 
? (ii) support the anti-partition and Swadeshi Movement of Bengal. 
? The militant nationalists led by Tilak, Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo 
Ghosh wanted the movement to be taken outside Bengal to other parts of the 
country and go  beyond a boycott of foreign goods to become a full-fledged 
political mass struggle with the goal of attaining swaraj. But the Moderates, 
dominating the Congress at that time, were not willing to go that far.
? In the Congress session held at Calcutta (1906) under the presidentship of 
Dadabhai Naoroji, it was declared  that the goal of the Indian Congress was 'self-
government or swaraj like the United Kingdom or the colonies’
? The Moderate-Extremist dispute over the pace of the movement and techniques 
of struggle reached a deadlock at the Surat session of the Indian National 
Congress (1907) where the party split.
? "Political freedom is the lifebreath of a nation," declared  Aurobindo. Thus, the 
Extremists gave the idea of India's  independence the central place in India's 
politics.
Swadeshi 
Movement –
The Extremists’ 
Position 
? After 1905, the Extremists acquired a dominant influence over the Swadeshi 
Movement in Bengal. 
? There were three reasons for this 
? (i) The Moderate-led movement had failed to yield results
? (ii) The divisive tactics of the governments of both the Bengals had embittered the 
nationalists
? (iii) The government had resorted to suppressive measures
? including atrocities on students—many of whom were given corporal punishment; 
? ban on public singing of Vande Mataram; 
? restriction on public meetings; 
? prosecution and long imprisonment of swadeshi workers; 
? clashes between the police and the people in many towns; 
? arrests and deportation of leaders; and suppression of freedom of the press. 
? The Extremists gave a call for passive resistance in addition to swadeshi and 
boycott which would include a boycott of government schools and colleges, 
government service, courts, legislative councils, municipalities, government titles, 
etc.
? The militant nationalists tried to transform the antipartition and Swadeshi 
Movement into a mass struggle and gave the slogan of India’s independence from 
foreign rule. 
? Thus, the Extremists gave the idea of India’s independence the central place in 
India’s politics.
Page 4


Anti-Partition 
Campaign
? During this period, the leadership was provided by men like Surendranath
Banerjee, K.K. Mitra and Prithwishchandra Ray. 
? The methods adopted were petitions to the Government,  public meetings, 
memoranda, and propaganda through pamphlets and newspapers such as 
Hitabadi, Sanjibani and  Bengalee.
? The objective was to exert pressure on the government through an educated 
public opinion in India and England to prevent the unjust partition from being 
implemented. 
? Ignoring a loud public opinion  against the partition proposal, the Government 
announced partition of Bengal in July 1905. 
? On August 7, 1905, with the passage of Boycott Resolution in a massive meeting 
held in the Calcutta Town hall, the formal proclamation of Swadeshi Movement 
was made. 
? The message was to boycott Manchester cloth and Liverpool salt
? October 16, 1905, the day the partition formally came into force, was observed as 
a day of mourning through out Bengal. 
? Later in the day, Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose addressed huge 
gatherings
? Soon, the movement spread to other parts of the  country—in Poona and Bombay 
under Tilak, in Punjab under  Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh, in Delhi under Syed 
Haider Raza, and Madras under Chidambaram Pillai.
Swadeshi 
Movement –
The Moderates’ 
Position 
? The Indian National Congress, meeting in 1905 under the presidentship of 
Gokhale, resolved to 
? (i) condemn the partition of Bengal and the reactionary policies of Curzon, and 
? (ii) support the anti-partition and Swadeshi Movement of Bengal. 
? The militant nationalists led by Tilak, Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo 
Ghosh wanted the movement to be taken outside Bengal to other parts of the 
country and go  beyond a boycott of foreign goods to become a full-fledged 
political mass struggle with the goal of attaining swaraj. But the Moderates, 
dominating the Congress at that time, were not willing to go that far.
? In the Congress session held at Calcutta (1906) under the presidentship of 
Dadabhai Naoroji, it was declared  that the goal of the Indian Congress was 'self-
government or swaraj like the United Kingdom or the colonies’
? The Moderate-Extremist dispute over the pace of the movement and techniques 
of struggle reached a deadlock at the Surat session of the Indian National 
Congress (1907) where the party split.
? "Political freedom is the lifebreath of a nation," declared  Aurobindo. Thus, the 
Extremists gave the idea of India's  independence the central place in India's 
politics.
Swadeshi 
Movement –
The Extremists’ 
Position 
? After 1905, the Extremists acquired a dominant influence over the Swadeshi 
Movement in Bengal. 
? There were three reasons for this 
? (i) The Moderate-led movement had failed to yield results
? (ii) The divisive tactics of the governments of both the Bengals had embittered the 
nationalists
? (iii) The government had resorted to suppressive measures
? including atrocities on students—many of whom were given corporal punishment; 
? ban on public singing of Vande Mataram; 
? restriction on public meetings; 
? prosecution and long imprisonment of swadeshi workers; 
? clashes between the police and the people in many towns; 
? arrests and deportation of leaders; and suppression of freedom of the press. 
? The Extremists gave a call for passive resistance in addition to swadeshi and 
boycott which would include a boycott of government schools and colleges, 
government service, courts, legislative councils, municipalities, government titles, 
etc.
? The militant nationalists tried to transform the antipartition and Swadeshi 
Movement into a mass struggle and gave the slogan of India’s independence from 
foreign rule. 
? Thus, the Extremists gave the idea of India’s independence the central place in 
India’s politics.
Swadeshi 
Movement -
New Forms 
of Struggle 
Boycott of foreign goods: This included boycott and  public burning of foreign cloth, 
boycott of foreign made salt  or sugar, refusal by priests to solemnize marriages involving  
exchange of foreign  goods, refusal by washer-men to wash  foreign clothes. 
Public meetings and processions: These emerged as  major methods of mass-mobilisation
and simultaneously as  forms of popular expression. 
Corps of volunteers or 'samitis: Samitis such as the  Swadesh Bandhab Samiti of Ashwini 
Kumar Dutta (in Barisal)  emerged as a very popular and powerful method of mass 
mobilisation. 
Imaginative use of traditional popular festivals and, melas: 
? The idea was to use such occasions as a means of  reaching out to the masses and spreading 
political messages.  
? For instance, Tilak's Ganapati and Shivaji festivals became a  medium of swadeshi propaganda not 
only in western India,  but also in Bengal. 
? In, Bengal also, the traditional folk theatre  forms were used for this purpose. 
Emphasis given to self-reliance or 'atma shakti:
? Swadeshi or indigenous enterprises: The swadeshi spirit also found expression in the 
establishment of swadeshi textile  mills, soap and match factories, tanneries, banks, insurance  
companies, shops etc.
? This  implied reassertion of national dignity, honour and confidence  and social and economic 
regeneration of the village.
Programme of swadeshi or national education:
? Bengal  National College, inspired by Tagore's Shantiniketan was set up with Aurobindo Ghosh as 
its principal.
? Soon national  schools and colleges sprang up in various parts of the country.  
? On August 15, 1906, the National Council of Education was  set up to organize a system of 
education—literary, scientific  and technical—on national lines and under national control.  
? Education was to be imparted through the medium of  vernaculars. 
? A Bengal Institute of Technology was set up for technical education and funds were raised to send 
students to  Japan for advanced learning.
Page 5


Anti-Partition 
Campaign
? During this period, the leadership was provided by men like Surendranath
Banerjee, K.K. Mitra and Prithwishchandra Ray. 
? The methods adopted were petitions to the Government,  public meetings, 
memoranda, and propaganda through pamphlets and newspapers such as 
Hitabadi, Sanjibani and  Bengalee.
? The objective was to exert pressure on the government through an educated 
public opinion in India and England to prevent the unjust partition from being 
implemented. 
? Ignoring a loud public opinion  against the partition proposal, the Government 
announced partition of Bengal in July 1905. 
? On August 7, 1905, with the passage of Boycott Resolution in a massive meeting 
held in the Calcutta Town hall, the formal proclamation of Swadeshi Movement 
was made. 
? The message was to boycott Manchester cloth and Liverpool salt
? October 16, 1905, the day the partition formally came into force, was observed as 
a day of mourning through out Bengal. 
? Later in the day, Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose addressed huge 
gatherings
? Soon, the movement spread to other parts of the  country—in Poona and Bombay 
under Tilak, in Punjab under  Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh, in Delhi under Syed 
Haider Raza, and Madras under Chidambaram Pillai.
Swadeshi 
Movement –
The Moderates’ 
Position 
? The Indian National Congress, meeting in 1905 under the presidentship of 
Gokhale, resolved to 
? (i) condemn the partition of Bengal and the reactionary policies of Curzon, and 
? (ii) support the anti-partition and Swadeshi Movement of Bengal. 
? The militant nationalists led by Tilak, Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo 
Ghosh wanted the movement to be taken outside Bengal to other parts of the 
country and go  beyond a boycott of foreign goods to become a full-fledged 
political mass struggle with the goal of attaining swaraj. But the Moderates, 
dominating the Congress at that time, were not willing to go that far.
? In the Congress session held at Calcutta (1906) under the presidentship of 
Dadabhai Naoroji, it was declared  that the goal of the Indian Congress was 'self-
government or swaraj like the United Kingdom or the colonies’
? The Moderate-Extremist dispute over the pace of the movement and techniques 
of struggle reached a deadlock at the Surat session of the Indian National 
Congress (1907) where the party split.
? "Political freedom is the lifebreath of a nation," declared  Aurobindo. Thus, the 
Extremists gave the idea of India's  independence the central place in India's 
politics.
Swadeshi 
Movement –
The Extremists’ 
Position 
? After 1905, the Extremists acquired a dominant influence over the Swadeshi 
Movement in Bengal. 
? There were three reasons for this 
? (i) The Moderate-led movement had failed to yield results
? (ii) The divisive tactics of the governments of both the Bengals had embittered the 
nationalists
? (iii) The government had resorted to suppressive measures
? including atrocities on students—many of whom were given corporal punishment; 
? ban on public singing of Vande Mataram; 
? restriction on public meetings; 
? prosecution and long imprisonment of swadeshi workers; 
? clashes between the police and the people in many towns; 
? arrests and deportation of leaders; and suppression of freedom of the press. 
? The Extremists gave a call for passive resistance in addition to swadeshi and 
boycott which would include a boycott of government schools and colleges, 
government service, courts, legislative councils, municipalities, government titles, 
etc.
? The militant nationalists tried to transform the antipartition and Swadeshi 
Movement into a mass struggle and gave the slogan of India’s independence from 
foreign rule. 
? Thus, the Extremists gave the idea of India’s independence the central place in 
India’s politics.
Swadeshi 
Movement -
New Forms 
of Struggle 
Boycott of foreign goods: This included boycott and  public burning of foreign cloth, 
boycott of foreign made salt  or sugar, refusal by priests to solemnize marriages involving  
exchange of foreign  goods, refusal by washer-men to wash  foreign clothes. 
Public meetings and processions: These emerged as  major methods of mass-mobilisation
and simultaneously as  forms of popular expression. 
Corps of volunteers or 'samitis: Samitis such as the  Swadesh Bandhab Samiti of Ashwini 
Kumar Dutta (in Barisal)  emerged as a very popular and powerful method of mass 
mobilisation. 
Imaginative use of traditional popular festivals and, melas: 
? The idea was to use such occasions as a means of  reaching out to the masses and spreading 
political messages.  
? For instance, Tilak's Ganapati and Shivaji festivals became a  medium of swadeshi propaganda not 
only in western India,  but also in Bengal. 
? In, Bengal also, the traditional folk theatre  forms were used for this purpose. 
Emphasis given to self-reliance or 'atma shakti:
? Swadeshi or indigenous enterprises: The swadeshi spirit also found expression in the 
establishment of swadeshi textile  mills, soap and match factories, tanneries, banks, insurance  
companies, shops etc.
? This  implied reassertion of national dignity, honour and confidence  and social and economic 
regeneration of the village.
Programme of swadeshi or national education:
? Bengal  National College, inspired by Tagore's Shantiniketan was set up with Aurobindo Ghosh as 
its principal.
? Soon national  schools and colleges sprang up in various parts of the country.  
? On August 15, 1906, the National Council of Education was  set up to organize a system of 
education—literary, scientific  and technical—on national lines and under national control.  
? Education was to be imparted through the medium of  vernaculars. 
? A Bengal Institute of Technology was set up for technical education and funds were raised to send 
students to  Japan for advanced learning.
Swadeshi 
Movement 
Impact in the cultural sphere: 
? Tagore's' Amar Sonar Bangla written  on this occasion was later to inspire the 
liberation struggle of  Bangladesh and was adopted by it as its 'national anthem.
? In painting, Abanindranath Tagore broke the domination  of Victorian naturalism 
over Indian art and took inspiration  from Mughal, Ajanta and Rajput paintings. 
? Nandlal Bose, who  left a major imprint on Indian art, was the first recipient of  a 
scholarship offered by the Indian Society of Oriental Art, founded in 1907. 
? In science, Jagdish Chandra Bose, Prafulla Chandra Roy  and others pioneered 
original research which was praised the  world over. 
Some of the Muslims participated—Barrister Abdul Rasul,  Liaqat Hussain, Guznavi, 
Maulana Azad (who joined one of  the revolutionary terrorist groups)—but most of 
the upper  and middle class Muslims stayed away or, led by Nawab  Salimullah of 
Dacca, supported the partition on the plea that  it would give them a Muslim-majority 
East Bengal. 
The social base of the movement expanded to  include certain sections of the 
zamindars, the students, the  women, and the lower middle classes in cities and 
towns.
It was decided to annul the partition of Bengal in 1911 mainly  to curb the menace of 
revolutionary terrorism.